Square-lattice Ising model

In statistical mechanics, the two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model is a simple lattice model of interacting magnetic spins. The model is notable for having nontrivial interactions, yet having an analytical solution. The model was solved by Lars Onsager (Lars Onsager 1944) for the special case that the external magnetic field H = 0. An analytical solution for the general case for H≠0 has yet to be found.

## Contents

* 1 Definition of the model
* 2 Critical temperature
* 3 Dual lattice
* 4 Low-temperature expansion
* 5 High-temperature expansion
* 6 Exact solution
* 7 References

## Definition of the model

Consider the 2D Ising model on a square lattice Λ with N sites, with periodic boundary conditions in both the horizontal and vertical directions, which effectively reduces the topology of the model to a torus. In a general case, the horizontal coupling J is not equal to the coupling in the vertical direction, J*. With an equal number of rows and columns in the lattice, there will be N of each. In terms of

K=βJ
L=βJ*

where β=1kT where T is absolute temperature and k is Boltzmann's constant, the partition function ZN(K,L) is given by

ZN(K,L)=∑{σ}exp⁡(K∑⟨ij⟩Hσiσj+L∑⟨ij⟩Vσiσj).

## Critical temperature

The critical temperature Tc can be obtained from the Kramers–Wannier duality relation. Denoting the free energy per site as F(K,L), one has:

βF(K*,L*)=βF(K,L)+12log⁡[sinh⁡(2K)sinh⁡(2L)]

where

sinh⁡(2K*)sinh⁡(2L)=1
sinh⁡(2L*)sinh⁡(2K)=1

Assuming there is only one critical line in the (K,L) plane, the duality relation implies that this is given by:

sinh⁡(2K)sinh⁡(2L)=1

For the isotropic case J=J*, one finds the famous relation for the critical temperature Tc

kTcJ=2ln⁡(1+2)≈2.26918531421

## Dual lattice

Consider a configuration of spins {σ} on the square lattice Λ. Let r and s denote the number of unlike neighbours in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively. Then the summand in ZN corresponding to {σ} is given by

eK(N−2s)+L(N−2r)
Dual lattice

Construct a dual lattice ΛD as depicted in the diagram. For every configuration {σ}, a polygon is associated to the lattice by drawing a line on the edge of the dual lattice if the spins separated by the edge are unlike. Since by traversing a vertex of Λ the spins need to change an even number of times so that one arrives at the starting point with the same charge, every vertex of the dual lattice is connected to an even number of lines in the configuration, defining a polygon.

Spin configuration on a dual lattice

This reduces the partition function to

ZN(K,L)=2eN(K+L)∑P⊂ΛDe−2Lr−2Ks

summing over all polygons in the dual lattice, where r and s are the number of horizontal and vertical lines in the polygon, with the factor of 2 arising from the inversion of spin configuration.

## Low-temperature expansion

At low temperatures, K, L approach infinity, so that as T->0, e−K,e−L->0, so that

ZN(K,L)=2eN(K+L)∑P⊂ΛDe−2Lr−2Ks

defines a low temperature expansion of ZN(K,L).

## High-temperature expansion

Since σσ′=±1 one has

eKσσ′=cosh⁡K+sinh⁡K(σσ′)=cosh⁡K(1+tanh⁡K(σσ′)).

Therefore

ZN(K,L)=(cosh⁡Kcosh⁡L)N∑{σ}∏⟨ij⟩H(1+vσiσj)∏⟨ij⟩V(1+wσiσj)

where v=tanh⁡K and w=tanh⁡L. Since there are N horizontal and vertical edges, there are a total of 22N terms in the expansion. Every term corresponds to a configuration of lines of the lattice, by associating a line connecting i and j if the term vσiσj (or wσiσj) is chosen in the product. Summing over the configurations, using

∑σi=±1σin={0for n odd2for n even

shows that only configurations with an even number of lines at each vertex (polygons) will contribute to the partition function, giving

ZN(K,L)=2N(cosh⁡Kcosh⁡L)N∑P⊂Λvrws

where the sum is over all polygons in the lattice. Since tanh K, tanh L ->0 as T->∞, this gives the high temperature expansion of ZN(K,L).

The two expansions can be related using the Kramers–Wannier duality.

## Exact solution

The free energy per site in the limit N->∞ is given as follows. Define the parameter k as

k=1sinh⁡(2K)sinh⁡(2L)

The Helmholtz free energy per site F can be expressed as

−βF=log⁡(2)2+12π∫0πlog⁡[cosh⁡(2K)cosh⁡(2L)+1k1+k2−2kcos⁡(2θ)]dθ

For the isotropic case J=J*, from the above expression one finds for the internal energy per site:

U=−Jcoth⁡(2βJ)[1+2π(2tanh2(2βJ)−1)∫0π/211−4k(1+k)−2sin2(θ)dθ]

and the spontaneous magnetization is, for T<Tc,

M=[1−sinh−4(2βJ)]1/8

## References

* Baxter, Rodney J. (1982), Exactly solved models in statistical mechanics, London: Academic Press Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers], ISBN 978-0-12-083180-7, https://physics.anu.edu.au/theophys/_files/Exactly.pdf
* Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Ising model", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4, https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=I/i120080
* Stephen G. Brush (1967), History of the Lenz-Ising Model. Reviews of Modern Physics (American Physical Society) vol. 39, pp 883–893. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.39.883
* Huang, Kerson (1987), Statistical mechanics (2nd edition), Wiley, ISBN 978-0471815181
* Ising, E. (1925), "Beitrag zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus", Z. Phys. 31 (1): 253–258, doi:10.1007/BF02980577, Bibcode: 1925ZPhy...31..253I
* Itzykson, Claude; Drouffe, Jean-Michel (1989), Théorie statistique des champs, Volume 1, Savoirs actuels (CNRS), EDP Sciences Editions, ISBN 978-2868833600
* Itzykson, Claude; Drouffe, Jean-Michel (1989), Statistical field theory, Volume 1: From Brownian motion to renormalization and lattice gauge theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521408059
* Barry M. McCoy and Tai Tsun Wu (1973), The Two-Dimensional Ising Model. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, ISBN 0-674-91440-6
* Montroll, Elliott W.; Potts, Renfrey B.; Ward, John C. (1963), "Correlations and spontaneous magnetization of the two-dimensional Ising model", Journal of Mathematical Physics 4 (2): 308–322, doi:10.1063/1.1703955, ISSN 0022-2488, Bibcode: 1963JMP.....4..308M, archived from the original on 2013-01-12, https://archive.is/20130112095848/http://link.aip.org/link/?JMAPAQ/4/308/1
* Onsager, Lars (1944), "Crystal statistics. I. A two-dimensional model with an order-disorder transition", Phys. Rev., Series II 65 (3–4): 117–149, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.65.117, Bibcode: 1944PhRv...65..117O
* Onsager, Lars (1949), "Discussion", Nuovo Cimento Supplement 6: 261
* John Palmer (2007), Planar Ising Correlations. Birkhäuser, Boston, ISBN 978-0-8176-4248-8.
* Yang, C. N. (1952), "The spontaneous magnetization of a two-dimensional Ising model", Physical Review, Series II 85 (5): 808–816, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.85.808, Bibcode: 1952PhRv...85..808Y

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