Steve (atmospheric phenomenon)

Short description: Atmospheric optical phenomenon, which appears as a light ribbon in the sky

STEVE on 17 August 2015 at Little Bow Resort, AB, Canada. External images Photo of the phenomenon

Gallery

STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that appears as a purple and green light ribbon in the sky, named in late 2016 by aurora watchers from Alberta, Canada. According to analysis of satellite data from the European Space Agency's Swarm mission, STEVE is caused by a 25 km (16 mi) wide ribbon of hot plasma at an altitude of 450 km (280 mi), with a temperature of 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F) and flowing at a speed of 6 km/s (3.7 mi/s) (compared to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) outside the ribbon). The phenomenon is not rare, but had not previously been investigated.[1][2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Discovery and naming
* 2 Occurrence and cause
* 2.1 Association with picket-fence aurora
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Discovery and naming

STEVE has been observed by auroral photographers for decades,[3] with some evidence to suggest that observations may have been recorded as early as 1705[4] as well as in some observations by Carl Størmer.[5][6] However, the first accurate determination of what STEVE is was not made until after members of a Facebook group called Alberta Aurora Chasers named it, attributed it to a proton aurora, and called it a "proton arc".[7] When physics professor Eric Donovan from the University of Calgary saw their photographs, he suspected that was not the case because proton auroras are not visible.[8] He correlated the time and location of the phenomenon with Swarm satellite data and one of the Alberta Aurora Chasers' photographers, Song Despins, whose photographs are not shown on this page. She also included GPS coordinates from Vimy, Alberta, that helped Donovan link the data to identify the phenomenon.[1]

One of the aurora watchers, photographer Chris Ratzlaff,[9][10] suggested the name "Steve" from Over the Hedge, an animated comedy movie from 2006, in which its characters chose that as a benign name for something unknown.[11] Reportage of the heretofore undescribed unusual "aurora" went viral as an example of citizen science on Aurorasaurus.[12][13]

Robert Lysak, during the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2016, suggested "Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement" as a backronym of STEVE,[14] one that has since been adopted by the team at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center studying the phenomenon.[15]

## Occurrence and cause

STEVE may be spotted closer to the equator than the aurora,[16] and as of March 2018 has been observed in the United Kingdom, Canada, Alaska, northern U.S. states, and New Zealand.[17] STEVE appears as a very narrow arc extending for hundreds or thousands of miles, aligned east–west. STEVE generally lasts for 20 minutes to an hour. As of March 2018, STEVE has only been spotted in the presence of an aurora. STEVE was not observed from October 2016 to February 2017, or from October 2017 to February 2018, leading NASA to believe that STEVE may only appear in certain seasons.[18]

A study published in March 2018 by Elizabeth A MacDonald and co-authors in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances suggested that STEVE accompanies a subauroral ion drift (SAID),[19] a fast-moving stream of extremely hot particles. STEVE marks the first observed visual effect accompanying a SAID.[18] In August 2018, researchers determined that the skyglow of the phenomenon was not associated with particle precipitation (electrons or ions) and, as a result, could be generated in the ionosphere.[20]

### Association with picket-fence aurora

STEVE often, although not always, is observed above a green, "picket-fence" aurora.[21][22] Although the picket-fence aurora is created through precipitation of electrons, they appear outside the auroral oval and so their formation is different from traditional aurora.[23] The study also showed these phenomena appear in both hemispheres simultaneously. Sightings of picket-fence aurora have been made without observations of STEVE.[24]

The green emissions seem to be related to eddies in the supersonic flow of charged particles, similar to the eddies seen in a river, which move more slowly than the other water around them. The green bars in the picket fence are moving more slowly than the structures in the purple emissions, and some scientists have speculated they could be caused by turbulence in the charged particles from space.[25]

## See also

* Space weather
* Thermosphere
* Solar prominence
* Upper-atmospheric lightning
* Atypical auroras

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McRae, Mike (24 April 2017). "Introducing Steve - a Newly Discovered Astronomical Phenomenon". ScienceAlert. https://www.sciencealert.com/introducing-steve-a-newly-discovered-light-in-the-sky.
2. ↑ "When Swarm Met Steve". ESA. 21 April 2017. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Swarm/When_Swarm_met_Steve.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 American Geophysical Union (20 August 2018). "New kind of aurora is not an aurora at all". Physorg.com. https://phys.org/news/2018-08-kind-aurora.html.
4. ↑ Finnegan, James; Asher, David; Nezic, Rok; Byrne, Conor; Bailey, Mark (23 July 2018). "Historical observations of STEVE" (in en). The Observatory 138: 227–245. Bibcode: 2018Obs...138..227B.
5. ↑ "Early Ground-Based Work by Auroral Pioneer Carl Størmer on the High-Altitude Detached Subauroral Arcs Now Known as “STEVE”". Space Weather. 12 February 2020. doi:10.1029/2019SW002384. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019SW002384.
6. ↑ "When Størmer Met STEVE". 3 March 2020. http://blog.aurorasaurus.org/?p=891.
7. ↑ "Meet Steve" (in en-GB). http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/04/Meet_Steve.
8. ↑ "Aurora photographers find new night sky lights and call them Steve" (in en-GB). BBC News. 23 April 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39686055.
9. ↑ ""I propose we call it Steve until then" - Alberta Aurora Chasers". February 10, 2016. https://www.facebook.com/groups/AlbertaAuroraChasers/permalink/1262564057093610/.
10. ↑ "Amateur Sky-Watchers Discover Celestial Phenomenon, Name It 'Steve'". 24 April 2017. http://collegecandy.com/2017/04/27/steve-aurora-alberta-chasers-celestial-photos-full-story/.
11. ↑ "New atmospheric phenomenon named STEVE discovered by aurora watchers". ABC News. 24 April 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-24/new-light-phenomenon-called-steve-by-aurora-watchers/8466234.
12. ↑ Rozell, Ned (2015-04-02). "Citizen science meets the aurora". http://www.gi.alaska.edu/Alaska-Science-Forum/citizen-science-meets-aurora.
13. ↑ "7 Things to Know About "STEVE"". 2017-03-14. http://blog.aurorasaurus.org/?p=449.
14. ↑ Moravec, Jeff. "Meet Steve, a sky phenomenon coming into its own". MediaCompany. http://www.startribune.com/meet-steve-a-sky-phenomenon-coming-into-its-own/469002563/. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
15. ↑ "Meet 'Steve,' a Totally New Kind of Aurora". 2018-03-14. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/steve-auroras-identified-plasma/.
16. ↑ Saner, Emine (2018-03-19). "'Steve': the mystery purple aurora that rivals the northern lights" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/science/shortcuts/2018/mar/19/steve-mystery-purple-aura-rivals-northern-lights-alberta-canada-nasa.
17. ↑ Skywatching, Samantha Mathewson 2018-03-15T22:47:11Z. "Help NASA Study 'Steve,' a Newfound Aurora Type" (in en). https://www.space.com/39995-nasa-wants-your-help-photographing-steve.html.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Garner, Rob (2018-03-14). "NASA Needs Your Help to Find Steve and Here's How" (in en). NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-needs-your-help-to-find-steve-and-heres-how.
19. ↑ MacDonald, Elizabeth A.; Donovan, Eric; Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Case, Nathan A.; Gillies, D. Megan; Gallardo-Lacourt, Bea; Archer, William E.; Spanswick, Emma L. et al. (2018-03-01). "New science in plain sight: Citizen scientists lead to the discovery of optical structure in the upper atmosphere" (in en). Science Advances 4 (3): eaaq0030. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0030. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 29546244. Bibcode: 2018SciA....4...30M.
20. ↑ Gallardo-Lacourt, B.; Liang, J.; Nishimura, Y.; Donovan, E. (20 August 2018). "On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow?". Geophysical Research Letters 45 (16): 7968. doi:10.1029/2018GL078509. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45.7968G.
21. ↑ Andrews, Robin George (3 May 2019). "Steve the odd 'aurora' revealed to be two sky shows in one". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/05/odd-aurora-named-steve-revealed-to-be-two-different-sky-shows-in-one/. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
22. ↑ Nishimura, Y.; Gallardo‐Lacourt, B.; Zou, Y.; Mishin, E.; Knudsen, D.J.; Donovan, E.F.; Angelopoulos, V.; Raybell, R. (16 April 2019). "Magnetospheric signatures of STEVE: Implication for the magnetospheric energy source and inter‐hemispheric conjugacy". Geophysical Research Letters 46 (11): 5637–5644. doi:10.1029/2019GL082460. Bibcode: 2019GeoRL..46.5637N.
23. ↑ Lipuma, Lauren. "Scientists discover what powers celestial phenomenon STEVE". American Geophysical Union. https://news.agu.org/press-release/scientists-discover-what-powers-celestial-phenomenon-steve/. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
24. ↑ Dunlevie, James (2018-11-06). "Aurora Australis with bonus 'picket fence' wows southern lights chasers in Tasmania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-06/aurora-australis-southern-lights-dazzle-tasmania/10468644. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
25. ↑ "Aurora-chasing citizen scientists help discover a new feature of STEVE" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2020-11-aurora-chasing-citizen-scientists-feature-steve.html.

## External links

* Eric Donovan's presentation at 2017 ESA Earth Explorer Missions Science Meeting (1:08:30 - 1:26:00)
* Alberta Aurora Chasers
* NASA Goddard with Liz MacDonald (14 March 2018). "The Aurora Named Steve". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRHwGD-is9U.
* STEVE over Copper Harbor May 5, 2021

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