Azerbaijani alphabet

Short description: Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language

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Azerbaijani Latin alphabet
Latın qrafikalı Azərbaycan əlifbası

Type|

Alphabet

Languages| Azerbaijani

Time period

| 1991 – present

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs

* Proto-Sinaitic
* Phoenician alphabet
* Greek alphabet
* Latin alphabet
* Turkish alphabet
* Azerbaijani Latin alphabet

Unicode range

| subset of Latin (U+0000...U+02AF)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
The Arabic script used in Iranian Azerbaijan region, lacking ؽ and ۆ, among others1937 program for the opera Koroğlu, in the old Latin script

The Azerbaijani alphabet[lower-alpha 1] has three versions, which include the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.

North Azerbaijani, the main variety spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan, is written in the Latin script. After the fall of the Soviet Union, this superseded previous versions based on the Cyrillic and Arabic scripts.

South Azerbaijani, the language spoken in Iran's Azerbaijan region, is written in a modified Arabic script since the Safavid Empire.[1]

Azerbaijanis of Dagestan still use the Cyrillic script.[2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Latin alphabet
* 1.1 History
* 1.2 Schwa (Ə)
* 2 Arabic alphabet
* 2.1 Vowels
* 2.1.1 Vowel harmony
* 2.1.2 Conventions on writing of vowels
* 2.2 Consonants
* 3 Sample texts
* 3.1 National anthem
* 4 Correspondence table
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Latin alphabet

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet consists of 32 letters.

Azerbaijani Latin alphabet  Majuscule forms (uppercase/capital letters)

A | B | C | Ç | D | E | Ə | F  | G | Ğ | H | X | I | İ | J | K
Q | L | M | N | O | Ö | P | R  | S | Ş | T | U | Ü | V | Y | Z
Minuscule forms (lowercase/small letters)
a | b | c | ç | d | e | ə | f  | g | ğ | h | x | ı | i | j | k
q | l | m | n | o | ö | p | r  | s | ş | t | u | ü | v | y | z
Names[4]
a | be | ce | çe | de | e | ə | fe  | ge | ğe | he | xe | ı | i | je | ke
qe | el | em | en | o | ö | pe | er  | se | şe | te | u | ü | ve | ye | ze

### History

From the nineteenth century, there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azerbaijani.

Akhundov argued that the Arabic alphabet’s structure made literacy difficult for the general population and kept education under a small elite.[5] His views on alphabet reform developed over about twenty years:

* Initially, he proposed keeping the Arabic alphabet’s basic structure, removing dots, and adding marks for unwritten vowels.
* Next, he suggested letters be written separately, each with a distinct form.
* Finally, he recommended a Latin-based alphabet, written left to right, clearly representing all vowels.

Akhundzade promoted his “New Alphabet Project” in political and intellectual centers. In 1863, he presented it in Istanbul to Fuad Pasha and Ali Pasha, and it was discussed at the Cemiyyet-i İlmiyye-i Osmaniyye. Although the alphabet’s defects were acknowledged, the project received no official support due to technical printing difficulties and political conditions. From 1857, he also submitted proposals to Iranian authorities, but they were not officially accepted.[6]

In 1922, a Latin alphabet was created by the Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkic Alphabet Committee; Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku, which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[7]

An additional reason for the Soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would help secularize Azerbaijan's Muslim culture, and since language script reform- proposed as early as the 19th century by Azerbaijani intellectuals (e.g., Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azerbaijani religious establishment on the grounds the Arabic script, the language of the Qur’an, was "holy and should not be tampered with."[8]

There was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turkology Congress in Baku during 1926,[9] where the reform was voted by 101 to 7.

The Azerbaijani poet Samad Vurgun declared, "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"[10]

As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the Arabic script in use at the time.[11] From 1922 to 1929, both Arabic and Latin scripts were used in Soviet Azerbaijani editions; in 1929, the Latin script was finally chosen. In 1933, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match the alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages.[12] The reform changed glyphs for some letters and phonetic values for some other letters. In 1939 Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azerbaijani Latin script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script[13] in order to sever the Soviet Azerbaijani Turks' ties with the Turkish people in the Republic of Turkey.[7]

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet. The period from 1991 to 2001 was declared the transitional period, when both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were accepted. Since 2001, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has been the official alphabet of the Azerbaijani language in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[14][15]

* From 1922 until 1933 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):

Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, , Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ƶƶ, Ɜɜ, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1933 until 1939:

Aa, Bʙ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, Ьь, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Уy, Zz, Ƶƶ, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1939 until 1958 (first version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script):

Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Цц, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, Ыы, Ээ, Юю, Яя, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin and abolition of the letters Ээ, Юю, Яя):

Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Јј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1991 until 1992 (first version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script):

Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
* Since 1992 (current version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script, replacing Ää with the historic Əə for better sorting):

Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

Azerbaijani alphabets, 1922-present  1922-1933  | Aa  | Bʙ  | Cc  | Çç  | Dd  | Ee  | Əə  | Ff  | Ƣƣ  | Gg  | Hh  | Xx  |  | Ii  | Ƶƶ  | Qq  | Kk  | Ll  | Mm  | Nn  | Ꞑꞑ  | Oo  | Ɵɵ  | Pp  | Rr  | Ss  | Ɜɜ  | Tt  | Yy  | Uu  | Vv  | Jj  | Zz

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1933-1939  | Çç  | Cc  | Gg  | Ƣƣ  | Ьь  | Kk  | Qq  | Şş  | Uu  | Уy
1939-1958  | Аа  | Бб  | Ҹҹ  | Чч  | Дд  | Ээ  | Әә  | Фф  | Ҝҝ  | Ғғ  | Һһ  | Хх  | Ыы  | Ии  | Жж  | Кк  | Гг  | Лл  | Мм  | Нн  | Оо  | Өө  | Пп  | Рр  | Сс  | Шш  | Тт  | Уу  | Үү  | Вв  | Йй  | Зз
1958-1991  | Ее | Јј
1991-1992  | Aa  | Bb  | Cc  | Çç  | Dd  | Ee  | Ää  | Ff  | Gg  | Ğğ  | Hh  | Xx  | Iı  | İi  | Jj  | Kk  | Qq  | Ll  | Mm  | Nn  | Oo  | Öö  | Pp  | Rr  | Ss  | Şş  | Tt  | Uu  | Üü  | Vv  | Yy  | Zz
1992-present  | Əə
IPA | /ɑ/ | /b/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d/ | /e/ | /æ/ | /f/ | /ɟ/ | /ɣ/ | /h/ | /x/ | /ɯ/ | /i/ | /ʒ/ | /c/, /k/ | /ɡ/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | [ŋ] | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /u/ | /y/ | /v/ | /j/ | /z/

The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for Әə, Xx, and Qq, the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet of 1933, as well as the 1991 version: Ğğ has replaced the historic Ƣƣ; the dotless Iı has replaced the historic I with bowl Ьь (also, the lowercase form of the letter B was changed from small capital ʙ to the usual b, while the uppercase form of the letter y was also changed from a Cyrillic-looking У to the usual Y); the dotted İi has replaced the historic soft-dotted Ii, with the addition of the tittle on its uppercase counterpart, additionally I is now the uppercase counterpart of ı, while i is the lowercase counterpart of İ; Jj has replaced the historic Ƶƶ; Öö has replaced the historic Ɵɵ; Üü has replaced the historic Yy; and Yy has replaced the historic Jј. Әə was replaced by Ää, which was placed between Aa and Bb, but was then changed back to Әə, placed between Ee and Ff in the alphabet. Consequently, Jj, Yy, and some other several letters (Cc, Çç) have also changed their phonetic values in comparison with the historical alphabet.

The sounds [k] and [ɡ] in loanwords were rendered as respectively as q and ƣ in the Latin alphabet of 1933, but as к and г in Cyrillic and are rendered as k and q in the current Latin alphabet: ƣrafiqa (1933 Latin) — графика (Cyrillic) — qrafika (current Latin).

In translingual contexts (e.g. mathematics), the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet are named in Azerbaijani in the following way:[16] a, be, ce (se),[17][18] de, e, ef, qe, aş (haş),[18] i, yot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, dubl-ve, iks, iqrek, zet.

### Schwa (Ə)

When the new Latin script was introduced on 25 December 1991, A-diaeresis (Ä ä) was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on 16 May 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme schwa (Ə ə), used previously. Although use of Ä ä (also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azerbaijani's most common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.

However, the "upside-down 'e'" on computers caused considerable problems during the early 1990s[19] as its placement on standard Azerbaijani keyboards and its assignment in computer encodings[20] had not yet become standardized.

## Arabic alphabet

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The development of a standardized orthography for Azerbaijani using the Arabic script in Iran began in late 20th century. Historically, the Persian alphabet has been used for Azerbaijani; however, linguists associated with the standardization movement, such as those contributing to the journal Varlıq (est. 1979), argue that the unmodified Persian system presents phonetic redundancies. For example, the Persian script contains multiple letters for the same consonant sounds—such as the letters ت and ط for the voiceless alveolar plosive [t], and lacks dedicated characters or diacritics for several vowel phonemes specific to Turkic languages.

Efforts to formalize these conventions culminated in a series of linguistic seminars held in Tehran in 2001. Chaired by Javad Heyat, the founder of Varlıq, these sessions produced a document outlining a standardized orthography for the public.[1] This system was subsequently integrated into the Lügatnâme-ye Torki-ye Âzarbâyjâni (Azerbaijani Turkic Dictionary).[21]

While the Arabic-based script remains the most widespread medium for the language in Iran, its usage patterns have shifted in the 21st century. Although Article 15 of the Iranian Constitution provides for the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as the teaching of their literature in schools, a formal state-wide curriculum for Azerbaijani has not been fully implemented. In recent decades, the adoption of the Latin alphabet has increased among younger speakers. This trend is often attributed to the influence of the Latin-based script used in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the technical convenience of Latin-based keyboard layouts on digital platforms and mobile devices.

### Vowels

In the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, nine vowels are defined. Six of those vowels are present in Persian, whereas three are missing. Diacritics (including hamza) in combination with the letters alef (ا), vav (و) or ye (ی) are used in order to mark each of these vowels.

Important to note that similar to Persian alphabet, vowels in the initial position require an alef (ا) all the time—and if needed, followed by either vav (و) or ye (ی). This excludes Arabic loanwords that may start with ʿayn (ع).

Below are the six vowel sounds in common with Persian, their representation in Latin and Arabic alphabets.

* Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه); /æ/; A front vowel; only marked with fatha (ـَ) diacritic, or with a he at middle or final positions in a word. Examples include: əl اَل 'hand', ət اَت 'meat', əzmək اَزمَک 'to crush'
* E-e (ائ / ئ); /ɛ/; A front vowel; marked with a hamza on top a ye (ئ). Examples include: el ائل 'people', en ائن 'wide'
* O-o (اوْ / وْ); /o/; A rounded back vowel; Shown with vav (و), either unmarked, or marked with sukun (zero-vowel) (ـْ). Examples include: od اوْد 'fire', ot اوْت 'grass', on اوْن 'ten'.
* A-a (آ / ‍ـا); /ɑ/; A back vowel; shown with alef (ا) in middle and final positions, and alef-maddeh (آ) in initial position. Examples include: ad آد 'name', at آت 'horse'
* İ-i (ای / ی) /i/; A front vowel; shown with a ye (ی) and no diacritic. Examples include: il ایل 'year', ip ایپ 'rope'
* U-u (اۇ / ۇ) /u/; A back vowel; shown with a vav and a Ḍammah (ـُ). Examples include: uzun اۇزۇن 'long', ucuz اۇجۇز 'cheap'

Below are the three vowels that don't exist in Persian, and are marked with diacritics.

* Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) /œ/; A front vowel; shown with a hamza on top a vav (ؤ). Examples include: öyüd اؤیوٚد 'advice', göz گؤز 'eye'
* Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) /y/; A front vowel; shown with a "v" diacritic on top a vav (وٚ). Examples include üst اوٚست 'up', üzüm اوٚزوٚم 'grapes', güzgü گوٚزگوٚ 'mirror'
* I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ) /ɯ/ (rarely used[citation needed] and usually substituted by ى[citation needed]); A back vowel; shown with an inverted "v" diacritic on top of a ye (یٛ). Examples include: qızıl قیٛزیٛل 'gold', açıq آچیٛق 'open, turned on', sırğa سیٛرغا 'earring', sarı ساریٛ 'yellow'

| Front
اینجه صائیتلر
incə saitlər | Back
قالین صائیتلر
qalın saitlər

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Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded
Close  | Arabic | ای / ی | اوٚ / وٚ | ایٛ / یٛ | اوُ / وُ
Latin | İ i | Ü ü | I ı | U u
IPA | [i] | [y] | [ɯ] | [u]
Mid  | Arabic | ائ / ئ | اؤ / ؤ |  | اوْ / وْ
Latin | E e | Ö ö | O o
IPA | [ɛ] | [œ] | [o]
Open  | Arabic | اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه |  | آ / ‍ـا |
Latin | Ə ə | A a
IPA | [æ] | [ɑ]

#### Vowel harmony

Like other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has a system of vowel harmony. Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth.[22] In Azerbaijani there are two suffixes that make a plural. It is either -ـلَر -lər or -ـلار -lar, front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exists across the board in Azerbaijani. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal:

* The word for 'dog' is ایت it. The word for 'dogs' is ایتلَر itlər. (ایتلار itlar is incorrect.)

And below are examples for back vowels:

* The word for 'mountain' is داغ dağ, thus the word for 'mountains' is داغلار dağlar.

A secondary vowel harmony system exists in Azerbaijani language, which is a rounded/unrounded system. This applies to some (but not all) of the suffixes. For example, there are four variations for the common suffix لی- -lı/-li and -لو -lu/-lü.

* The word for 'salt' is دوُز duz. The word for 'salty' will be دوُزلو duzlu.
* In Azerbaijani, the city of Tabriz is تبریز Təbriz. The word for someone from Tabriz is تبریزلی Təbrizli.

#### Conventions on writing of vowels

In the Perso-Arabic script, or in Arabic scripts in general, diacritics are usually not written out, except in texts for beginners or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word.

In the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, there are conventions with regards to writing of diacritics.[1]

For A-a (آ / ‍ـا), the vowel is always written and shown with alef.

For Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه), the initial vowel is written with an alef. Vowels in the middle of the word are written in two ways. They are either shown, i.e. written with a diacritic, which usually needs not be written; or they are written with a final he (ـه‌ / ه). The former is used in closed syllables (CVC), or in the first open syllable of the word. The latter is used in open syllables (CV) with the exception of the first syllable of the word. Note that the vowel he (ـه‌ / ه) is not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a Zero-width non-joiner. For example, the word gələcəyim (gə-lə-cəy-im) 'my future' is written as گله‌جگیم. Note that the first syllable of the word is open, but it is not marked. The second syllable is open, and thus the vowel is marked with he (ـه‌ / ه), not attached to the following letter. Also note the breakdown of the word into syllables – this is because the word is made up of gələcək plus possessive pronoun -im.

For E-e (ائ / ئ), the sound is shown with a hamzeh on top of a ye in almost all cases. The exceptions are loanwords of Persian, Arabic, or European origin. For example, enerji 'energy' is written as انرژی. Writing it as ائنئرژی is incorrect. Other examples include تلویزیون televiziyon 'TV'), علم elm 'science', and قانع qane 'satisfied'. In words, for both Azerbaijani and loanwords, if ⟨E⟩ and ⟨Y⟩ come side by side, both letters are written; e.g., قئید qeyd, شئیدا şeyda, ویئتنام Vyetnam, غئیرت ğeyrət. Loanwords from Persian or Arabic which contain the sound [i], but are adopted in Azerbaijani with an [e] sound, are shown with ⟨ئ⟩. Examples include تسبئح təsbeh, بئساواد besavad, پئشکش peşkəş.

For İ-i (ای / ی), the sound is always shown with ye (ی).

For I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ), the sound is shown with ye (ی) all the time. The writing of the diacritic is optional and not necessary,[citation needed] and is only ever actually done in beginner language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word. Native speakers can usually read words without the use of diacritic, as they are aware of vowel harmony rules (meaning that they can interpolate the correct pronunciation of ⟨ی⟩ by the presence of other vowels in the word). In words like qızıl قیزیل 'gold', familiarity with the vocabulary helps native speakers.[citation needed]

For round vowels, O-o (اوْ / وْ), U-u (اوُ / وُ), Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ), and Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ), it is recommended that the first syllable containing such vowel be marked with diacritic, while the rest can remain unmarked and solely written with a vav (و). This reduces the effort of marking vowels, while also providing readers with a clue with respect to vowel harmony, namely as to whether the vowels of the word are to be front or back. Examples include گؤرونوش görünüş, اوْغوز oğuz, دوٚیون düyün.

However, it is recommended[by whom?] new learners write diacritics on all round vowels, e.g., گؤروٚنوٚش görünüş, اوْغوُز oğuz, دوٚیوٚن düyün.

In daily practice, it is rare to see vowels other than Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) marked. This may be due to the fact that hamza is the only one of such symbols that is frequently written in Persian as well, and due to the fact that the inverted "v" diacritic for Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) does not exist on typical Persian keyboards.

### Consonants

While Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has nine vowels and twenty-three consonants, the Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has thirty consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. Highlighted columns indicate letters from Persian or Arabic that are exclusively used in loanwords, and not in native Azerbaijani words.[1]

No.  | Letter  | Latin equivalent  | IPA  | Example  | Latin spelling  | Meaning

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1 | ب | B b | [b] | بالؽق
بئل
قاب | Balıq
Bel
Qab | fish
dorsum
plate
2 | پ | P p | [p/pʰ] | ایپک
ساپ | İpək
Sap | silk
string
3 | ت | T t | [t/tʰ] | تلیس | Təlis | sack
4 | ث | S s | [s] | ثۆریّا | Sürəyya | Surayya (name)
5 | ج | C c | [d͡ʑ] | جئیران
قوْجا
کرپیج | Ceyran
Qoca
Kərpic | ‌ Gazelle
old person
brick
6 | چ | Ç ç | [t͡ɕ/t͡ɕʰ] | چای
سئرچه
قوْلچاق | Çay
Serçə
Qolçaq | river
sparrow
puppet
7 | ح1 | H h | [h/hˁ] | حۆریّت
صاباح | Hürriyyət
Sabah | freedom
morning, tomorrow
8 | خ | X x | [x/χ] | خوْرتان
آرخ
توْخۇماق | Xortan
Arx
Toxumaq | boogeyman
water stream
to knit
9 | د | D d | [d̪] | داراق

دامجؽ

| Daraq
Damcı | shoulder
droplet
10 | ذ | Z z | [z] | اذیّت
گۆذشت | ‌ əziyyət
güzəşt | bothering
forgiveness
11 | ر | R r | [ɾ/r] | بَرک
قارا | Bərk
Qara | hard
black
12 | ز | Z z | [z] | زای
مازالاق
بالدؽز | Zay
Mazalaq
Baldız | rotten
spinning top (toy)
sister-in-law
13 | ژ | J j | [ʒ] | قؽژقؽرماق
ژاله | Qıjqırmaq
Jalə | to go sour
Zhaleh (name)
14 | س2 | S s | [s] | ساچ
ترسَه | Saç
Tərsə | hair bun
in reverse
15 | ش | Ş ş | [ʃ/ʂ/ɕ] | شیش
مئشه
دؤش | Şiş
Meşə
Döş | skewer
forest
chest
16 | ص | S s | [s] | صاباح
صۆلح
ایصفاهان | Sabah
Sülh
İsfahan | morning, tomorrow
peace
Isfahan
17 | ض | Z z | [t/tʰ] | ضربه | Zərbə | hit
18 | ط | T t | [t̪] | طاماح | Tamah | greed
19 | ظ | Z z | [z] | ظالؽم | Zalım | tyrant
20 | غ3 | Ğ ğ | [ɣ/ʁ (ʕ/ʢ)] | آغرؽ
یاغ | Ağrı
Yağ | pain
oil
21 | ف | F f | [f] | کۆفلنمیش | Küflənmiş | moldy
22 | ق4 | Q q | [g/ɢ] | قارقا
قۇلاق
قارپؽز | Qarqa
Qulaq
Qarpız | crow
ear
watermelon
23 | ک5 | K k | [c/cʰ/k (ç)] | کۆرک
تیکان
اؤرتۆک | Kürək
Tikan
Örtük | shoulder blade
thorn
bedsheet
24 | گ6 | G g | [ɟ] | گؤزل
گَلین
سۆپۆرگه | Gözəl
Gəlin
Süpürgə | beautiful
bride
broom
25 | ل | L l | [l/ɫ] | لاله
سالخؽم
اَل | Lalə
Salxım
Əl | tulip
fruit bunch (e.g. grape)
hand
26 | م | M m | [m] | مارال
اَپریمک | Maral
Əprimək | deer
to rut or rust
27 | ن | N n | [n] | نارین | Narin | tiny
28 | و7 | V v | [v] | وئرمک
سئوگی | Vermək
sevgi | to give

love

29 | ه / هـ1,7 | H h | [h/hˁ] | هؤرمک | Hörmək | to braid
30 | ی7 | Y y | [j] | آیؽ
آی | Ayı
Ay | bear
moon

Notes[1]

1. Arabic loanwords that in their original spelling end in ʿayn (ع), such as "طمع" (təmə') (meaning greed), or "متاع" (məta') (meaning baggage), are instead pronounced in Azerbaijani with a final [h]. Thus they are to be written with a "ح" (he). e.g. "طاماح" (tamah), "ماتاح" (matah). (Note that the vowels of these words are also changed in accordance with the vowel harmony system) If the change in pronunciation of ʿayn (ع) happens mid-word, it would be written as "ه / هـ". An example being "فعله" (fə'lə) (meaning worker) being written as "فهله" (fəhlə).
2. Loanwords that start with consonant sequences "SK, ST, SP, ŞT, ŞP", in Azerbaijani Arabic script, they are to be written starting with an "ای" (i). e.g. ایستئیک (isteyk) (meaning steak), ایسپورت (isport) (meaning sports)
3. There is a distinction between the pronunciation of "غ" and "ق" in Azerbaijani. Such distinction does not exist in standard Iranian Persian. But in any case, loanwords from Arabic or Persian, regardless of how their "غ" and "ق" is pronounced, are to be kept as their original writing. This is not a rule in Latin alphabet. An example being the word meaning Afghan, "افغان" (Əfqan). The "غ" in Azerbaijani is pronounced as a [g], meaning that, as it is done in Latin, it is being pronounced as if it is a "ق". But the writing of the loanword in Azerbaijani Arabic will remain the same.
4. Loanwords whose original spelling was with a "گ" (G g) but are written in Latin alphabet with a Q q, are to be written with a "ق". Examples include "قاز" (Qaz) (meaning gas, written as "گاز" in Persian), "اوْرتوقرافی" (Orfoqrafi) (meaning orthography, written as "اورتوگرافی" in Persian)
5. When suffixes are added to words ending in "ک" (K k), resulting in the letter "ک" (K k) being between two vowels, will have its pronunciation modified to [j], equivalent to the letter "ی" (Y y). This change is reflected in Latin writing. However, in the Arabic script, in order to maintain the original familiar shape of the word, the letter "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G") is used, as the letter is similar in shape to "ک". Examples: "çörək+im" becoming "çörəyim" in Latin script (meaning my bread), but "چؤرک+یم" becoming "چؤرگیم". "gələcək+im" becoming "gələcəyim" in Latin script (meaning my future), but "گله‌جک+یم" becoming "گله‌جگیم".
6. Whenever the letter "ی" (Y) is placed between two "ای" (İ-i) vowels, it is written as "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G"). This is not something done in Latin script. Example: "ایگیرمی" (iyirmi) (meaning twenty)
7. The letters "و" ,"ه / هـ", and "ی" have a double function, as consonant, and as part of vowels. When used as consonant, they are written with no diacritic or marking.
8. Shadda, the Arabic diacritic for gemination, is retained for loanwords from Arabic. Examples: "مۆکمّل" (mükəmməl) (meaning complementary), "مدنیّت" (mədəniyyət) (meaning civility). In native Azerbaijani words and in loanwords of European origin, double consonants are written twice. Examples: "یئددی" (yeddi) (meaning seven), "ساققال" (saqqal) (meaning beard), "اوْتللو" (Otello).

## Sample texts

### National anthem

This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaŋalif, and Arabic alphabets.

Azerbaijani in Latin script
(since 1992) | Azerbaijani in Arabic script
(modern convention) | English translation

|
|

Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!
Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız!
Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!

Minlərlə can qurban oldu,
Sinən hərbə meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçən əsgər,
Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gülüstan,
Sənə hər an can qurban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Bayrağını yüksəltməyə
Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Cümlə gənclər müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vətən! Şanlı Vətən!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!

آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اؤولادؽن شانلؽ وطنی!
سندن اؤترۆ جان وئرمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله حاضؽرؽز!
سندن اؤترۆ قان تؤکمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله قادیریز!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!

مینلرله جان قۇربان اوْلدۇ،
سینه‌ن حربه مئیدان اوْلدۇ!
حۆقۇقۇندان کئچن عسگر،
هره بیر قهرمان اوْلدۇ!

سن اوْلاسان گۆلۆستان،
سنه هر آن جان قۇربان!
سنه مین بیر محبّت
سینه‌مده تۇتمۇش مکان!

نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
بایراغؽنؽ یۆکسلتمه‌یه
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
ج‍ۆمله گنجلر مۆشتاقدؽر!
شانلؽ وطن! شانلؽ وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!

Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
O triumphant homeland of children of heroes!
We are all ready to bestow our lives on you!
We are fain to shed our very own blood for you!
May you live in bliss with your three-coloured flag!
May you live in bliss with your three-coloured flag!

Thousands of lives were sacrificed,
Your soul a battlefield became,
Of every soldier devoted,
Each one of them heroes became!

Blossom like a rose garden,
My life ever sworn to you,
A thousand one loves for you,
In my heart rooted deeply!

To stand on guard for your honour,
Bearing aloft your sacred flag;
To stand on guard for your honour,
Eager be every youthful heir!
Glorious homeland! Glorious homeland!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!

Azerbaijani in Latin script
(1991–1992) | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script
(1958–1991; still used in Dagestan) | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script
(1939–1958)

Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Ey qähräman övladın şanlı Vätäni!
Sändän ötrü can vermäyä cümlä hazırız!
Sändän ötrü qan tökmäyä cümlä qadiriz!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!

Minlärlä can qurban oldu,
Sinän härbä meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçän äsgär,
Härä bir qähräman oldu!

Sän olasan gülüstan,
Sänä här an can qurban!
Sänä min bir mähäbbät
Sinämdä tutmuş mäkan!

Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Bayrağını yüksältmäyä
Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Cümlä gänclär müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vätän! Şanlı Vätän!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!

Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Еј гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәјә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәјә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мејдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Бајрағыны јүксәлтмәјә
Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!

Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Эй гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәйә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәйә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мейдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Байрағыны йүксәлтмәйә
Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!

Azerbaijani in Latin script
(1933–1939) | Azerbaijani in Latin script
(1929–1933) | Azerbaijani in Arabic script
(until 1929)

Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Ej qəhrəman ɵvladьn şanlь Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtry çan verməjə çymlə hazьrьz!
Səndən ɵtry qan tɵkməjə çymlə qadiriz!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!

Minlərlə çan qurʙan oldu,
Sinən hərʙə mejdan oldu!
Hyququndan kecən əsgər,
Hərə ʙir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gylystan,
Sənə hər an çan qurʙan!
Sənə min ʙir məhəʙʙət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Bajraƣьnь jyksəltməjə
Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Çymlə gənçlər myştaqdьr!
Şanlь Vətən! Şanlь Vətən!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!

Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Ej kəhrəman ɵvladn ɜanl Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtru can verməjə cumlə hazrz!
Səndən ɵtru kan tɵkməjə cumlə kadiriz!
Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa!
Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa!

Minlərlə can kyrban oldy,
Sinən hərbə mejdan oldy!
Hukykyndan keçən əsƣər,
Hərə bir kəhrəman oldy!

Sən olasan ƣulustan,
Sənə hər an can kyrban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tytmyɜ məkan!

Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Bajragn juksəltməjə
Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Cumlə ƣənclər muɜtakdr!
Ɜanl Vətən! ɜanl Vətən!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!

آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اولادین شانلی وطنی
سندن اوترو جان ورمه‌یه جومله حاضریز
سندن اوتروقان توکمه‌یه جومله قادیریز
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قوربان اولدو
سینن حربه میدان اولدو!
حقوقوندان کچن عسکر
هره بیر قهرمان اولدو!
سن اولاسان گولوستان!
سنه هرآن جان قوربان!
سنه مین بیر محبت
سینه‌مده توتموش مکان!
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
بایراقینی یوکسلتمه‌یه
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
جومله گنجلر موشتاقدیر
شانلی وطن! شانلی وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!

## Correspondence table

The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:

Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table  Arabic  | Latin  | Cyrillic  | Latin  | IPA

|
|
|
|

| 1922–1933  | 1933–1939  | 1939–1958  | 1958–1991  | 1991–1992  | 1992–Present
آ-ا | A a | [ɑ]
ب | B b | B ʙ  | Б б | B b | [b]
ج | C c | Ç ç  | Ҹ ҹ | C c | [dʒ]
چ | Ç ç | C c  | Ч ч | Ç ç | [tʃ]
د | D d  | Д д  | D d | [d]
ائ | E e  | Е е, Э э[lower-alpha 2] | Е е | [e]
ه-ٱ-اَ-هٔ | Ə ə | Ä ä | Ə ə | [æ]
ف | F f  | Ф ф  | F f | [f]
گ | Ƣ ƣ | G g  | Ҝ ҝ  | G g | [ɟ]
غ | G g | Ƣ ƣ  | Ғ ғ | Ğ ğ | [ɣ]
ح, ه | H h  | Һ һ  | H h | [h]
خ | X x | [x]
اؽ | Į į | Ь ь  | Ы ы | I ı | [ɯ]
ای | I i  | И и | İ i | [ɪ]
ژ | Ƶ ƶ  | Ж ж | J j | [ʒ]
ک | Q q | K k  | К к  | K k | [c], [ç], [k]
ق | K k | Q q  | Г г  | Q q | [ɡ]
ل | L l  | Л л  | L l | [l]
م | M m  | М м  | M m | [m]
ن | N n  | Н н  | N n | [n]
وْ | O o | [o]
ؤ | Ɵ ɵ | Ö ö | [œ]
پ | P p  | П п  | P p | [p]
ر | R r  | Р р  | R r | [r]
ث, س, ص | S s  | С с  | S s | [s]
ش | Ɜ ɜ | Ş ş  | Ш ш  | Ş ş | [ʃ]
ت, ط | T t  | Т т  | T t | [t]
ۇ | Y y | U u  | У у  | U u | [u]
ۆ | U u | У y  | Ү ү | Ü ü | [y]
و | V v  | В в  | V v | [v]
ی | J j  | Й й  | Ј ј | Y y | [j]
یا | ЈА ја  | Я я  | ЈА jа | YA ya | [jɑ]
یئ | ЈE јe  | Е е[lower-alpha 2] | ЈЕ је | YE ye | [je]
ئ | E e | [e]
یوْ | ЈO јo  | Йо йо  | ЈО јо | YO yo | [jo]
یۇ | JY jy | ЈU јu  | Ю ю  | ЈУ ју | YU yu | [ju]
ذ, ز, ض, ظ | Z z  | З з  | Z z | [z]

The Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet originally contained the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. This letter no longer exists in the Azerbaijani Arabic orthographic conventions anymore either.[1]

The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, like in most Turkic languages, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].

The apostrophe was used until 2004 in loanwords from Persian for representing the glottal stop or vowel length. Since 2004, the apostrophe is not used in Azerbaijani except in foreign proper names.

## Notes

1. ↑ Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan əlifbası, آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ, Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы, az
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 in the beginning of a word and after vowels

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Heyat, Javad (2001). "اوُرتوقرافی سمیاری نین آلدیغی قرارلار". http://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/azturk_standard.pdf.
2. ↑ "Archive of issues of the newspaper Dərbənd (Дәрбәнд)". http://derbend.ru/project/.
3. ↑ "Пејғәмбәр ﷺ Шәбан ајында оруҹ тутубму?". https://as-salam.press/az/521/5055996533328/.
4. ↑ 2021 Azərbaycan Dilinin Orfoqrafiya Lüğəti. 2021. http://archive.org/details/2021-azerbaycan-dilinin-orfoqrafiya-lugeti.
5. ↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905 - 1920: the shaping of national identity in a Muslim community. Soviet and East European studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
6. ↑ Rüstemli, Naile (2016). "M. F. Akhundzadah and His New Alphabet Project". Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 3 (16): 161-187.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hatcher, Lynley (July 2008). "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (192): 106. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038.
8. ↑ Mirza Fatali Akhundov: Alphabet Reformer Before His Time by Dr. Farid Alakbarov, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 50-53.
9. ↑ Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair. Arabic or Latin? Reform for the Price of a Battleship Debates at the First Turkology Congress hosted by Baku in 1926. AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 58-61.
10. ↑ Wright, Sue (2004). Language Policy and Language Planning. Basingstokes: Palgrave MacMillan.
11. ↑ Clement, Victoria (2005). The politics of script reform in Soviet Turkmenistan: alphabet and national identity formation (PhD thesis). Ohio State University., cited in Hatcher 2008
12. ↑ Г. Г. Исмаилова (G. G. Ismailova). К истории азербайджанского алфавита // Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР / Н. А. Баскаков. — Moscow: Наука (Nauka) Publishers, 1972. — P. 28—40 (in Russian).
13. ↑ Anar Rezayev: Personal Reflections on the History of Alphabet Reform [Cyrillic] AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 54.
14. ↑ Bayatly, Tamam. Alphabet Transitions: Chronology of the New Latin Script. AZER.com in Azerbaijan International, Vol 5:2 (Summer 1997), pp. 22-24.
15. ↑ "A-Z back in Azerbaijan" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 2001-08-02. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/02/2.
16. ↑ Q.Ü.Ağayev, D.V.Bağırlı. Fiziki kəmiyyət vahidlərinin istifadə qaydaları. Bakı, 2017, p. 71.
17. ↑ S. İsmayılova, A. Hüseynova. Riyaziyyat 6. Bakı, 2021, p. 102.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kimya 7-ci sinif
19. ↑ The New Azerbaijani Alphabet: The Upside-Down 'e' (An Editor's Nightmare) by Betty Blair, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 1:3 (September 1993), p. 40 and then back to p. 36.
20. ↑ Standardizing Azerbaijani Fonts by Ed Lake and Betty Blair, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 14, 16.
21. ↑ Ameli, Seyed Hassan (2021) (in fa, az). لغت‌نامه ترکی آذربایجانی: حروف آ (جلد ۱. Mohaghegh Ardabili. ISBN 978-600-344-624-3.
22. ↑ Farzaneh, M. (1979). مبانی دستور زبان ترکی آذربایجانی. p. 10.

## External links

* Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan [Republic] in the 20th Century: Four Major Changes—Arabic, Early Latin, Cyrillic and New Latin—Plus Seven More Minor Changes in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 13.
* Changes in the Azerbaijan [Republic] Alphabet Sequence in the 20th Century, in AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 15.
* The Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan by Dr. Farid Alakbarov, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), 50-52.
* Rustamov, Asef. Just for Kids: The Day They Burned Our Books, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 74–75.
* Jafarzade, Aziza, Memoirs of 1937. Burning Our Books: The Arabic Script Goes Up in Flames in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:1 (Spring 2006), pp. 24–25.
* Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair, Arabic or Latin? Reform for the Price of a Battleship: Debates at the First Turkology Congress Hosted by Baku in 1926 in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 58–61.
* Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair. Names: History in a Nutshell: 20th Century Personal Naming Practices in Azerbaijan in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 4:3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 54–59, 63, 82.
* Anar (Rezayev), Reading Between the Lines: Personal Reflections on the History of Alphabet Reform in Azerbaijan (Arabic to Latin to Cyrillic to Latin) in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 54–56.
* Blair, Betty. "Alphabet Changes: The Upside-Down 'e' in the New Azerbaijani Latin Alphabet—An Editor's Nightmare" in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:4 (Winter 2002), pp. 68–69.
* Alphabet Transition (Cyrillic to Latin in the Azerbaijan Republic): Viewpoints by Nazim Abbas (television media), Afet Babayeva (French teacher), Leyla Gafurova (librarian), Ruhangiz Gulmammadova (office administration), Elman Gurbanov (driver), Gular Hajiyeva (dentist), Nadir Karimov (economics professor), Marina Kulakova (office administration), Afshan Mammadova (computer sciences), Tinatin Valiyeva (student) in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 27–36.
* "Pronunciation of the Azerbaijani Latin Alphabet" [1] AZERI.org
* Azerbaijani alphabet[Usurped!] (with video)

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