12th century in philosophy

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This is a list of philosophy-related events in the 12th century. Philosophy at the time was influenced by the ongoing crusades.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Events
* 2 Publications
* 3 Births
* 4 Deaths
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Events

c. 1114 – The School of Chartres flourishes as a center of Platonism and natural philosophy under masters like Bernard of Chartres and William of Conches.[2]

1122 – The Concordat of Worms resolves the Investiture Controversy, distinguishing spiritual and temporal authority and influencing philosophical debates on church-state relations.[3]

Mid-12th century – The Latin translation movement peaks, with key works of Aristotle, Avicenna, and Averroes translated in Toledo and Sicily, revitalizing Western philosophy.[4]

1141 – At the Council of Sens, Peter Abelard's theological writings are condemned for heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux, highlighting tensions between dialectic and orthodoxy.[5]

c. 1150 – The University of Paris emerges as a major center for philosophy and theology, fostering scholastic methods.[6]

c. 1167 – The University of Oxford emerges, becoming another hub for philosophical inquiry in England.[7]

## Publications

* The Incoherence of the Incoherence, the landmark harmonization of philosophy and faith by Averroes
* Sic et Non, Peter Abelard's scholastic study of apparent contradictions in Christian theology

## Births

* Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Persian theologian and philosopher who critiqued philosophy in The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
* Gilbert of Poitiers (c. 1080–1154), French scholastic philosopher known for his metaphysical commentaries on Boethius.
* William of Conches (c. 1090–1154), French natural philosopher and Platonist associated with the School of Chartres.
* Ibn Tufayl (c. 1105–1185), Andalusian polymath and author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.
* Averroes (1126–1198), Andalusian polymath and Aristotelian commentator.
* Zhu Xi (1130–1200), Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher of the Song dynasty.
* Maimonides (1135 or 1138–1204), Sephardic Jewish philosopher, astronomer, and physician.

## Deaths

* Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Persian polymath whose works bridged Sufism and philosophy.[8]
* Peter Abelard (1079–1142), French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and logician.[9]
* Gilbert of Poitiers (c. 1080–1154), French philosopher and Bishop of Poitiers.
* William of Conches (c. 1090–after 1155), French natural philosopher.
* Ibn Tufayl (c. 1105–1185), Andalusian philosopher and physician.
* Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), German Benedictine abbess, visionary mystic, and polymath.[10]
* Averroes (1126–1198), Andalusian polymath.

## See also

* 12th-century Renaissance
* Medieval philosophy
* List of centuries in philosophy

## References

* Peter Dronke (ed). A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 1988.
* Frederick Denison Maurice. Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy. Macmillan and Co. London. 1873. Volume 1 (Ancient philosophy and the first to the thirteenth centuries). Chapter 4 ("Twelfth Century"). Page 534 et seq.

1. ↑ (in en) Ancient philosophy and the first to the thirteenth centuries. v. 2. 14 th century to the French revolution, with a glimpse into the 19 th century. Macmillan. 1873. p. 534. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab09AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA534. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
2. ↑ "Medieval Philosophy". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2022-09-14. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/.
3. ↑ "Concordat of Worms". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Concordat-of-Worms. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
4. ↑ "Medieval Philosophy: The Twelfth-Century Parisian Schools". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2022-09-14. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/#TwelCentParaScho.
5. ↑ "Peter Abelard". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019-08-26. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abelard/.
6. ↑ "Universities of Paris I–XIII". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
7. ↑ "Medieval Philosophy: The Twelfth-Century Parisian Schools". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2022-09-14. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/#TwelCentParaScho.
8. ↑ "Al-Ghazali". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2021-07-14. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-ghazali/.
9. ↑ "Peter Abelard". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019-08-26. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abelard/.
10. ↑ Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.

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