Pilosella caespitosa

Short description: Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Pilosella caespitosa

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Asterids
Order:  | Asterales
Family:  | Asteraceae
Genus:  | Pilosella
Species:  |

P. caespitosa

Binomial name
Pilosella caespitosa

(Dumort) P.D.Sell & C.West

Worldwide distribution
Synonyms[1][2]

* Pilosella dublanensis (Nägeli & Peter) Üksip
* (Naegeli & Peter) Dostál Hieracium caespitosum
* Dumort. Hieracium colliniforme
* (Nägeli & Peter) Roffey Pilosella colliniformis
* (Naegeli & Peter) Dostál Norrl.
* (Nägeli & Peter) Üksip (Rehmann) Czerep.
* Norrl. Tausch
* (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov (Rehmann) Schljakov
* (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov Pilosella pratensis
* Hieracium leptocaulon Hieracium rawaruskanum
* Pilosella dissoluta Pilosella karelica
* (Tausch) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. Hieracium dimorphum
* Hieracium dissolutum Hieracium dublanense
* Hieracium karelicum (Nägeli & Peter) Üksip
* (Zahn) Czerep. (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov
* Norrl. (Zahn) Schljakov
* Pilosella sudetorum Pilosella rawaruskana
* Hieracium altaicum Hieracium pratense
* Pilosella altaica Pilosella leptocaulon

Pilosella caespitosa (synonym Hieracium caespitosum,[3] commonly known as meadow hawkweed, yellow hawkweed,[4] field hawkweed,[5] king devil,[6] yellow paintbrush, devil's paintbrush, yellow devil, yellow fox-and-cubs, and yellow king-devil) is like several other Pilosella species and has a similar appearance to many of the hawkweeds.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Habitat and distribution
* 3 Taxonomy
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Description

Pilosella caespitosa is a creeping perennial,[7] with shallow, fibrous roots[8] and long rhizomes.[9]

The leaves, hairy on both sides (unlike Pilosella floribunda, which looks similar but has hair only on the underside),[5] are up to 6 inches (15 centimeters) long, spathulate, and almost exclusively basal[8] with the exception of 1 or 2 very small cauline leaves.[9] The leaves lie flat to the ground, overlap, and will smother non-vigorous turf.[7]

The stems are bristly and usually leafless, although occasionally a small leaf appears near the midpoint.[10] Stems, leaves, and bracts have dense, blackish hairsCite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag which can be extensive, creating a dense mat of hawkweed plants (a colony)[11] that practically eliminates other vegetation.[8]

Pilosella caespitosa prefers silt loam, well-drained soil: coarse textures, moderately low in organic matter, and moist.[12] Its presence can be an indicator of low soil fertility or slightly acidic soils.[7]

Pilosella caespitosa has, in the past, been used for healing eyesight. Pliny the Elder had recorded information regarding how other species, specifically hawks, utilized P. caespitosa, specifically believing that they would eat it in an effort to improve eyesight.[6]

## Habitat and distribution

Range throughout North America

Tolerant of drought and trampling, this species finds its habitat where the soil has been neglected. Places like roadsides,[5] neglected residential and commercial landscapes, minimally maintained public parks and open spaces, vacant lots, rubble dump sites, and abandoned grasslands (meadows).[13]

Pilosella caespitosa is an introduced species in North America and can be found in Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec)[14] and the United States (Connecticut, Washington D.C., Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana , Massachusetts , Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee , Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming).[4] It is considered a noxious weed in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington.[4]

Pilosella caespitosa's native range includes a large portion of Europe, including Austria, Belarus , Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, France , Finland , Germany , Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway , Poland , Romania, Sweden, Switzerland , Ukraine , and Former Yugoslavia.[15]

## Taxonomy

Pilosella caespitosa was originally published by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (Dumort.) in 1827 as Hieracium caespitosum in Fl. Belg.(Dumortier) vol.62.[16] Then in 1967, botanists P.D.Sell & C.West changed it to Pilosella caespitosa in Watsonia 6: 314 (1967).[17]

The species epithet of caespiticia is derived from caespiticius meaning made of turf.[18][19]

There are 2 known subspecies;[17]

* Pilosella caespitosa subsp. caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West
* Pilosella caespitosa subsp. colliniformis (Peter) P.D.Sell & C.West

## References

1. ↑ "Pilosella caespitosa subsp. caespitosa". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77180446-1. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
2. ↑ "Pilosella caespitosa subsp. colliniformis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77181679-1. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
3. ↑ "Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238026-1. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service (2007). "Plants Profile for Hieracium caespitosum (meadow hawkweed)". The PLANTS Database. USDA, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HICA10. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Connecticut Botanical Society (November 13, 2005). "Field Hawkweed". http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/hieraciumcaes.html. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Biodiversity at Wellesley College and in New England (2004-06-25). "King Devil". Landscape Nature Walks. Courtesy Web of Species at Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Web/Species/pkingdevil.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "For a time, King Devil and other European hawkweeds were used as an herbal remedy for healing eyesight. Pliny reported, in ancient Greece, that hawks ate it to see better."
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University. "Yellow Hawkweed - Hieracium pratense". Weed List. http://www.msuturfweeds.net/details/_/yellow_hawkweed_25/. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Meadow Hawkweed". Idaho's Noxious Weeds. The Idaho Association of Soil Conservation Districts. http://www.oneplan.org/Crop/noxWeeds/nxWeed14.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Don Knoke, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. "Vascular Plants: Hieracium caespitosum". WTU Image Collection: Plants of Washington. http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?ID=1794. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
10. ↑ Utah-Idaho Cooperative Weed Management Area. "Meadow Hawkweed". Noxious and Invading Weeds of the UICWMA. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20070819064650/http://www.utah-idahocwma.org/id_meadowhawk.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `NCSU`
12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `CST`
13. ↑ Harvard Graduate School of Design. "E*view Hieracium pratense". Emergent Vegetation of the Urban Ecosystem. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20110517093547/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/loeb_library/information_systems/projects/E_vue/plants/hieracium_pratense.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
14. ↑ Flora of North America. "Hieracium caespitosum in Flora of North America". Vol. 19, 20 and 21. pp. Page 278, 280, 284. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416658. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
15. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Pilosella caespitosa | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2007-12-15 }}
16. ↑ "Hieracium caespitosum | International Plant Names Index". https://www.ipni.org/n/215703-1.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West". http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000118413.
18. ↑ "caespiticius (caespiticius, caespiticia, caespiticium)". https://worldofdictionary.com/dict/latin-english/meaning/caespiticius.
19. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226009193.

## External links

* "Machinery That Every Logger Should Have". VanNatta Construction Equipment. http://www.vannattabros.com/iron.html. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). "Standard Report Hieracium caespitosum". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=503009. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
* "Dicots: Asteraceae, Hieracium caespitosum". TENN Vascular Plants - Database. http://tenn.bio.utk.edu/vascular/database/vascular-database.asp?CategoryID=Dicots&FamilyID=Asteraceae&GenusID=Hieracium&SpeciesID=caespitosum. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
* Forest Pests of North America. "Meadow hawkweed: Hieracium caespitosum". http://www.forestpests.org/subject.html?SUB=4424. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
* {{cite web

|url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Hieracium_caespitosum

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