Cyrillic alphabets

Short description: Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts

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Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:

Sole official script

Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)

Being replaced with another script, but is still in official use

Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use

Cyrillic is not widely used

Numerous Cyrillic alphabets are based on the Cyrillic script. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the 9th century AD and replaced the earlier Glagolitic script developed by the theologians Cyril and Methodius. Cyrillic is one of the most-used writing systems in the world. The script was created at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Constantine of Preslav, Joan Ekzarh, Chernorizets Hrabar, Angelar, Sava and other scholars.[1][2][3][4] It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia.

Some of these are illustrated below; for others, and for more detail, see the links. Sounds are transcribed in the IPA. While these languages largely have phonemic orthographies, there are occasional exceptions—for example, Russian ⟨г⟩ is pronounced /v/ in a number of words, an orthographic relic from when they were pronounced /ɡ/ (e.g. его yego 'him/his', is pronounced [jɪˈvo] rather than [jɪˈɡo]).

Spellings of names transliterated into the Roman alphabet may vary, especially й (y/j/i), but also г (gh/g/h) and ж (zh/j).

Unlike the Latin script, which is usually adapted to different languages by adding diacritical marks/supplementary glyphs (such as acutes and carons) to standard Roman letters, by assigning new phonetic values to existing letters (e.g. ⟨q⟩, whose original value in Latin was /kʷ/, represents /g/ in Azerbaijani, /t͡ɕʰ/ in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin, /q/ in a lot of other languages and /ǃ/ in some Bantu languages), or by the use of digraphs (such as ⟨sh⟩), the Cyrillic script is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes. However, in some alphabets invented in the 19th century, such as Chuvash, umlauts and breves also were used.

Bulgarian and Bosnian Sephardim without Hebrew typefaces occasionally printed Judeo-Spanish in Cyrillic.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Spread
* 2 Common letters
* 3 Slavic languages
* 3.1 South Slavic
* 3.1.1 Bulgarian
* 3.1.2 Serbian
* 3.1.3 Montenegrin
* 3.1.4 Macedonian
* 3.1.5 Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian
* 3.2 East Slavic
* 3.2.1 Russian
* 3.2.2 Belarusian
* 3.2.3 Ukrainian
* 3.2.4 Carpathian Rusyn
* 3.3 West Slavic
* 3.3.1 Pannonian Rusyn
* 4 Non-Slavic Indo-European languages
* 4.1 Romance languages
* 4.1.1 Romanian and Moldovan
* 4.1.2 Ladino
* 4.2 Indo-Aryan
* 4.2.1 Romani
* 4.3 Iranian
* 4.3.1 Kurdish
* 4.3.2 Ossetic
* 4.3.3 Tajik
* 4.3.4 Other
* 5 Uralic languages
* 5.1 Karelian
* 5.2 Kildin Sámi
* 5.3 Komi-Permyak
* 5.4 Mari alphabets
* 6 Turkic languages
* 6.1 Azerbaijani
* 6.2 Bashkir
* 6.3 Chuvash
* 6.4 Kazakh
* 6.5 Kyrgyz
* 6.6 Tatar
* 6.7 Turkmen
* 6.8 Uzbek
* 6.9 Yakut
* 6.10 Other
* 7 Caucasian languages
* 7.1 Northwest Caucasian languages
* 7.1.1 Abaza
* 7.1.2 Abkhaz
* 7.1.3 Adyghe
* 7.1.4 Kabardian
* 7.2 Northeast Caucasian languages
* 7.2.1 Avar
* 7.2.2 Lezgian
* 7.2.3 Other
* 8 Mongolian
* 8.1 Overview
* 8.2 Khalkha
* 8.3 Buryat
* 8.4 Kalmyk
* 9 Sino-Tibetan
* 9.1 Dungan language
* 10 Tungusic languages
* 11 Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
* 11.1 Chukchi language
* 11.2 Koryak language
* 11.3 Itelmen language
* 11.4 Alyutor language
* 12 Eskaleut languages
* 12.1 Aleut language
* 12.2 Central Siberian Yupik language
* 12.2.1 Chaplino dialect
* 12.3 Sirenik language
* 12.4 Other
* 13 Other languages
* 14 Constructed languages
* 14.1 International auxiliary languages
* 14.2 Fictional languages
* 15 Summary table
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 Further reading
* 19 External links

## Spread

Non-Slavic alphabets are generally modelled after Russian, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for Caucasian languages. The first few of these alphabets were developed by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of Idel-Ural (Mari, Udmurt, Mordva, Chuvash, and Kerashen Tatars) in the 1870s. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the Siberian and Caucasus peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. In the 1930s, some of those languages were switched to the New Turkic Alphabet. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an Arabic or a different Asian script also adopted Cyrillic alphabets, and during the Great Purge in the late 1930s, all of the Latin alphabets of the peoples of the Soviet Union were switched to Cyrillic as well (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, and were not affected by this change). The Abkhazian and Ossetian languages were switched to the Mkhedruli script, but after the death of Joseph Stalin, both also adopted Cyrillic. The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the Gagauz language, which had used Greek script before.

In Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, the use of Cyrillic to write local languages has often been a politically controversial issue since the collapse of the Soviet Union, as it evokes the era of Soviet rule and Russification. Some of Russia's peoples such as the Tatars have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law. A number of languages have switched from Cyrillic to either a Roman-based orthography or a return to a former script.

Cyrillic alphabets continue to be used in several Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Belarusian) and non-Slavic (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Gagauz, Mongolian) languages.

## Common letters

The following table lists the Cyrillic letters which are used in the alphabets of most of the national languages which use a Cyrillic alphabet. Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below.

Common Cyrillic letters  Upright  | Italic  | Name(s)  | IPA

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А а  | А а | A  | /a/
Б б  | Б б | Be  | /b/
В в  | В в | Ve  | /v/
Г г  | Г г | Ge  | /g/
Д д  | Д д | De  | /d/
Е е  | Е е |

* E
* Je
* Ye

* /je/
* /ʲe/

Ж ж  | Ж ж |

* Že
* Zhe

| /ʒ/
З з  | З з | Ze  | /z/
И и  | И и | I  |

* /i/
* /ʲi/

Й й  | Й й | Short I[lower-alpha 1] | /j/
К к  | К к | Ka  | /k/
Л л  | Л л | El  | /l/
М м  | М м | Em  | /m/
Н н  | Н н |

* En
* Ne

| /n/
О о  | О о | O  | /o/
П п  | П п | Pe  | /p/
Р р  | Р р |

* Er
* Re

| /r/
С с  | С с |

* Es
* Se

| /s/
Т т  | Т т | Te  | /t/
У у  | У у | U  | /u/
Ф ф  | Ф ф |

* Ef
* Fe

| /f/
Х х  | Х х |

* Xa
* Kha

| /x/
Ц ц  | Ц ц |

* Ce
* Tse

* /ts/
* (t͡s)

Ч ч  | Ч ч |

* Če
* Che

* /tʃ/
* (t͡ʃ)

Ш ш  | Ш ш |

* Ša
* Sha

| /ʃ/
Ь ь  | Ь ь |

* Soft sign[lower-alpha 2]
* Small yer[lower-alpha 3]

| /ʲ/[lower-alpha 4]
Ю ю  | Ю ю |

* Ju
* Yu

* /ju/
* /ʲu/

Я я  | Я я |

* Ja
* Ya

* /ja/
* /ʲa/

1. ↑ Russian: и краткое, i kratkoye; Bulgarian: и кратко, i kratko. Both mean "short i".
2. ↑ Russian: мягкий знак, myagkiy znak
3. ↑ Bulgarian: ер малък, er malâk
4. ↑ The soft sign ⟨ь⟩ usually does not represent a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating palatalization ("softening"), also separates the consonant and the following vowel. Sometimes it does not have phonetic meaning, just orthographic; e.g. Russian туш, tush [tuʂ] 'flourish after a toast'; тушь, tushʹ [tuʂ] 'India ink'. In some languages, a hard sign ⟨ъ⟩ or apostrophe ⟨’⟩ just separates the consonant and the following vowel (бя [bʲa], бья [bʲja], бъя = б’я [bja]).

## Slavic languages

Cyrillic alphabets used by Slavic languages can be divided into two categories:

* West South Slavic languages, such as all varieties of Serbo-Croatian, often share the following letters, among others: Ј, Љ, Њ
* East South Slavic languages and East Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Russian, often share the following letters, among others: Й, Щ, Ь (soft sign), Ю, Я

### South Slavic

#### Bulgarian

Main articles: Social:Bulgarian alphabet, Bulgarian language, and Reforms of Bulgarian orthography

First Bulgarian Empire, 9th century (850) The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet  А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Ж ж  | З з  | И и  | Й й

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К к  | Л л  | М м  | Н н  | О о  | П п  | Р р  | С с  | Т т  | У у
Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ  | Ъ ъ  | Ь ь  | Ю ю  | Я я

The Bulgarian alphabet shows the following features:

* The Bulgarian names for the consonants are [bɤ], [kɤ], [ɫɤ] (bǔ, kǔ, lǔ) etc. instead of [bɛ], [ka], [ɛl] (be, ka, el) etc.
* Е represents /ɛ/ and is called "е" [ɛ]. Unlike in other Slavic languages, the sound [jɛ] does not exist in native words, being replaced with Е in most cases.
* The sounds /dʒ/ (/d͡ʒ/) and /dz/ (/d͡z/) are represented by the digraphs дж and дз respectively, as in Belarusian and Ukrainian.
* Short I (Й, й) represents /j/, as in Russian.
* Щ represents /ʃt/ (/ʃ͡t/) and is called "щъ" [ʃtɤ] ([ʃ͡tɤ]).
* Ъ represents the vowel /ɤ/, and is called "ер голям" (IPA: [ˈɛr ɡoˈʎam]) ('big er'). Despite the official name being "big er", the letter is only referred to as that in the context of the alphabet, and is usually called /ɤ/ in common speech. The vowel Ъ /ɤ/ is sometimes approximated to the /ə/ (schwa) sound found in many languages for easier comprehension of its Bulgarian pronunciation for foreigners, but it is actually a back vowel, not a central vowel. * Ь is used on rare occasions (only after a consonant [and] before the vowel "о"), such as in the words 'каньон' (canyon), 'шофьор' (driver/chauffeur), etc. It represents the sound [j], unless after Г, К and Л, in which case it palatalizes them to [ɟ], [c] and [ʎ]. It is called "ер малък" [ˈɛr ˈmalɐk] ('small er').
* Before 1945, the letter Ѣ (yat) was used. In eastern dialects, the letter would be pronounced as [ɛ] or [ja] depending on the context, while in western dialects, it would be pronounced almost exclusively as [ɛ]. This led to cases in which words such as млѣко (Modern Bulgarian: мляко) would be pronounced as "mlyako" in the east, but as "mleko" in the west. In 1945, the letter was abolished and replaced by Я or Е, depending on its use in the eastern dialects. The letter is also referred to as "е двойно" (double e).
* Before 1945, the letter Ѫ (big yus) was used. In early Bulgarian, the letter represented the nasal vowel [ɔ̃]. By the late 18th century however, the sound had shifted to /ɤ/, the same sound as Ъ, and was mostly used in its etymological locations. There are no differences between the two, apart from the fact that Ѫ can be used at the end of words. In 1945, the letter was abolished along with Ѣ (yat) and was replaced by А or Ъ. It is sometimes referred to as "голяма носовка" (big nasal sign) and "ъ широко" (wide ъ).
* For a brief period, the letter Ѭ (iotated big yus) was used, during the use of the Drinov Orthography, and represented the sound [jɐ] or /jɤ/ in words verb conjugations, for example in търпѭ (IPA: /tɐrˈpjɤ/). The letter Ѫ was also used for the same purpose alongside its normal usage. In 1899, both letters replaced in verb conjugations by Я and А in all cases as part of the new Ivanchov Orthography.

The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th – 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.[6][7]

It has been used in Bulgaria (with modifications and exclusion of certain archaic letters via spelling reforms) continuously since then, superseding the previously used Glagolitic alphabet, which was also invented and used there before the Cyrillic script overtook its use as a written script for the Bulgarian language. The Cyrillic alphabet was used in the then much bigger territory of Bulgaria (including most of today's Serbia), North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Northern Greece (Macedonia region), Romania and Moldova, officially from 893. It was also transferred from Bulgaria and adopted by the East Slavic languages in Kievan Rus' and evolved into the Russian alphabet and the alphabets of many other Slavic (and later non-Slavic) languages. Later, some Slavs modified it and added/excluded letters from it to better suit the needs of their own language varieties.

#### Serbian

Main articles: Social:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet and language

left 100px

South Slavic Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from Serbian Cyrillic. It, and by extension its descendants, differs from the East Slavic ones in that the alphabet has generally been simplified: Letters such as Й, Я, Ю, and Щ representing /j/, /ja/, /ju/, and /ɕ(ː)/ in Russian, respectively, have been removed. Instead, these are represented by the letter ⟨Ј⟩ and digraphs ⟨ја⟩, ⟨ју⟩, and ⟨шч/шт⟩, respectively. Additionally, the letter Е, representing /je/ in Russian, is instead pronounced /e/ or /ɛ/, with /je/ being represented by ⟨је⟩. Alphabets based on the Serbian that add new letters often do so by adding an acute accent ⟨´⟩ over an existing letter.

The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Ђ ђ | Е е | Ж ж | З з | И и

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Ј ј | К к | Л л | Љ љ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | О о | П п | Р р
С с | Т т | Ћ ћ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Џ џ | Ш ш

The Serbian alphabet shows the following features:

* E represents /ɛ/.
* Between Д and E is the letter Dje (Ђ, ђ), representing /dʑ/, which looks like Tshe, except that the loop of the h curls farther and dips downwards.
* Between И and К is the letter Je (Ј, ј), representing /j/, which looks like the Latin letter J.
* Between Л and М is the letter Lje (Љ, љ), representing /ʎ/, which looks like a ligature of Л and the Soft Sign.
* Between Н and О is the letter Nje (Њ, њ), representing /ɲ/, which looks like a ligature of Н and the Soft Sign.
* Between Т and У is the letter Tshe (Ћ, ћ), representing /tɕ/ and looks like a lowercase Latin letter h with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top at half of the vertical line.
* Between Ч and Ш is the letter Dzhe (Џ, џ), representing /dʒ/, which looks like Tse but with the descender moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.
* Ш is the last letter.
* Certain letters are handwritten differently,[8] as seen in the adjacent image.

#### Montenegrin

Main articles: Social:Montenegrin alphabet and language

The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Ђ ђ | Е е | Ж ж | З з | З́ з́ | И и

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Ј ј | К к | Л л | Љ љ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | О о | П п | Р р | С с
С́ с́ | Т т | Ћ ћ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Џ џ | Ш ш

The Montenegrin alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways:

* Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter З́, which represents /ʑ/ (voiced alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ź ź⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Zj zj⟩ or ⟨Žj žj⟩.
* Between Es (С с) and Te (Т т) is the letter С́, which represents /ɕ/ (voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative). It is written ⟨Ś ś⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Sj sj⟩ or ⟨Šj šj⟩.
* The letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), from Macedonian, is used in scientific literature when representing the /d͡z/ phoneme, although it is not officially part of the alphabet. A Latin equivalent was proposed that looks identical to Ze (З з).

#### Macedonian

Macedonian cursive

Main articles: Social:Macedonian alphabet and language

The Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Ѓ ѓ  | Е е | Ж ж | З з | Ѕ ѕ | И и

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Ј ј | К к | Л л | Љ љ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | О о | П п | Р р | С с
Т т | Ќ ќ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Џ џ | Ш ш  |  |

The Macedonian alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways:

* Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents /d͡z/.
* Dje (Ђ ђ) is replaced by Gje (Ѓ ѓ), which represents /ɟ/ (voiced palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /d͡ʑ/ instead, like Dje. It is written ⟨Ǵ ǵ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.
* Tshe (Ћ ћ) is replaced by Kje (Ќ ќ), which represents /c/ (voiceless palatal stop). In some dialects, it represents /t͡ɕ/ instead, like Tshe. It is written ⟨Ḱ ḱ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.
* Lje (Љ љ) often represents the consonant cluster /lj/ instead of /ʎ/.
* Certain letters are handwritten differently, as seen in the adjacent image.[9]

#### Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian

Main article: Social:Bosnian Cyrillic

Ćiro Truhelka claimed Serbo-Croatian language briefly used the Cyrillic script in areas with large Croatian or Bosnian speaking populations.[10] There is a controversy in naming.[11] Bosniak scholars call it Bosnian Script. Serb scholars call it Serbian script, as part of variant of Serbian Cyrillic and deem the term "bosančica" Anti-Serb Austro-Hungarian propaganda.[12] Croat scholars call it Croatian Cyrillic.[13]

### East Slavic

#### Russian

Main articles: Social:Russian alphabet and language

The Russian Cyrillic alphabet  А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д (∂)  | Е е  | Ё ё  | Ж ж  | З з  | И и  | Й й

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К к  | Л л  | М м  | Н н  | О о  | П п  | Р р  | С с  | Т т  | У у  | Ф ф
Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ  | (Ъ) ъ  | (Ы) ы  | (Ь) ь  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я

The Russian alphabet shows the following features:

* Yo (Ё ё) indicates /jo/.
* As /f/ is not a native phoneme, the letter Ef (Ф ф) is generally restricted to loanwords/borrowed words.
* Zhe (Ж ж) and Sha (Ш ш) indicate sounds that are retroflex.
* Shcha (Щ щ) indicates /ɕ(ː)/.
* The hard sign¹ (Ъ ъ), called “твёрдый знак” in Russian, indicates the lack of palatalization in a context where the consonant would usually be palatalized².
* Yery (Ы ы) indicates [ɨ] (an allophone of /i/).
* E (Э э) indicates /ɛ/.

Notes:

1. In the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic the letter is called yer. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent vowel, which is still preserved as a distinct vowel in Bulgarian (which represents it with ъ) and Slovene (which is written in the Latin alphabet and writes it as e), but only in some places in the word.
2. When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with [j]) follows a consonant, the consonant is palatalized. The hard sign indicates that this does not happen, and the [j] sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The soft sign indicates that the consonant should be palatalized in addition to a [j] preceding the vowel. The soft sign also indicates that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatalized. Examples: та ([ta]); тя ([tʲa]); тья ([tʲja]); тъя ([tja]); т (/t/); ть ([tʲ]).

Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "Fita", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "Yat", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "Izhitsa", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by reforms of Russian orthography.

#### Belarusian

Main articles: Social:Belarusian alphabet and language

The Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet  А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Ё ё  | Ж ж  | З з  | І і  | Й й  | К к

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Л л  | М м  | Н н  | О о  | П п  | Р р  | С с  | Т т  | У у  | Ў ў  | Ф ф  | Х х
Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Ы ы  | Ь ь  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я  | '

The Belarusian alphabet shows the following features:

* He or Ge (Г г) represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ (rarely also a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/).
* Yo (Ё ё) represents /jo/, just like in Russian.
* I (І і), also known as the dotted I or decimal I, resembles the Latin letter I. Unlike most Cyrillic alphabets, "И" is not used.
* Short I (Й й), however, uses the base И glyph.
* Short U (Ў ў) is the letter У with a breve and represents /w/, or like the u part of the diphthong in loud. The use of the breve to indicate a semivowel is analogous to the Short I (Й).
* A combination of Sh and Ch (ШЧ шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ щ).
* Yery (Ы ы) represents /ɨ/, similarly to in Russian.
* E (Э э) represents /ɛ/, just like in Russian.
* An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate the lack of palatalization[clarification needed] of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol is used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter Yer (Ъ), also known as the hard sign.
* The letter combinations Dzh (Дж дж) and Dz (Дз дз) appear after D (Д д) in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These digraphs represent the affricates Дж /d͡ʒ/ and Дз /d͡z/ correspondingly.
* Before 1933, the letter Ґ ґ (Ge) was used for /ɡ/, although its use was optional.

#### Ukrainian

Main articles: Social:Ukrainian alphabet and language

The Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet  А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Ґ ґ  | Д д  | Е е  | Є є  | Ж ж  | З з  | И и

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І і  | Ї ї  | Й й  | К к  | Л л  | М м  | Н н  | О о  | П п  | Р р  | С с
Т т  | У у  | Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ  | Ь ь  | Ю ю  | Я я

The Ukrainian alphabet shows the following features:[citation needed]

* Ve (В в) represents /ʋ/ (which may be pronounced [w] in a word final position and before consonants).
* He (Г г) represents a breathy-voiced glottal transition, (/ɦ/), similar to the respective sound in Belarusian.
* Ge (Ґ ґ) appears after He, representing /ɡ/. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. This letter is generally restricted to loanwords/borrowed words. (This letter was removed in Soviet Ukraine in 1933–1990, so it may be missing from older Cyrillic fonts.)
* E (Е е) represents /ɛ/.
* Ye (Є є) appears after E and represents the sound /jɛ/.
* I (И и) represents the sound /ɪ/, unlike in Russian.
* Dotted I (І і) appears after И and represents the sound /i/, as in Belarusian.
* Yi (Ї ї) appears after I and represents the sound /ji/.
* Jot (Й й) represents /j/, as in Russian
* Shcha (Щ, щ) represents the cluster /ʃt͡ʃ/.
* An apostrophe (’) is used to mark the lack of palatalization of the preceding consonant before Ya (Я, я), Yu (Ю, ю), Ye (Є, є), Yi (Ї, ї), the same as how it is used in Belarusian.
* Before 1990, Ь was positioned at the end of the alphabet rather than in its current position after Щ; the original order may still show up in historic documents.
* As in Belarusian Cyrillic, the sounds /dʒ/, /dz/ are represented by digraphs Дж and Дз respectively.

#### Carpathian Rusyn

The Carpathian Rusyn language is spoken by the Carpatho-Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia, Slovakia, and Poland.

The Carpathian Rusyn Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Е е | Є є | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | І і

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Ї ї | И и | Ы ы | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с
Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ю ю | Я я | Ь ь | Ъ ъ

The Carpathian Rusyn alphabet differs from Ukrainian in that the letters Ё, Ы, and the hard sign (Ъ), from Russian, are also used, and the order is slightly different.

### West Slavic

#### Pannonian Rusyn

The Pannonian Rusyn language is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns.

The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Е е | Є є | Ж ж | З з | И и

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Ї ї | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т
У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ю ю | Я я | Ь ь |

This alphabet uses all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet except Dotted I (І і). Note that Pannonian Rusyn is a West Slavic language despite its name.

## Non-Slavic Indo-European languages

### Romance languages

Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

#### Romanian and Moldovan

The Romanian language used the Cyrillic script up to the 19th century (see Romanian Cyrillic alphabet).

The Moldovan language (an alternative name of the Romanian language in Bessarabia, Moldavian ASSR, Moldavian SSR and Moldova) used varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet in 1812–1918, and the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (derived from the Russian alphabet and standardised in the Soviet Union) in 1924–1932 and 1938–1989. Nowadays, this alphabet is still official in the unrecognized republic of Transnistria (see Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet).

#### Ladino

Ladino uses the Cyrillic script in occasional Bulgarian Sephardic publications.[citation needed]

### Indo-Aryan

#### Romani

Romani is written in Cyrillic in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and the former USSR.

### Iranian

#### Kurdish

Main article: Social:Kurdish alphabets

Kurds in the former Soviet Union use a Cyrillic alphabet:

Kurdish Cyrillic Orthography  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Г' г' | Д д | Е е

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Ә ә | Ә' ә' | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к
К' к' | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Ӧ ö | П п
П' п' | Р р | Р' р' | С с | Т т | Т' т' | У у
Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Һ' һ' | Ч ч | Ч' ч' | Ш ш
Щ щ | Ь ь | Э э | Ԛ ԛ | Ԝ ԝ

#### Ossetic

Main article: Social:Ossetian alphabet

The Ossetic language has officially used the Cyrillic script since 1937.

Ossetian Cyrillic script  А а | Ӕ ӕ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Д д | Дж дж

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Дз дз | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к
Къ къ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пъ пъ | Р р
С с | Т т | Тъ тъ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Ц ц
Цъ цъ | Ч ч | Чъ чъ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь
Э э | Ю ю | Я я

#### Tajik

Main article: Social:Tajik alphabet

The Tajik alphabet is written using a Cyrillic-based alphabet.

Tajik-Persian Cyrillic Alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и

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Ӣ ӣ | Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с
Т т | У у | Ӯ ӯ | Ф ф | Х х | Ҳ ҳ | Ч ч | Ҷ ҷ | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Э э
Ю ю | Я я

#### Other

* Judeo-Tat
* Yaghnobi
* Yazghulami

## Uralic languages

Uralic languages using the Cyrillic script (currently or in the past) include:

* Finnic: Karelian until 1921 and 1937–1940 (Ludic, Olonets Karelian); Veps; Votic
* Sami: Kildin Sami and Ter Sami in Russia (since the 1980s)
* Komi (Zyrian (since the 17th century, modern alphabet since the 1930s); Permyak; Yodzyak)
* Udmurt
* Khanty
* Mansi (writing has not received distribution since 1937)
* Samoyedic: Enets; Yurats; Nenets since 1937 (Forest Nenets; Tundra Nenets); Nganasan; Kamassian; Koibal; Mator; Selkup (since the 1950s; not used recently)
* Mari, since the 19th century (Hill; Meadow)
* Mordvin, since the 18th century (Erzya; Moksha)
* Other: Merya; Muromian; Meshcherian

### Karelian

The first lines of the Book of Matthew in Karelian using the Cyrillic script, 1820

Main article: Social:Karelian alphabet

The Karelian language was written in the Cyrillic script in various forms until 1940 when publication in Karelian ceased in favor of Finnish, except for Tver Karelian, written in a Latin alphabet. In 1989 publication began again in the other Karelian dialects and Latin alphabets were used, in some cases with the addition of Cyrillic letters such as ь.

### Kildin Sámi

Main article: Social:Kildin Sami orthography

Over the last century, the alphabet used to write Kildin Sámi has changed three times: from Cyrillic to Latin and back again to Cyrillic. Work on the latest version of the official orthography commenced in 1979. It was officially approved in 1982 and started to be widely used by 1987.[14]

### Komi-Permyak

The Komi-Permyak Cyrillic alphabet:

А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Ё ё

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Ж ж  | З з  | И и  | І і  | Й й  | К к  | Л л
М м  | Н н  | О о  | Ӧ ӧ  | П п  | Р р  | С с
Т т  | У у  | Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш
Щ щ  | Ъ ъ  | Ы ы  | Ь ь  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я

### Mari alphabets

Main article: Social:Mari alphabet

Meadow Mari Cyrillic alphabet:

А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Ё ё  | Ж ж  | З з

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И и  | Й й  | К к  | Л л  | М м  | Н н  | Ҥ ҥ  | О о  | Ӧ ӧ
П п  | Р р  | С с  | Т т  | У у  | Ӱ ӱ  | Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц
Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ  | Ъ ъ  | Ы ы  | Ь ь  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я

Hill Mari Cyrillic alphabet

А а  | Ӓ ӓ  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | Д д  | Е е  | Ё ё  | Ж ж  | З з

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И и  | Й й  | К к  | Л л  | М м  | Н н  | О о  | Ӧ ӧ  | П п  | Р р
С с  | Т т  | У у  | Ӱ ӱ  | Ф ф  | Х х  | Ц ц  | Ч ч  | Ш ш  | Щ щ
Ъ ъ  | Ы ы  | Ӹ ӹ  | Ь ь  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я  |  |  |

## Turkic languages

### Azerbaijani

Main article: Social:Azerbaijani alphabet

The Azerbaijani Cyrillic alphabet  First version (1939–1958):  | Аа | Бб | Вв | Гг | Ғғ | Дд | Ее | Әә | Жж | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Ҝҝ | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо

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| Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Үү | Фф | Хх | Һһ | Цц | Чч | Ҹҹ | Шш | Ыы | Ээ | Юю | Яя | ʼ
Second version (1958–1991):
still used today by Dagestan | Аа | Бб | Вв | Гг | Ғғ | Дд | Ее | Әә | Жж | Зз | Ии | Ыы | Јј | Кк | Ҝҝ | Лл | Мм | Нн
| Оо | Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Үү | Фф | Хх | Һһ | Чч | Ҹҹ | Шш | ʼ

Latin Alphabet (as of 1992)
Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

### Bashkir

The Cyrillic script was used for the Bashkir language after the winter of 1938.

The Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Ҙ ҙ | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з

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И и | Й й | К к | Ҡ ҡ | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п
Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч
Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ә ә | Ю ю | Я я

### Chuvash

The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the Chuvash language since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938.

The Chuvash Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ӗ ӗ | Ж ж | З з

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И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ
Т т | У у | Ӳ ӳ | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

The Cyrillic letters Бб, Гг, Дд, Ёё, Жж, Зз, Оо, Фф, Цц, Щщ and Ъъ are not used in native Chuvash words, but only for Russian loans.

### Kazakh

Main article: Social:Kazakh alphabets

Kazakh can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is expected to entirely replace Cyrillic by the 2030s, alongside the modified Arabic alphabet (in the People's Republic of China, Iran and Afghanistan).

The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з

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И и | Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п
Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ұ ұ | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч
Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | І і | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Ә ә = /æ/
* Ғ ғ = /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative)
* Е е = /jɪ/
* И и = /ɪj/, /ɘj/
* Қ қ = /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive)
* Ң ң = /ŋ/, /ɴ/
* О о = /o/, /ʷo/, /ʷʊ/
* Ө ө = /œ/, /ʷœ/, /ʷʏ/
* У у = /ʊw/, /ʉw/, /w/
* Ұ ұ = /ʊ/
* Ү ү = /ʉ/, /ʏ/
* Һ һ = /h/
* Щ щ = /ʃʃ/
* Ы ы = /ɯ/, /ә/
* І і = /ɪ/, /ɘ/

The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans.

### Kyrgyz

Main article: Social:Kyrgyz alphabets

Kyrgyz has also been written in Latin and in Arabic.

The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к

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Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ү ү
Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Ң ң = /ŋ/ (velar nasal)
* Ү ү = /y/ (close front rounded vowel)
* Ө ө = /œ/ (open-mid front rounded vowel)

Bold letters are used only in loanwords.

### Tatar

Main article: Social:Tatar alphabet

Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the Internet.

The Tatar Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | Җ җ

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З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө
П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц
Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Ә ә = /æ/
* Ң ң = /ŋ/
* Ө ө = /œ/
* У у = /uw/, /yw/, /w/
* Ү ү = /y/
* Һ һ = /h/
* Җ җ = /ʑ/

The Cyrillic letters Ёё, Цц, Щщ are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans.

### Turkmen

Main article: Social:Turkmen alphabet

Turkmen, written 1940–1994 exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1994 officially in Roman, but in everyday communication Cyrillic is still used along with Roman script.

The Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й

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К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у
Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | (Ц ц) | Ч ч | Ш ш | (Щ щ) | (Ъ ъ) | Ы ы | (Ь ь) | Э э | Ә ә
Ю ю | Я я

### Uzbek

Main article: Social:Uzbek alphabet

From 1941 the Cyrillic script was used exclusively. In 1998 the government has adopted a Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. It is not clear that the transition will be made at all.

The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к

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Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц
Ч ч | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Ў ў | Қ қ | Ғ ғ | Ҳ ҳ

* В в = /w/
* Ж ж = /dʒ/
* Ф ф = /ɸ/
* Х х = /χ/
* Ъ ъ = /ʔ/
* Ў ў = /ө/
* Қ қ = /q/
* Ғ ғ = /ʁ/
* Ҳ ҳ = /h/

In addition to the letters from the Russian alphabet, А–Я, except for Щ and Ы, the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet includes Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ at the end. They are distinct letters in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet and are sorted after Я as shown above.

### Yakut

Main article: Social:Yakut scripts

Several Cyrillic alphabets have been used to write Yakut, but the current alphabet was adopted in 1939.

The Yakut Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Дь дь | Е е | Ё ё

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Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ҥ ҥ
Нь нь | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Һ һ | Т т | У у
Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

Letters in Bold are only used in Russian Loanwords.

### Other

* Altai
* Crimean Tatar (1938–1991, now mostly replaced by Roman)
* Gagauz (1957–1990s, exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1990s officially in Roman, but in reality in everyday communication Cyrillic is used along with Roman script)
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karakalpak (1940s–1990s)
* Karaim (20th century)
* Khakas
* Kumyk
* Nogai
* Tuvan
* Uyghur – Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet (Uyghur Siril Yëziqi). Used along with Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi), New Script (Uyghur Yëngi Yëziqi, Pinyin-based), and modern Uyghur Latin alphabet (Uyghur Latin Yëziqi).
* Dolgan
* Balkan Gagauz Turkish
* Urum
* Siberian Tatar
* Siberian Turkic

## Caucasian languages

### Northwest Caucasian languages

Living Northwest Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.

#### Abaza

Main article: Social:Abaza language

Abaza is a Caucasian language, spoken by Abazins in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, Russia.

The Abaza Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гв гв | Гъ гъ | Гъв гъв | Гъь гъь | Гь гь

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Гӏ гӏ | Гӏв гӏв | Д д | Дж дж | Джв джв | Джь джь | Дз дз | Е е | Ё ё
Ж ж | Жв жв | Жь жь | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Кв кв | Къ къ
Къв къв | Къь къь | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Кӏв кӏв | Кӏь кӏь | Л л | Ль ль | (Лӏ лӏ)
М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тл тл
Тш тш | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | (Фӏ фӏ) | Х х | Хв хв | Хъ хъ | Хъв хъв
Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Хӏв хӏв | Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чв чв | Чӏ чӏ | Чӏв чӏв
Ш ш | Шв шв | Шӏ шӏ | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Digraphs in parentheses are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet.

#### Abkhaz

Main article: Social:Abkhaz alphabet

Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia.

The Abkhaz Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гь гь | Гә гә | Ӷ ӷ | Ӷь ӷь

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Ӷә ӷә | Д д | Дә дә | Е е | Ж ж | Жь жь | Жә жә | З з
Ӡ ӡ | Ӡә ӡә | И и | К к | Кь кь | Кә кә | Қ қ | Қь қь
Қә қә | Ҟ ҟ | Ҟь ҟь | Ҟә ҟә | Л л | М м | Н н | О о
П п | Ԥ ԥ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тә тә | Ҭ ҭ | Ҭә ҭә
У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хь хь | Хә хә | Ҳ ҳ | Ҳә ҳә | Ц ц
Цә цә | Ҵ ҵ | Ҵә ҵә | Ч ч | Ҷ ҷ | Ҽ ҽ | Ҿ ҿ | Ш ш
Шь шь | Шә шә | Ы ы | Ҩ ҩ | Џ џ | Џь џь | Ь ь | Ә ә

* For older conventions, see Abkhaz alphabet.

#### Adyghe

Main article: Social:Adyghe language

Adyghe is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Adygea, Russia.

The Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гу гу | Гъ гъ | Гъу гъу | Д д | Дж дж | Дз дз | Дзу дзу

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Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | Жъ жъ | Жъу жъу | Жь жь | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ку ку
Къ къ | Къу къу | Кӏ кӏ | Кӏу кӏу | Л л | Лъ лъ | Лӏ лӏ | М м | Н н | О о | П п
Пӏ пӏ | Пӏу пӏу | Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | Тӏу тӏу | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ
Хъу хъу | Хь хь | Ц ц | Цу цу | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чъ чъ | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Шъ шъ | Шъу шъу
Шӏ шӏ | Шӏу шӏу | Щ щ | (Ъ ъ) | Ы ы | (Ь ь) | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Ӏ ӏ | Ӏу ӏу

* Letters in parentheses are only used in digraphs.

#### Kabardian

Main article: Social:Kabardian language

Kabardian is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia.

The Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гу гу | Гъ гъ | Гъу гъу | Д д | Дж дж | Дз дз

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Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | Жь жь | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ку ку | Кӏ кӏ
Кӏу кӏу | Къ къ | Къу къу | Кхъ кхъ | Кхъу кхъу | Л л | Лъ лъ | Лӏ лӏ | М м | Н н
О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Фӏ фӏ
Х х | Ху ху | Хъ хъ | Хъу хъу | Хь хь | Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ
Щӏ щӏ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Ӏ ӏ | Ӏу ӏу

### Northeast Caucasian languages

Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets.

#### Avar

Main article: Social:Avar language

Avar is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian and Tabassaran. All these alphabets, and other ones (Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian) have an extra sign: palochka (Ӏ), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound.

The Avar Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | Д д

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Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ
Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Кӏкӏ кӏкӏ | Кк кк | Л л | М м | Н н | О о
П п | Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х
Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц | Цц цц | Цӏ цӏ | Цӏцӏ цӏцӏ
Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ | Чӏчӏ чӏчӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь
Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Ӏ

* В = /w/
* гъ = /ʁ/
* гь = /h/
* гӀ = /ʕ/
* къ = /qːʼ/
* кӀ = /kʼ/
* кь = /t͡ɬːʼ/
* кӀкӀ = /t͡ɬː/, is also written ЛӀ лӀ.
* кк = /ɬ/, is also written Лъ лъ.
* тӀ = /tʼ/
* х = /χ/
* хъ = /qː/
* хь = /x/
* хӀ = /ħ/
* цӀ = /t͡sʼ/
* чӀ = /t͡ʃʼ/
* Double consonants, called "fortis", are pronounced longer than single consonants (called "lenis").

#### Lezgian

Lezgian is spoken by the Lezgins, who live in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan.

#### Other

* Chechen (since 1938, also with Roman 1991–2000, but switch back to Cyrillic alphabets since 2001.)
* Dargwa
* Lak
* Tabassaran
* Ingush
* Archi

## Mongolian

Main article: Mongolian language

The Mongolic languages include Khalkha (in Mongolia; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), Buryat (around Lake Baikal; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and Kalmyk (northwest of the Caspian Sea; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the Mongol vertical alphabet, which was the official script before 1941.[15] Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (digraphia).[16]

### Overview

This table contains all the characters used.

Һһ is shown twice as it appears at two different locations in Buryat and Kalmyk

Mongolian Cyrillic alphabets  Khalkha | Аа |  | Бб | Вв | Гг |  | Дд | Ее | Ёё | Жж |  | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн |  | Оо

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Buryat | Аа |  | Бб | Вв | Гг |  | Дд | Ее | Ёё | Жж |  | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн |  | Оо
Kalmyk | Аа | Әә | Бб | Вв | Гг | Һһ | Дд | Ее | Ёё | Жж | Җҗ | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Ңң | Оо
Khalkha  | Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Үү | Фф | Хх |  | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | Ъъ | Ыы | Ьь | Ээ | Юю | Яя
Buryat  | Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Үү | Фф | Хх | Һһ | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | Ъъ | Ыы | Ьь | Ээ | Юю | Яя
Kalmyk  | Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Үү | Фф | Хх |  | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | Ъъ | ЫЫ | Ьь | Ээ | Юю | Яя

### Khalkha

The Khalkha Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к

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Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф
Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* В в = /w/
* Е е = /jɛ/, /jœ/
* Ё ё = /jo/
* Ж ж = /dʒ/
* З з = /dz/
* Ий ий = /iː/
* Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.) and long /iː/ (ий), it never indicates /j/ in native words
* Н н = /n-/, /-ŋ/
* Ө ө = /œ/
* У у = /ʊ/
* Ү ү = /u/
* Ы ы = /iː/ (in suffixes after a hard consonant)
* Ь ь = palatalization of the preceding consonant
* Ю ю = /ju/, /jy/

Long vowels are indicated with double letters. The Cyrillic letters Кк, Пп, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans (Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words).

### Buryat

The Buryat (буряад) Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but Ьь indicates palatalization as in Russian. Buryat does not use Вв, Кк, Пп, Фф, Цц, Чч, Щщ or Ъъ in its native words (Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words).

The Buryat Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к

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Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф
Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Е е = /jɛ/, /jœ/
* Ё ё = /jo/
* Ж ж = /dʒ/
* Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.), it never indicates /j/ in native words
* Н н = /n-/, /-ŋ/
* Өө өө = /œː/, ө does not occur in short form in literary Buryat based on the Khori dialect
* У у = /ʊ/
* Ү ү = /u/
* Һ һ = /h/
* Ы ы = /ei/, /iː/
* Ю ю = /ju/

### Kalmyk

The Kalmyk (хальмг) Cyrillic script differs from Khalkha in some respects: there are additional letters (Әә, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ), letters Ээ, Юю and Яя appear only word-initially, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (нөөрин), but single in syllables after the first. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable (хальмг = /xaʎmaɡ/). Жж and Пп are used in loanwords only (Russian, Tibetan, etc.), but Пп may occur in native onomatopoeic words.

The Kalmyk Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Ә ә | Б б | В в | Г г | Һ һ | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и

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Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т
У у | Ү ү | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

* Ә ә = /æ/
* В в = /w/
* Һ һ = /ɣ/
* Е е = /ɛ/, /jɛ-/
* Җ җ = /dʒ/
* Ң ң = /ŋ/
* Ө ө = /ø/
* У у = /ʊ/
* Ү ү = /u/

## Sino-Tibetan

### Dungan language

See also: Social:Dungan language

Since 1953.

The modern Dungan Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ә ә | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и

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Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у
Ў ў | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э
Ю ю | Я я

* Letters in bold are used only in Russian loanwords.

## Tungusic languages

* Even
* Evenk (since 1937)
* Nanai
* Udege (Udihe) (since late 1980s)
* Orok (since 2007)
* Ulch (since late 1980s)

## Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages

### Chukchi language

See also: Social:Chukchi language

Since 1936.

The Chukchi Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к

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Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Ԓ ԓ | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у
Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

### Koryak language

See also: Social:Koryak language

Since 1936.

The Koryak Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Вʼ вʼ | Г г | Гʼ гʼ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и

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Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т
У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю
Я я

### Itelmen language

See also: Social:Itelmen language

Since late 1980s.

The Itelmen Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й

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К к | Кʼ кʼ | Ӄ ӄ | Ӄʼ ӄʼ | Л л | Љ љ | Ԓ ԓ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | Ӈ ӈ | О о
О̆ о̆ | П п | Пʼ пʼ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тʼ тʼ | У у | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | Ӽ ӽ
Ц ц | Ч ч | Чʼ чʼ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Ә ә | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

### Alyutor language

See also: Social:Alyutor language

The Alyutor Cyrillic alphabet  А а | Б б | В в | Вʼ вʼ | Г г | Гʼ гʼ | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ә ә | Ё ё | Ж ж

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З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р
С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь
Э э | Ю ю | Я я

## Eskaleut languages

### Aleut language

See also: Biography:Aleut language

The Aleut Cyrillic alphabet (Bering dialect)  А а | А̄ а̄ | Б б | В в | Г г | Ӷ ӷ | Гў гў | Д д

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Д̆ д̆ | Е е | Е̄ е̄ | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ
Й й | ʼЙ ʼй | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | ʼЛ ʼл | М м | ʼМ ʼм
Н н | ʼН ʼн | Ӈ ӈ | ʼӇ ʼӈ | О о | О̄ о̄ | П п | Р р
С с | Т т | У у | Ӯ ӯ | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | Ӽ ӽ
Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ы̄ ы̄ | Ь ь
Э э | Э̄ э̄ | Ю ю | Ю̄ ю̄ | Я я | Я̄ я̄ | ʼ | ’Ў ’ў

### Central Siberian Yupik language

See also: Social:Central Siberian Yupik language

#### Chaplino dialect

See also: Social:Chaplino dialect

The Central Siberian Yupik Cyrillic alphabet (Chaplino dialect)  А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ӷ ӷ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё

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Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Лъ лъ
М м | Н н | Нъ нъ | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | С с
Т т | У у | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | Ӽ ӽ | Ц ц | Ч ч
Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я

The letters Ӷ ӷ, Ӄ ӄ, Ӈ ӈ, Ӽ ӽ are sometimes replaced by Гʼ гʼ, Кʼ кʼ, Нʼ нʼ, Хʼ хʼ or Ґ ґ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ҳ ҳ.

### Sirenik language

See also: Social:Sirenik language

The Sirenik Cyrillic alphabet  А а | А̄ а̄ | Б б | В в | Ԝ ԝ | Г г | Ӷ ӷ | Д д

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Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ | Й й | Йь йь
К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | Нъ нъ | Ӈ ӈ
О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ӯ ӯ | Ф ф
Х х | Ӽ ӽ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы
Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Ю̄ ю̄ | Я я | Я̄ я̄

* Letters in bold are used only in Russian loanwords.

### Other

* Naukan Yupik

## Other languages

* Ainu (in Russia)
* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Aisor)
* Ket (since 1980s)
* Nivkh
* Tlingit (in Russian Alaska)
* Yukaghirs (Tundra Yukaghir, Forest Yukaghir)

## Constructed languages

### International auxiliary languages

* Interslavic
* Lingua Franca Nova

### Fictional languages

* Brutopian (Donald Duck stories)
* Syldavian (The Adventures of Tintin)

## Summary table

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Cyrillic Letters:

Cyrillic alphabets comparison table  Early scripts

Church Slavonic  | А  |  | Б  | В  | Г  |  | Д  |  | (Ѕ)  | Е  |  |  | Ж  |  | Ѕ/З  |  |  | И  | І  |  |  |  | К  |  |  | Л  |  | М  |  | Н  |  |  | О  |  |  | П  | (Ҁ) | Р  |  | С  |  | Т  |  | Оу  |  |  | Ф  | Х  | (Ѡ)  | Ц  |  | Ч  |  |  |  | Ш  | Щ  | Ъ  | Ы  |  | Ь  | Ѣ  |  |  |  | Ю  |  | Ꙗ  | Ѥ  | Ѧ  | Ѩ  | Ѫ  | Ѭ  | Ѯ | Ѱ  | Ѳ  | Ѵ  | Ҁ
Most common shared letters
Common | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ |  |  |  | Ь |  |  |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
South Slavic languages
Bulgarian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Дж | Дз | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ |  |  | Ь |  |  |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Serbian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ђ |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т | Ћ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ  |  |  | Ш  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Montenegrin  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ђ |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З | З́  |  | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С | С́ | Т | Ћ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ  |  |  | Ш  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Macedonian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ѓ |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  | Ѕ | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т | Ќ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ  |  |  | Ш  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East Slavic languages
Russian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Belarusian  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  |  | І |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш |  | ’ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ukrainian  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д |  |  | Е | Є |  | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И | І |  | Ї | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | ’ |  |  | Ь |  |  |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rusyn  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д |  |  | Е | Є | Ё | Ж |  | З | І  | Ї | И |  | Ы |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ |  |  | Ь | Ѣ |  |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Iranian languages
Kurdish  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Г' | Д |  |  | Е | Ә | Ә' | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | К'  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ö  |  | П | П'  | Р | Р' | С |  | Т | Т' | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Һ  | Һ' |  | Ч | Ч'  |  |  | Ш | Щ |  |  |  | Ь |  | Э | Ԛ  | Ԝ  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ossetian  | А | Ӕ | Б | В | Г | Гъ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Къ |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П | Пъ | Р |  | С |  | Т | Тъ | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Хъ | Ц | Цъ | Ч | Чъ |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tajik  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  | Ӣ |  | Й  | К | Қ  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӯ |  | Ф | Х | Ҳ  |  |  | Ч | Ҷ  |  |  | Ш |  | Ъ |  |  |  |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Romance languages
Moldovan  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж | Ӂ | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш |  |  | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Romanian  | А  |  | Б  | В  | Г  |  | Д  | Џ  | Ѕ  | Е  |  |  | Ж  |  | З  |  |  | И  | І  | І̆  | Ї  | Й  | К  |  |  | Л  |  | М  |  | Н  |  |  | Ѻ  | Ѡ  | Ѡ̆  | П  |  | Р  |  | С  |  | Т  |  | ꙋ  | ꙋ꙼  |  | Ф  | Х  |  | Ц  |  | Ч  |  |  |  | Ш  | Щ  | Ъ  | Ы  |  | Ь  | Ѣ  |  |  |  | Ю  | Ю̆  | Ꙗ  | Ѥ  | Ѧ  |  | Ѫ  |  | Ѯ  | Ѱ  | Ѳ  | Ѵ  |
Uralic languages
Komi-Permyak  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И | І |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ӧ  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Meadow Mari  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ҥ |  | О | Ӧ  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӱ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hill Mari  | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ӧ  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӱ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь | Ӹ | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kildin Sami  | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  | Й | Ҋ | Ј  | К |  |  | Л | Ӆ | М | Ӎ | Н | Ӊ | Ӈ | О |  |  | П |  | Р | Ҏ | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  | Ҍ | Ь |  | Э | Ӭ  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Turkic languages
Azerbaijani  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е | Ә | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | Ы | И | Ј |  |  | Й | К | Ҝ  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц |  | Ч | Ҹ  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bashkir  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  | Ҙ | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Ҡ  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С | Ҫ | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э | Ә  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chuvash  | А | Ӑ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е | Ё | Ӗ | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С | Ҫ | Т |  | У | Ӳ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kazakh  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И | І |  |  | Й  | К | Қ  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ұ | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kyrgyz  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tatar  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж | Җ | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uzbek  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Қ  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў |  | Ф | Х | Ҳ  |  |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш |  | Ъ |  |  |  |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Caucasian languages
Abkhaz  | А |  | Б | В | Г Ӷь Ӷә | Ӷ(Ҕ) Ӷь(Ҕь) Ӷә(Ҕә) | Д | Дә |  | Е |  |  | Ж Жь Жә |  | З  |  | Ӡ Ӡә | И |  |  |  |  | К Кь Кә | Қ(Ӄ) Қь(Ӄь) Қә(Ӄә) | Ҟ Ҟь Ҟә | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  |  | П | Ԥ(Ҧ) | Р |  | С |  | Т Тә | Ҭ Ҭә | У |  |  | Ф | Х Хь Хә | Ҳ Ҳә | Ц Цә | Ҵ Ҵә | Ч | Ҷ  | Ҽ  | Ҿ | Ш Шь Шә |  |  | Ы |  |  |  |  | Ҩ | Џ Џь |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mongolian languages
Khalkha  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buryat  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kalmyk  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Һ | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж | Җ | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш |  |  |  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sino-Tibetan languages
Dungan  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж | Җ | З  |  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң | Ә | О |  |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  |  |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы  |  | Ь |  | Э |  |  | Ю  |  | Я  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Use  | 29  | 8  | 29  | 29  | 29  | 12  | 29  | 6  | 3  | 29  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

* List of Cyrillic letters
* Cyrillic script
* Cyrillic script in Unicode
* Old Church Slavonic

## References

1. ↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
2. ↑ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor. "The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs."
3. ↑ Curta (2006), pp. 221–222. harv error: no target: CITEREFCurta2006 (help)
4. ↑ Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. pp. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR98.
5. ↑ Šmid (2002), pp. 113–24: "Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego... Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico." Translation: "It is an interesting fact that in Bulgaria a few [Sephardic] publications are printed in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet and in Greece in the Greek alphabet... Nezirović (1992:128) writes that in Bosnia a document has also been found in which the Sephardic language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet."
6. ↑ Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222.
7. ↑ The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100.
8. ↑ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 86-363-0296-X.
9. ↑ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik. Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF.
10. ↑ "Croats Revive Forgotten Cyrillic Through Stone". January 8, 2013. https://balkaninsight.com/2013/01/08/croats-build-monument-to-cyrillic/.
11. ↑ Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 976. ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=mzEqAQAAIAAJ.
12. ↑ Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor. 22–23. Belgrade: Državna štamparija. 1956. p. 308. https://books.google.com/books?id=USA_AQAAIAAJ.
13. ↑ Ivan Iliev, Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet, International Journal of Russian Studies, 2013, no. 2
14. ↑ Rießler, Michael. Towards a digital infrastructure for Kildin Saami. In: Sustaining Indigenous Knowledge, ed. by Erich Kasten, Erich and Tjeerd de Graaf. Fürstenberg, 2013, 195–218.
15. ↑ Veronika, Kapišovská (2005). "Language Planning in Mongolia I". Mongolica Pragensia 2005: 55–83. https://www.academia.edu/42618544.
16. ↑ "Монгол бичгийн үндэсний хөтөлбөр III (National Plan for Mongol Script III)". 2020. https://www.legalinfo.mn/annex/details/10927?lawid=15248.

## Further reading

* Ivan G. Iliev. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
* Philipp Ammon: Tractatus slavonicus. in: Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature, N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56
* Appendix:Cyrillic script, Wiktionary

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrillic alphabets.

|

* Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Pitman shorthand
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Old North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Psalter Pahlavi
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali
* Bhaikshuki
* Bhujinmol
* Brāhmī
* Devanāgarī
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhī
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Kharosthi
* Khojki
* Khudawadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Mahajani
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nāgarī
* Nandinagari
* Odia
* ʼPhags-pa
* Pracalit (Newar)
* Ranjana
* Sharada
* Saurashtra
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagari
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tirhuta
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar Square
* Zhang-Zhung
* Drusha
* Marchen
* Marchung
* Pungs-chen
* Pungs-chung

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buhid
* Burmese
* Chakma
* Cham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunuo (Hanunó'o)
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Malayalam
* Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Thaana
* Mon (Old Mon)
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Rejang
* Rencong
* Sinhala
* Sundanese (Old Sundanese)
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Jenticha
* Kayah Li
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Sorang Sompeng
* Pahawh Hmong
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Abkhaz
* Adlam
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Borama
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook writing
* Early Cyrillic
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Etruscan
* Evenki
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Garay
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* IPA
* Kaddare
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Mandaic
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mongolian
* Mru
* Neo-Tifinagh
* New Tai Lue
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Oirat
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Sidetic
* Shavian
* Somali
* Tifinagh
* Vagindra
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms and pictograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbol
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* IConji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Míkmaq
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese Characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze Script
* Seal Script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Idu
* Kanji
* Chữ nôm
* Zhuang

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logo-syllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Yi (Classical)

Logo-consonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Celtiberian
* Northeastern Iberian
* Southeastern Iberian
* Khom

|

Redundant|

* Espanca
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Zhuyin fuhao

Somacheirograms

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe Notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Japanese
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sogana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian Cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi (Modern)
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered scripts
(see for more)|

* Albanian
* Amharic
* Arabic
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Belarusian
* Bharati
* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Urdu
* etc.
* Bulgarian
* Burmese
* Cambodian
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (Mandarin, mainland)
* Czech
* Dutch
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* Estonian
* Faroese
* French
* Georgian
* German
* Ghanaian
* Greek
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hebrew
* Hungarian
* Icelandic
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
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* Romanian
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* Samoan
* Scandinavian
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* Spanish
* Tatar
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Thai & Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav

|

Reordered scripts|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based scripts|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent scripts|

* Japanese
* Korean
* Two-Cell Chinese

Eight-dot scripts|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

Persons|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Valentin Haüy
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Electronic writing systems

* Emoticons
* Emoji
* iConji
* Leet
* Unicode

* v
* t
* e

Internet slang dialects

* 3arabizi
* Alay (Indonesia)
* Denglisch
* Doge
* DoggoLingo
* Fingilish (Persian)
* Greeklish
* Gyaru-moji (Japan)
* Jejemon (Philippines)
* Leet ("1337")
* Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh
* Martian language (Chinese)
* Miguxês (Portuguese)
* O RLY?
* Padonkaffsky jargon (Russian)
* Translit
* Volapuk

* See also English internet slang (at Wiktionary)
* SMS language

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Slavic languages

History|

* Proto-Balto-Slavic
* Up to Proto-Slavic
* Proto-Slavic (Accent)
* Old Church Slavonic
* Modern languages
* Cyril and Methodius
* Cyrillic script
* Glagolitic script

West Slavic|

| Czech–Slovak|

* Czech
* Knaanic
* Moravian
* Slovak
* Eastern Slovak

|

Lechitic|

* Polabian
* Polish
* dialects
* Lesser Polish
* Masovian
* Masurian
* Old Polish
* Middle Polish
* Pomeranian
* Kashubian
* Slovincian

Sorbian|

* Upper Sorbian
* Lower Sorbian

East Slavic|

* Belarusian
* Old East Slavic
* Old Novgorodian
* Russian
* Ruthenian
* Ukrainian
* Canadian Ukrainian

South Slavic|

| Western|

* Serbo-Croatian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
* Slovene

|

Eastern|

* Bulgarian
* Macedonian

Transitional|

* Torlakian

Constructed
languages|

* Church Slavonic
* Pan-Slavic language
* Interslavic
* Slovio
* Lydnevi
* Novoslovnica
* Slavonic-Serbian
* Army Slavic

Microlanguages|

| West Slavic|

* Podhale
* Lach
* Silesian
* Cieszyn Silesian

|

East Slavic|

* (Carpathian) Rusyn
* Lemko
* Pannonian Rusyn
* Podlachian
* West Polesian

South Slavic|

* Banat Bulgarian
* Bunjevac
* Burgenland Croatian
* Chakavian
* Kajkavian
* Molise Croatian
* Pomak
* Prekmurje Slovene
* Resian
* Shtokavian
* Slavic dialects of Greece

Mixed languages|

* Balachka
* Iazychie
* Russenorsk
* Surzhyk
* Trasianka

Historical
phonology|

* Slavic first palatalization
* Slavic second palatalization
* Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
* Dybo's law
* Havlík's law
* Hirt's law
* Illič-Svityč's law
* Ivšić's law
* Meillet's law
* Pedersen's law
* Ruki sound law
* Van Wijk's law
* Winter's law

Italics indicate extinct languages.

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Russia

Federal language|

* Russian

State languages of federal subjects|

* Abaza
* Adyghe
* Aghul
* Altai
* Southern Altai
* Avar
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Buryat
* Chechen
* Chuvash
* Crimean Tatar
* Dargwa
* Erzya
* Ingush
* Kabardian
* Kalmyk
* Karachay-Balkar
* Khakas
* Komi
* Kumyk
* Lak
* Lezgian
* Mari
* Hill
* Meadow
* Moksha
* Nogai
* Ossetian
* Rutul
* Sakha
* Tabasaran
* Tat
* Tatar
* Tsakhur
* Tuvan
* Ukrainian
* Udmurt

Languages with official status|

* Chukchi
* Dolgan
* Even
* Evenki
* Finnish
* Karelian
* Kazakh
* Khanty
* Komi-Permyak
* Mansi
* Nenets
* Selkup
* Veps
* Yukaghir

Scripts|

* Cyrillic
* Cyrillic Braille

Template:Russian dialects Template:Languages of Belarus Template:Languages of Kazakhstan Template:Languages of Kyrgyzstan Template:Languages of Israel

* v
* t
* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
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* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
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* Kievan Rus'
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* Russian SFSR
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|

By topic|

* Economy
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Geography|

* Subdivisions
* Borders
* Earthquakes
* Geology
* European Russia
* Caucasus Mountains
* North Caucasus
* Caspian Sea
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* Great Russian Regions
* Extreme points
* Cities and towns
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers
* Volcanoes
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* Fjords
* Climate

Politics|

* Conscription
* Constitution
* Elections
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of press
* Media
* Government
* Judiciary
* Law
* Civil Service
* Law enforcement (Prisons)
* Liberalism
* Martial law
* Military
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* State of emergency

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Car industry
* Banking
* Central Bank
* Corruption
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Mining
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* Russian ruble
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* Science and technology
* Space industry
* Shipbuilding
* Trade unions
* Taxation
* Tourism
* Transport
* Telecommunications
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Demographics
* Citizens
* Abortion
* Alcoholism
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* Education
* Healthcare
* Ethnic groups
* Languages
* Human rights
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Culture|

* Architecture
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* Cultural icons
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* Inventions
* Media
* Music
* Opera
* Public holidays
* Language
* Martial arts
* Folklore
* Television
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* National anthem
* Coat of arms
* National Flag
* Sports

* v
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* e

Soviet Union topics

History|

* Index of Soviet Union-related articles
* Russian Revolution
* February
* October
* Russian Civil War
* Russian SFSR
* Creation treaty
* New Economic Policy
* Stalinism
* Great Purge
* Great Patriotic War (World War II)
* Cold War
* Khrushchev Thaw
* Soviet space program
* 1965 economic reform
* Stagnation
* Perestroika
* Glasnost
* Revolutions of 1989
* Dissolution
* Nostalgia
* Post-Soviet states

Geography|

| Subdivisions|

* Republics
* Autonomous
* Oblasts
* Autonomous
* Autonomous okrugs
* Closed cities
* List

|

Regions|

* Caspian Sea
* Caucasus Mountains
* European Russia
* North Caucasus
* Siberia
* Ural Mountains
* West Siberian Plain

Politics|

| General|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Government
* List
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* Leaders
* Collective leadership
* Passport system
* State ideology
* Marxism–Leninism
* Leninism
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|

Bodies|

* Communist Party
* organisation
* Central Committee
* Politburo
* Secretariat
* Congress
* General Secretary
* Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
* Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
* Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991)
* Supreme Court

Offices|

* President
* Premier
* Deputy Premier
* First Deputy Premier

Security services|

* Cheka
* GPU
* NKVD
* MVD
* MGB
* KGB

Political repression|

* Red Terror
* Collectivization
* Great Purge
* Population transfer
* Gulag
* List
* Holodomor
* Political abuse of psychiatry

Ideological repression|

* Religion
* Suppressed research
* Censorship
* Censorship of images

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Economic planning
* Energy policy
* Five-year plans
* Internet domain
* Inventions
* Net material product
* Science and technology
* Soviet ruble
* Transport

Science|

* Communist Academy
* Academy of Sciences
* Academy of Medical Sciences
* Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Sharashkas
* Naukograds
* List

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Soviet people
* Working class
* 1989 census
* Languages
* Linguistics

Culture|

* Ballet
* Cinema
* Fashion
* Literature
* Music
* Opera
* Propaganda
* Sports
* Stalinist architecture

Opposition|

* Soviet dissidents and their groups
* List

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Republics
* Emblem
* Republics
* Flag
* Republics

Templates|

* Departments
* Russian Revolution 1917
* Joseph Stalin
* Stagnation Era
* Fall of Communism

* Book
* Category
* Commons
* Portal
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Serbia

Official language|

* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Hungarian
* Slovak
* Romanian
* Rusyn

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

Template:Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Languages of Kosovo Template:Languages of Montenegro Template:Languages of Bulgaria Template:Bulgarian dialects Template:Bulgaria topics Template:Languages of North Macedonia Template:Macedonian dialects Template:North Macedonia topics

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