Naming of comets

Short description: none

Comet McNaught, named after its discoverer Robert H. McNaught. It is also known as the Great Comet of 2007 and has the numerical designation C/2006 P1.

Comets have been observed for over 2,000 years. During that time, several different systems have been used to assign names to each comet, and as a result many comets have more than one name.

The simplest system names comets after the year in which they were observed (e.g. the Great Comet of 1680). Later a convention arose of using the names of people associated with the discovery (e.g. Comet Hale–Bopp) or the first detailed study (e.g. Halley's Comet) of each comet. During the twentieth century, improvements in technology and dedicated searches led to a massive increase in the number of comet discoveries, which led to the creation of a numeric designation scheme. The original scheme assigned codes in the order that comets passed perihelion (e.g. Comet 1970 II). This scheme operated until 1994, when continued increases in the numbers of comets found each year resulted in the creation of a new scheme. This system, which is still in operation, assigns a code based on the type of orbit and the date of discovery (e.g. C/2012 S1).

## Contents

* 1 Named by year
* 2 Named after people
* 2.1 Investigators
* 2.2 Discoverers
* 3 Systematic designations
* 3.1 Original system
* 3.2 Current system
* 3.2.1 Relationship with asteroid designations
* 4 References

## Named by year

The Great January Comet of 1910, named after the date it appeared

Before any systematic naming convention was adopted, comets were named in a variety of ways. Prior to the early 20th century, most comets were simply referred to by the year when they appeared e.g. the "Comet of 1702".

Particularly bright comets which came to public attention (i.e. beyond the astronomy community) would be described as the great comet of that year, such as the "Great Comet of 1680" and "Great Comet of 1882". If more than one great comet appeared in a single year, the month would be used for disambiguation e.g. the "Great January comet of 1910". Occasionally other additional adjectives might be used.

## Named after people

Possibly the earliest comet to be named after a person was Caesar's Comet in 44 BC, which was so named because it was observed shortly after the assassination of Julius Caesar and was interpreted as a sign of his deification. Later eponymous comets were named after the astronomer(s) who conducted detailed investigations on them, or later those who discovered the comet.

### Investigators

Halley's Comet, named after Edmond Halley who first calculated its orbit. It now has the numerical designations 1P/Halley and 1P/1682 Q1.

After Edmond Halley demonstrated that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same body and successfully predicted its return in 1759, that comet became known as Halley's Comet.[1] Similarly, the second and third known periodic comets, Encke's Comet[2] and Biela's Comet,[3] were named after the astronomers who calculated their orbits rather than their original discoverers. Later, periodic comets were usually named after their discoverers, but comets that had appeared only once continued to be referred to by the year of their apparition.

### Discoverers

Comet Holmes, named after its discoverer Edwin Holmes. It also has the numerical designation 17P/Holmes.

The first comet to be named after the person who discovered it, rather than the one who calculated its orbit, was Comet Faye – discovered by Hervé Faye in 1843. However, this convention did not become widespread until the early 20th century. It remains common today.

A comet can be named after up to three discoverers, either working together as a team or making independent discoveries (without knowledge of the other investigator's work). The names are hyphenated together, using en dashes where possible. For example, Comet Swift–Tuttle was found first by Lewis Swift and then by Horace Parnell Tuttle a few days later; the discoveries were made independently and so both are honoured in the name. When the discoverer has a hyphenated surname (e.g. Stephen Singer-Brewster), the hyphen is replaced by a space (105P/Singer Brewster) to avoid confusion.

From the late 20th century onwards, many comets have been discovered by large teams of astronomers, so may be named for the collaboration or instrument they used. For example, 160P/LINEAR was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) team. Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock was discovered independently by a team using the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) and the amateur astronomers Genichi Araki and George Alcock.

In the past, when multiple comets were discovered by the same individual, group of individuals, or team, the comets' names were distinguished by adding a numeral to the discoverers' names (but only for periodic comets); thus Comets Shoemaker–Levy 1 to 9 (discovered by Carolyn Shoemaker, Eugene Shoemaker & David Levy). Today, the large numbers of comets discovered by some instruments makes this system impractical, and no attempt is made to ensure that each comet is given a unique name. Instead, the comets' systematic designations are used to avoid confusion.

## Systematic designations

### Original system

Until 1994, comets were first given a provisional designation consisting of the year of their discovery followed by a lowercase letter indicating its order of discovery in that year (for example, Comet 1969i (Bennett) was the 9th comet discovered in 1969). Once the comet had been observed through perihelion and its orbit had been established, the comet was given a permanent designation of the year of its perihelion, followed by a Roman numeral indicating its order of perihelion passage in that year, so that Comet 1969i became Comet 1970 II (it was the second comet to pass perihelion in 1970).[4]

### Current system

C/2004 Q2, the second comet discovered in the second half of August 2004. It is also known as Comet Machholz after its discoverer Donald Machholz.

Increasing numbers of comet discoveries made this procedure awkward, as did the delay between discovery and perihelion passage before the permanent name could be assigned. As a result, in 1994 the International Astronomical Union approved a new naming system. Comets are now provisionally designated by the year of their discovery followed by a letter indicating the half-month of the discovery and a number indicating the order of discovery (a system similar to that already used for asteroids). For example, the fourth comet discovered in the second half of February 2006 was designated 2006 D4. Prefixes are then added to indicate the nature of the comet:

* P/ indicates a periodic comet, defined for these purposes as any comet with an orbital period of less than 200 years or confirmed observations at more than one perihelion passage.[5]
* C/ indicates a non-periodic comet i.e. any comet that is not periodic according to the preceding definition.
* X/ indicates a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated (generally, historical comets).
* D/ indicates a periodic comet that has disappeared, broken up, or been lost.[5] Examples include Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) and Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2)
* A/ indicates an object that was mistakenly identified as a comet, but is actually a minor planet. An unused option for many years, this classification was first applied in 2017 for ʻOumuamua (A/2017 U1) and subsequently to all asteroids on comet-like orbits.
* I/ indicates an interstellar object,[6] added to the system in 2017 to allow the reclassification of ʻOumuamua (1I/2017 U1). As of 2025[update], the only other objects with this classification are 2I/Borisov (2I/2019 Q4) and 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1).

For example, Comet Hale–Bopp's designation is C/1995 O1. After their second observed perihelion passage, designations of periodic comets are given an additional prefix number, indicating the order of their discovery.[7] Halley's Comet, the first comet identified as periodic, has the systematic designation 1P/1682 Q1.

Separately to the systematic numbered designation, comets are routinely assigned a standard name by the IAU, which is almost always the name or names of their discoverers.[8] When a comet has only received a provisional designation, the "name" of the comet is typically only included parenthetically after this designation, if at all. However, when a periodic comet receives a number and a permanent designation, the comet is usually notated by using its given name after its number and prefix.[9] For instance, the unnumbered periodic comet P/2011 NO1 (Elenin) and the non-periodic comet C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) are notated with their provisional systematic designation followed by their name in parentheses; however, the numbered periodic comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is given a permanent designation of its numbered prefix ("67P/") followed by its name ("Churyumov–Gerasimenko").

Interstellar objects are also numbered in order of discovery and can receive names, as well as a systematic designation. The first example was 1I/ʻOumuamua, which has the formal designation 1I/2017 U1 (ʻOumuamua).

#### Relationship with asteroid designations

Sometimes it is unclear whether a newly discovered object is a comet or an asteroid (which would receive a minor planet designation). Any object that was initially misclassified as an asteroid but quickly corrected to a comet incorporates the minor planet designation into the cometary one. This can lead to some odd names such as for 227P/Catalina–LINEAR, whose alternative name is 227P/2004 EW38 (Catalina-LINEAR), derived from the original provisional minor planet designation 2004 EW38.

In other cases, a known asteroid can begin to exhibit cometary characteristics (such as developing a coma) and thus be classified as both an asteroid and a comet. These receive designations under both systems. There are only eight such bodies that are cross-listed as both comets and asteroids: 2060 Chiron (95P/Chiron), 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P/Wilson–Harrington), 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P/Elst–Pizarro), 60558 Echeclus (174P/Echeclus), 118401 LINEAR (176P/LINEAR), (300163) 2006 VW139 (288P/2006 VW139), (323137) 2003 BM80 (282P/2003 BM80), and (457175) 2008 GO98 (362P/2008 GO98).

## References

1. ↑ Ridpath, Ian (3 July 2008). "Halley and his Comet". A brief history of Halley's Comet. http://www.ianridpath.com/halley/halley4.htm.
2. ↑ Kronk, Gary W.. "2P/Encke". Gary W. Kronk's Cometography. http://cometography.com/pcomets/002p.html.
3. ↑ Kronk, Gary W.. "3D/Biela". Gary W. Kronk's Cometography. http://cometography.com/pcomets/003d.html.
4. ↑ " 'Official' Astronomical Names". International Astronomical Union. 14 January 2000. http://www.nineplanets.org/names.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Cometary Designation System". Minor Planet Center. https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/CometResolution.html.
6. ↑ "MPEC 2017-V17 : NEW DESIGNATION SCHEME FOR INTERSTELLAR OBJECTS". International Astronomical Union. 6 November 2017. https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K17/K17V17.html.
7. ↑ "Cometary Designation System". Committee on Small Body Nomenclature. 1994. http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/CometResolution.html.
8. ↑ "Guidelines for Cometary Names". IAU Division III Committee on Small Body Nomenclature. http://www.ss.astro.umd.edu/IAU/csbn/cnames.shtml.
9. ↑ "Comet Names and Designations; Comet Naming and Nomenclature; Names of Comets". International Comet Quarterly. http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/cometnames.html.

* v
* t
* e

Comets

| Features|

* Nucleus
* Coma
* Tails
* Antitail
* Comet dust
* Meteor shower

|
|

Types|

* Periodic
* Numbered
* Lost
* Long period
* Halley-type
* Jupiter-family
* Encke-type
* Main-belt
* Non-periodic
* Near-parabolic
* Hyperbolic
* Unknown-orbit
* Great Comet
* Sungrazing (Kreutz)
* Extinct
* Rock
* Exocomet
* Interstellar

Related|

* Naming of comets
* Centaur
* Comet discoverers
* LINEAR
* Extraterrestrial atmosphere
* Oort cloud
* Small Solar System body
* Asteroid

Exploration|

* List of missions to comets
* List of comets visited by spacecraft

Latest|

* 2I/Borisov
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2017 U7
* 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
* C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
* C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
* C/2015 F5 (SWAN-XingMing)
* C/2015 F3
* C/2015 ER61 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
* C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
* C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
* C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)

Culture and
speculation|

* Antimatter comet
* Comets in fiction
* list
* Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

| Periodic
comets|

| Until 1985
(all)|

* 1P/Halley
* 2P/Encke
* 3D/Biela
* 4P/Faye
* 5D/Brorsen
* 6P/d'Arrest
* 7P/Pons–Winnecke
* 8P/Tuttle
* 9P/Tempel
* 10P/Tempel
* 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
* 12P/Pons–Brooks
* 13P/Olbers
* 14P/Wolf
* 15P/Finlay
* 16P/Brooks
* 17P/Holmes
* 18D/Perrine–Mrkos
* 19P/Borrelly
* 20D/Westphal
* 21P/Giacobini–Zinner
* 22P/Kopff
* 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
* 24P/Schaumasse
* 25D/Neujmin
* 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
* 27P/Crommelin
* 28P/Neujmin
* 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 30P/Reinmuth
* 31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 32P/Comas Solà
* 33P/Daniel
* 34D/Gale
* 35P/Herschel–Rigollet
* 36P/Whipple
* 37P/Forbes
* 38P/Stephan–Oterma
* 39P/Oterma
* 40P/Väisälä
* 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
* 42P/Neujmin
* 43P/Wolf–Harrington
* 44P/Reinmuth
* 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
* 46P/Wirtanen
* 47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
* 48P/Johnson
* 49P/Arend–Rigaux
* 50P/Arend
* 51P/Harrington
* 52P/Harrington–Abell
* 53P/Van Biesbroeck
* 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
* 55P/Tempel–Tuttle
* 56P/Slaughter–Burnham
* 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
* 58P/Jackson–Neujmin
* 59P/Kearns–Kwee
* 60P/Tsuchinshan
* 61P/Shajn–Schaldach
* 62P/Tsuchinshan
* 63P/Wild
* 64P/Swift–Gehrels
* 65P/Gunn
* 66P/du Toit
* 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
* 68P/Klemola
* 69P/Taylor
* 70P/Kojima
* 71P/Clark
* 72P/Denning–Fujikawa
* 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
* 75D/Kohoutek
* 76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
* 77P/Longmore
* 78P/Gehrels
* 79P/du Toit–Hartley
* 80P/Peters–Hartley
* 81P/Wild
* 82P/Gehrels
* 83D/Russell
* 84P/Giclas
* 85D/Boethin
* 86P/Wild
* 87P/Bus
* 88P/Howell
* 89P/Russell
* 90P/Gehrels
* 91P/Russell
* 92P/Sanguin
* 93P/Lovas
* 94P/Russell
* 95P/Chiron
* 96P/Machholz
* 97P/Metcalf–Brewington
* 98P/Takamizawa
* 99P/Kowal
* 100P/Hartley
* 101P/Chernykh
* 102P/Shoemaker

|

After 1985
(notable)|

* 103P/Hartley
* 105P/Singer Brewster
* 107P/Wilson–Harrington
* 109P/Swift–Tuttle
* 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
* 114P/Wiseman–Skiff
* 128P/Shoemaker–Holt
* 139P/Väisälä–Oterma
* 144P/Kushida
* 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
* 153P/Ikeya–Zhang
* 163P/NEAT
* 168P/Hergenrother
* 169P/NEAT
* 177P/Barnard
* 178P/Hug–Bell
* 205P/Giacobini
* 209P/LINEAR
* 238P/Read
* 246P/NEAT
* 252P/LINEAR
* 255P/Levy
* 273P/Pons–Gambart
* 276P/Vorobjov
* 289P/Blanpain
* 311P/PANSTARRS
* 322P/SOHO
* 332P/Ikeya-Murakami
* 354P/LINEAR
* 362P
* P/1997 B1 (Kobayashi)
* P/2010 B2 (WISE)
* P/2011 NO1 (Elenin)

Comet-like
asteroids|

* 596 Scheila
* 2060 Chiron (95P)
* 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P)
* 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P)
* 165P/LINEAR
* 166P/NEAT
* 167P/CINEOS
* 60558 Echeclus (174P)
* 118401 LINEAR (176P)
* 238P/Read
* 259P/Garradd
* 311P/PANSTARRS
* 324P/La Sagra
* P/2010 A2 (LINEAR)
* P/2012 F5 (Gibbs)
* P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS)
* P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
* (300163) 2006 VW139

Lost|

| Recovered|

* 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
* 15P/Finlay
* 17P/Holmes
* 27P/Crommelin
* 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
* 55P/Tempel–Tuttle
* 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
* 69P/Taylor
* 72P/Denning–Fujikawa
* 80P/Peters–Hartley
* 97P/Metcalf–Brewington
* 107P/Wilson–Harrington
* 109P/Swift–Tuttle
* 113P/Spitaler
* 122P/de Vico
* 157P/Tritton
* 177P/Barnard
* 205P/Giacobini
* 206P/Barnard–Boattini
* 271P/van Houten–Lemmon
* 273P/Pons–Gambart
* 289P/Blanpain

|

Destroyed|

* 3D/Biela
* 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)

Not found|

* D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
* 5D/Brorsen
* 18D/Perrine–Mrkos
* 20D/Westphal
* 25D/Neujmin
* 34D/Gale
* 75D/Kohoutek
* 83D/Russell
* 85D/Boethin

Visited by
spacecraft|

* 21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985)
* 1P/Halley (1986)
* 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992)
* 19P/Borrelly (2001)
* 81P/Wild (2004)
* 9P/Tempel (2005, 2011)
* C/2006 P1 (2007)
* 103P/Hartley (2010)
* 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)

Non-Periodic
comets
(notable)|

| Until 1910|

* C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
* X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
* C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
* C/1652 Y1
* C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet))
* C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
* C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
* C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
* C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
* C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
* C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
* C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
* C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
* C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
* C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
* C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
* C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
* C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
* C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
* C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
* X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
* C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
* C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
* C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
* C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
* C/1890 V1 (Comet Zona)
* C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
* C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)

|

After 1910|

* C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
* C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
* C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
* C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
* C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) [de; de]
* C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) [de; de; C/1947 X1 (Südkomet)]
* C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
* C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
* C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) [de; de]
* C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) [de; de]
* C/1961 R1 (Humason)
* C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) [de; de]
* C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
* C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
* C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
* C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
* C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
* C/1975 V1 (West)
* C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
* C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
* C/1989 X1 (Austin)
* C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
* C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
* C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
* C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
* C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
* C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
* C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
* C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
* C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
* C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
* C/2000 U5 (LINEAR)
* C/2000 W1 (Utsunomiya-Jones)
* C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
* C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
* C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
* C/2003 A2 (Gleason)
* C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) [de; de]
* C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
* C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
* C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
* C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
* C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
* C/2007 K5 (Lovejoy)
* C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
* C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
* C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
* C/2008 Q1 (Matičič)
* C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
* C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
* C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
* C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
* C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
* C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
* C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2012 S1 (ISON)
* C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
* C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
* C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
* C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
* C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
* C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2015 ER61 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
* 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
* C/2017 U7
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 E3 (ATLAS)
* 2I/Borisov

After 1910
(by name)|

* Arend–Roland
* Austin
* Beljawsky
* Bennett
* Boattini
* Bowell
* Bradfield [de; de]
* Brooks
* Catalina
* C/1999 F1
* C/2013 US10
* de Kock–Paraskevopoulos [de; de]
* Eclipse
* Elenin
* Hale-Bopp
* Humason
* Hyakutake
* Ikeya-Seki
* IRAS–Araki–Alcock
* ISON
* Jacques
* Johnson
* Kohoutek
* Lemmon
* C/2012 F6
* C/2018 C2
* LINEAR
* C/1999 S4
* C/2000 U5
* C/2002 T7
* LONEOS
* C/2001 OG108
* C/2007 F1
* Lovejoy
* C/2007 E2
* C/2007 K5
* C/2011 W3
* C/2013 R1
* C/2014 Q2
* Lulin
* Machholz
* Matičič
* McNaught
* C/2006 P1
* C/2009 R1
* McNaught–Russell
* Mrkos [de; de]
* NEAT
* Oukaimeden
* ʻOumuamua
* Pan-STARRS
* C/2011 L4
* C/2012 K1
* C/2012 S4
* 311P
* C/2015 ER61
* Pereyra
* Pojmański
* Ryves
* Seki–Lines [de; de]
* Siding Spring
* C/2007 Q3
* C/2013 A1
* Skjellerup–Maristany
* Skorichenko–George
* SOHO
* Southern [de; de; C/1947 X1 (Südkomet)]
* Spacewatch–Rabinowitz
* Stonehouse
* SWAN
* C/2006 M4
* C/2012 E2
* Utsunomiya–Jones
* West
* White–Ortiz–Bolelli
* Wilson–Hubbard [de; de]
* Yi–SWAN
* Zhu–Balam

* Category
* Commons
* Wikinews

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