Venera-D

Short description: Proposed Russian lander to Venus

Venera-D

Artist's concept of the Venera-D spacecraft approaching clouds-veiled Venus

Mission type| Venus orbiter and lander
Operator| Russian Federal Space Agency
Mission duration| Orbiter: ≥3 years (proposed)[1]
Lander: >3 h[2]
LLISSE surface probe: ≈90 Earth days[2]
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass| 4,800 kg (10,600 lb)[3]
Dry mass| Orbiter: 990 kg (2,180 lb)[4]
Lander: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb)[5]
Payload mass| Orbiter instruments: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb)[4]
Lander instruments: 85 kg (187 lb)[3]
Power| Orbiter: 1,700 W [4]
Start of mission
Launch date| November 2029 (proposed)[3]
Rocket| Angara A5[4]
Launch site| Vostochny Cosmodrome[6]
Orbital parameters
Regime| polar
Pericytherion altitude| 300 km (190 mi)
Apocytherion altitude| 500 km (310 mi)[4]
Inclination| 90°
Period| 24 h[4][2]
Venus orbiter
Spacecraft component| Orbiter
Venus lander
Spacecraft component| Lander
Transponders
Band| X band, Ka band[4]
Capacity| 16 Mbit/sec[4]

Venera

<- Venera 16

None ->

Venera-D (Russian: Венера-Д, pronounced [vʲɪˈnʲɛrə ˈdɛ]) is a proposed Russia n space mission to Venus that would include an orbiter and a lander to be launched in 2029.[3] The orbiter's prime objective is to perform observations with the use of a radar. The lander, based on the Venera design, would be capable of operating for a long duration (≈3 h)[2] on the planet's surface. The "D" in Venera-D stands for "dolgozhivuschaya," which means "long lasting" in Russian.[7]

Venera-D will be the first Venus probe launched by the Russian Federation (the earlier Venera probes were launched by the former Soviet Union). Venera-D will serve as the flagship for a new generation of Russian-built Venus probes, culminating with a lander capable of withstanding the harsh Venusian environment for more than the 1​1⁄2 hours logged by the Soviet probes. The surface of Venus experiences average temperatures of 462 °C (864 °F), crushing 90 bar (89 atm; 1,300 psi) pressures, and corroding clouds of carbon dioxide laced with sulfuric acid. Venera-D will be launched on an Angara A5 rocket.[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Status
* 2 Goals
* 3 Notional science instruments
* 4 Potential NASA collaboration
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

In 2003, Venera-D was proposed to the Russian Academy of Sciences for its "wish list" of science projects to be included into the Federal Space Program in 2006–2015. During the formulation of the mission concept in 2004, the launch of Venera-D was expected in 2013 and its landing on the surface of Venus in 2014.[8] In its original conception, it had a large orbiter, a sub-satellite, two balloons, two small landers, and a large long-lived lander (≈3 h).

By 2011, the mission had been pushed back to 2018, and scaled back to an orbiter with a subsatellite orbiter, and a single lander with an expected 3-hour operation time.[9] By the beginning of 2011, the Venera-D project entered Phase A (Preliminary Design) stage of development.

Following the loss of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft in November 2011 and resulting delays in all Russian planetary projects (with the exception of ExoMars, a joint effort with the European Space Agency), the implementation of the project was again delayed to no earlier than 2026.[7][10]

The possible detection of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere by ALMA in September 2020 spurred a renewed push to implement the Venera-D project. As of March 2021, Venera-D is planned for launch no earlier than November 2029.[3]

### Status

Lavochkin Association are leading the effort in the development of the mission concept architecture. It may include instruments from NASA. From 2018 to 2020, the second phase of the science activities between NASA and the Russian Space Research Institute (IKI) will continue to refine the science concepts, the orbiter and lander mission architecture, as well as a detailed examination of the types of aerial platforms that could address key Venus science in situ.[11][12] Additional workshops will be held as the mission concept develops.[11][12][13] From the standpoint of total mass delivered to Venus, the best launch opportunities occur in 2029 and 2031.[14][11]

## Goals

The mission has an emphasis on the atmospheric superrotation, the geological processes that have formed and modified the surface, the mineralogical and elemental composition of surface materials, and the chemical processes related to the interaction of the surface and the atmosphere.[10]

The orbiter's goals are
[11][7]

* Study of the dynamics and nature of superrotation, radiative balance, and the nature of the greenhouse effect
* Characterize the thermal structure of the atmosphere, winds, thermal tides, and solar locked structures
* Measure the composition of the atmosphere, study the clouds, their structure, composition, microphysics, and chemistry
* Investigate the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, electrical activity, magnetosphere, and the gas escape rate

The lander's goals are
[11][7]

* Perform chemical analysis of surface materials and study the elemental composition of the surface, including radiogenic elements
* Study of interaction between the surface and the atmosphere
* Investigate the structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere down to the surface, including the abundances and isotopic ratios of the trace and noble gases
* Perform direct chemical analysis of the cloud aerosols
* Characterize the geology of local landforms at different scales

## Notional science instruments

To achieve the mission's science goals, the team is assessing the following instruments for the orbiter:[5]

* PFS-VD Fourier transform spectrometer, 250–2000 cm-1 λ=5-45 μm, Δν = 1 cm-1
* UV mapping spectrometer, 190–490 nm, Δʎ=0.3 nm
* MM-radiometer, Millimeter Wave Radiometer; Ka, V and W bands
* UV-IR Imaging Spectrometer, VENIS
* Monitoring camera
* Solar and star occultation spectrometer, SSOE
* Infrared heterodyne spectrometer, IVOLGA
* Radio-science 1 Orbiter to ground, two-frequency occultation in S- and X-bands
* Radio-science 2 Ground to orbiter two-frequency occultation in S- and X-bands
* GROZA-SAS2-DFM-D, Electromagnetic waves generated by lightning and other electric phenomena
* Suite of 3 plasma instruments: 1) Panoramic energy mass-analyzer of ions; 2) CAMERA-O, electron spectrometer ELSPEC, fast neutrals analyzer FNA; 3) Energetic particle spectrometer.

Lander instruments

The lander will carry about 85 kg of instruments,[3] that may include:[5]

* Mossbauer Spectrometer / APXS
* Chemical analyses package (CAP): Gas Chromatograph & Mass Spectrometer
* Meteorological suite
* Sample acquisition, handling, processing

## Potential NASA collaboration

In 2014, Russian scientists asked NASA if the U.S. space agency would be interested in collaborating some instruments to the mission.[7][1] Under this potential collaboration, the study team "Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team" (JSDT) was established in 2015. Venera-D could incorporate some US components, including balloons, a subsatellite for plasma measurements, or a long-lived (90-day) surface station on the lander.[2][10] Any potential collaboration is still under discussion.[1][2][15]

Potential science instruments NASA could contribute include a Raman spectrometer and an Alpha-Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS).[16] Also, the three types of atmospheric maneuverable platforms under consideration by NASA include super pressure balloons, altitude controlled balloons, the Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP) semi-buoyant aircraft, and solar powered aircraft.[11][17]

The solar-powered Venus Atmosphere Mobile Platform (VAMP) is currently under development by the Northrop-Grumman Corp. If included, it would be capable of flying within the cloud layer between 50 and 62 km, and is being developed to operate over the 117 Earth days needed for complete monitoring over one full Venus day.[5] It would carry instruments to acquire observations of the atmospheric structure, circulation, radiation, composition and trace gas species, along with cloud aerosols and the unknown ultraviolet absorber(s).[5]

Another proposed payload is LLISSE (Long Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer), which uses new materials and heat-resistant electronics that would enable independent operation for about 90 Earth days.[2][15] This endurance may allow to obtain periodic measurements of weather data to update global circulation models and quantify near surface atmospheric chemistry variability.[2] Its anticipated instruments include wind speed/direction sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and a chemical multi-sensor array. LLISSE is a small 20 cm (7.9 in) cube of about 10 kg (22 lb).[2][18] The lander may carry two LLISSE units; one would be battery-powered (3,000 h), and the other would be wind-powered.[2][15]

As a result of US sanctions imposed as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Roscosmos Director-General Dmitry Rogozin announced that any continued participation between Russia and the United States on Venera-D was inappropriate.[19]

## See also

* Astronomy:Observations and explorations of Venus
* List of missions to Venus
* VERITAS, orbiter
* DAVINCI+, orbiter and atmospheric probe
* EnVision, ESA orbiter

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "NASA Studying Shared Venus Science Objectives with Russian Space Research Institute". NASA. March 10, 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-studying-shared-venus-science-objectives-with-russian-space-research-institute.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Venera-D: Phase II Final Report. Joint Science Definition Team. 31 January 2019.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Zak, Anatoly (5 March 2021). "New promise for the Venera-D project". RussianSpaceWeb. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera-d-2021.html. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Status Report of the Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team. D. Senske, L. Zasova, A. Burdanov, T. Economou, N. Eismont, M. Gerasimov, D. Gorinov, J. Hall, N. Ignatiev, M. Ivanov, K. Lea Jessup, I. Khatuntsev, O. Korablev, T. Kremic, S. Limaye, I. Lomakin, A. Martynov, A. Ocampo, S. Teselkin, O. Vaisberg, and V. Vorontsov. Lunar and Planetary Institute conference. 11 December 2017.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Venera-D: Expanding our horizon of terrestrial planet climate and geology through the comprehensive exploration of Venus. Report of the Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team. 31 January 2017.
6. ↑ Venera-D Mission Concept for Study Atmosphere, Surface and Plasma Environment of Venus. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, USA, Abstract id. PEX.1-26-18. July 2018.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Wall, Mike (17 January 2017). "Russia, US Mulling Joint Mission to Venus". Space. https://www.space.com/35333-russia-nasa-venus-mission-venera-d.html.
8. ↑ Venera-D mission at Russia Space Web (accessed 25 November 2013)
9. ↑ Ted Stryk, Russia's Venera-D mission (DPS-EPSC 2011), Planetary Society, 10 May 2011 (accessed 25 November 2013)
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Senske, D.; Zasova, L. (31 January 2017). "Venera-D: Expanding our horizon of terrestrial planet climate and geology through the comprehensive exploration of Venus". NASA. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Development of the Venera-D Mission Concept, from Science Objectives to Mission architecture. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083).
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Venera-D Phase II. LPI. 2019.
13. ↑ An Airship for Exploring Venus? Russia Might Get There First. Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Air & Space Magazine. 11 October 2019.
14. ↑ "РАН назвала сроки запуска и стоимость «Венеры-Д»". https://nplus1.ru/news/2019/05/29/venera-d.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Long Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer (LLISSE). LPI. 2019.
16. ↑ Report of the Venera-D Joint Science Definition Team. 31 January 2017. JSDT, VEXAG at NASA.
17. ↑ Solar Airplane Concept Developed for Venus Exploration. (PDF) NASA. Glenn Research Center. 2018.
18. ↑ NASA's space probe for exploring Venus should be ready by 2023. Alison DeNisco Rayome, C-Net. 23 October 2019.
19. ↑ @katlinegrey (26 February 2022). "Roscosmos won’t cooperate with USA in working on #VeneraD mission, said Rogozin. In my personal opinion, only this…". https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1497478759464812544.

## External links

* Venera-D – Federal Space program of Russian Federation
* Venera-D mission at Russia Space Web
* Venera-D Phase II Report (31 January 2019)

* v
* t
* e

Venera programme

Flybys|

* Venera 1
* Venera 2

Orbiters|

* Venera 15
* Venera 16

Descent probes|

* Venera 3
* Venera 4
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7

Landers|

* Venera 8
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Venera 2MV-1 No.1
* Venera 2MV-1 No.2
* Venera 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* Kosmos 96
* Kosmos 167
* Kosmos 359
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 1964A

Future missions|

* Venera-D

* v
* t
* e

Soviet and Russian space program

* Roscosmos

Launch sites|

* Baikonur Cosmodrome (in Kazakhstan)
* Dombarovsky
* Kapustin Yar
* Plesetsk Cosmodrome
* Svobodny Cosmodrome (defunct)
* Vostochny Cosmodrome

Launch vehicles|

* Angara
* Proton
* Soyuz

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* Vostok
* Voskhod
* Salyut
* Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS
* Soyuz-Apollo Test Project (joint)
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir (joint)
* Energia / Buran

|

Cancelled|

* Zond (7K-L1) (Moon flyby)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (Moon landing)
* Zvezda (moonbase)
* TMK (Mars/Venus flyby)
* Spiral
* Zvezda
* Zarya
* MAKS
* Kliper

Active|

* International Space Station (joint)
* Russian Orbital Segment
* Soyuz

In development|

* Orel

Robotic
programs|

| Past|

* Sputnik
* Sputnik programme (1957–1960)
* DS (1960–1977)
* Prognoz (1972–1996)
* Luna programme (1959–1976)
* Venera (1961–1984)
* Zond program (1964–1970)
* Astron (1983)
* Vega program (1984)
* Granat (1989)
* Gamma (1990)
* Mars 96 (failed) (1996)
* Resurs-DK No.1 (2006)
* Koronas-Foton (2009)
* Fobos-Grunt (failed) (2011)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)

|

Active|

* Bion-M
* Elektro–L
* ExoMars (joint)
* Meteor-M
* Resurs-P
* Spektr-RG

In development|

* Luna-Glob
* Luna 25
* Luna 26
* Luna 27
* Luna 28
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* Spektr-UV

Communications|

* Luch (satellite)
* Soviet Deep Space Network

Concepts|

* Baikal-Angara
* Laplace-P
* Mars-Grunt
* Mercury-P
* OPSEK
* Spektr-M
* Venera-D

Images and artwork|

* Mission patches

Related|

* Cosmonaut ranks and positions
* Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
* Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
* Cosmonauts Alley
* Monument to the Conquerors of Space
* Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
* Soviet space dogs
* Laika
* Ivan Ivanovich

* See also: Space industry of Russia
* Russian Aerospace Defence Forces

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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