Digital library

Short description: Online database of digital resources

"Elibrary" redirects here. For the former online library eLibrary, see HighBeam Research.

Not to be confused with Internet Archive or online book rental.

The Biodiversity Heritage Library website, an example of a digital library

A digital library, also referred to as an online library, an internet library, a digital repository,  a library without walls, or a digital collection, is an online database of digital resources that can include text, still images, audio, video, digital documents, or other digital media formats or a library accessible through the internet. Objects can consist of digitized content, such as print or photographs, as well as originally produced digital content, including word processor files or social media posts. In addition to storing content, digital libraries provide mechanisms for the organization, searching, and retrieving of content from the collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals or organizations.[1] The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information with each other through interoperability and sustainability.[2]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Terminology
* 3 Types of digital libraries
* 3.1 Institutional repositories
* 3.2 National library collections
* 3.3 Digital archives
* 3.4 CAD library
* 3.4.1 Assets
* 3.4.2 CAD and 3D Model Libraries
* 3.5 2D graphics repository of digital art
* 3.6 In-game book libraries
* 4 Features of digital libraries
* 4.1 Software
* 4.2 Metadata
* 4.3 Searching
* 4.4 Digital preservation
* 4.5 Copyright and licensing
* 4.6 Recommendation systems
* 4.7 Drawbacks of digital libraries
* 5 Future development
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## History

The early history of digital libraries is not well documented, but several key thinkers are connected to the emergence of the concept.[3] Predecessors include Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, an attempt begun in 1895 to gather and systematically catalogue the world's knowledge, with the hope of bringing about world peace.[4] The visions of the digital library were largely realized a century later during the great expansion of the Internet.[5]

Vannevar Bush and J. C. R. Licklider were two pioneers who advanced this idea into contemporary technology. Bush had supported research that led to the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima. After seeing the city's destruction, he wanted to create a machine that would show how technology can lead to understanding instead of destruction. This machine would include a desk with two screens, switches and buttons, and a keyboard.[6] He named this the "Memex". This way individuals would be able to access stored books and files at a rapid speed. In 1956, Ford Foundation funded Licklider to analyze how libraries could be improved with technology. Almost a decade later, his book, entitled "Libraries of the Future" included his vision. He wanted to create a system that would use computers and networks, thereby ensuring the accessibility of human knowledge for human needs and ensuring automatic feedback for machine purposes. This system contained three components: the corpus of knowledge, the question, and the answer. Licklider called it a procognitive system.

In 1980, the role of the library in an electronic society was the focus of a clinic on library applications of data processing. Participants included Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster, Derek De Solla Price, Gerard Salton, and Michael Gorman).[7]

Early projects centered on the creation of an electronic card catalogue known as Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). By the 1980s, the success of these endeavors resulted in OPAC replacing the traditional card catalog in many academic, public and special libraries. This permitted libraries to undertake additional rewarding co-operative efforts to support resource sharing and expand access to library materials beyond an individual library.

An early example of a digital library is the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), a database of education citations, abstracts and texts that was created in 1964 and made available online through DIALOG in 1969.[8]

In 1994, digital libraries became widely visible in the research community due to a $24.4 million NSF managed program supported jointly by DARPA's Intelligent Integration of Information (I3) program, NASA, and NSF itself.[9] Successful research proposals came from six U.S. universities.[10] The universities included Carnegie Mellon University, University of California-Berkeley, University of Michigan, University of Illinois, University of California-Santa Barbara, and Stanford University. Articles from the projects summarized their progress at their halfway point in May 1996.[11] Stanford research, by Sergey Brin and Larry Page, led to the founding of Google.

Early attempts at creating a model for digital libraries included the DELOS Digital Library Reference Model[12][13] and the 5S Framework.[14][15]

## Terminology

The term digital library was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.[16] With the availability of the computer networks the information resources are expected to stay distributed and accessed as needed, whereas in Vannevar Bush's essay As We May Think (1945) they were to be collected and kept within the researcher's Memex.

The term virtual library was initially used interchangeably with digital library, but is now primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses (such as libraries which aggregate distributed content). In the early days of digital libraries, there was discussion of the similarities and differences among the terms digital, virtual, and electronic.[17]

A distinction is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as born-digital, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e.g. paper, through digitization. Not all electronic content is in digital data format. The term hybrid library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress.

Some important digital libraries also serve as long term archives, such as arXiv and the Internet Archive. Others, such as the Digital Public Library of America, seek to make digital information from various institutions widely accessible online.[18]

## Types of digital libraries

### Institutional repositories

Many academic libraries are actively involved in building repositories of their institution's books, papers, theses, and other works that can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers usually limit access rights. Irrespective of access rights, institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories can be referred to as digital libraries. Institutional repository software is designed for archiving, organizing, and searching a library's content. Popular open-source solutions include DSpace, Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL), EPrints, Digital Commons, and the Fedora Commons-based systems Islandora and Samvera.[19]

### National library collections

Legal deposit is often covered by copyright legislation and sometimes by laws specific to legal deposit, and requires that one or more copies of all material published in a country should be submitted for preservation in an institution, typically the national library. Since the advent of electronic documents, legislation has had to be amended to cover the new formats, such as the 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act 1968 in Australia.[20][21][22]

Since then various types of electronic depositories have been built. The British Library's Publisher Submission Portal and the German model at the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek have one deposit point for a network of libraries, but public access is only available in the reading rooms in the libraries. The Australian National edeposit system has the same features, but also allows for remote access by the general public for most of the content.[23]

### Digital archives

Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally, archives are defined as:

1. Containing primary sources of information (typically letters and papers directly produced by an individual or organization) rather than the secondary sources found in a library (books, periodicals, etc.).
2. Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items.
3. Having unique contents.

The technology used to create digital libraries is even more revolutionary for archives since it breaks down the second and third of these general rules. In other words, "digital archives" or "online archives" will still generally contain primary sources, but they are likely to be described individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further, because they are digital, their contents are easily reproducible and may indeed have been reproduced from elsewhere. The Oxford Text Archive is generally considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source materials.

Archives differ from libraries in the nature of the materials held. Libraries collect individual published books and serials, or bounded sets of individual items. The books and journals held by libraries are not unique, since multiple copies exist and any given copy will generally prove as satisfactory as any other copy. The material in archives and manuscript libraries are "the unique records of corporate bodies and the papers of individuals and families".[24]

A fundamental characteristic of archives is that they have to keep the context in which their records have been created and the network of relationships between them in order to preserve their informative content and provide understandable and useful information over time. The fundamental characteristic of archives resides in their hierarchical organization expressing the context by means of the archival bond.

Archival descriptions are the fundamental means to describe, understand, retrieve and access archival material. At the digital level, archival descriptions are usually encoded by means of the Encoded Archival Description XML format. The EAD is a standardized electronic representation of archival description which makes it possible to provide union access to detailed archival descriptions and resources in repositories distributed throughout the world.

Given the importance of archives, a dedicated formal model, called NEsted SeTs for Object Hierarchies (NESTOR),[25] built around their peculiar constituents, has been defined. NESTOR is based on the idea of expressing the hierarchical relationships between objects through the inclusion property between sets, in contrast to the binary relation between nodes exploited by the tree. NESTOR has been used to formally extend the 5S model to define a digital archive as a specific case of digital library able to take into consideration the peculiar features of archives.

### CAD library

A computer-aided design library or CAD library is a cloud based repository of 3D models or parts for computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), or Building information modeling (BIM). The models can be free and open source or proprietary and have to pay a subscription to have access to the CAD library 3D models. Generative AI CAD libraries are being developed using linked open data of schematics and diagrams.[26]

#### Assets

CAD libraries can have assets such as 3D models, materials/textures, bump maps, trees/plants, HDRIs, and different Computer graphics lighting sources to be rendered.[27]

#### CAD and 3D Model Libraries

* Blenderkit — for Blender
* CGTrader
* Chaos \- Cosmos — for V-Ray
* GrabCAD
* McMaster-Carr
* Mixamo
* Poliigon
* Sketchfab
* Thingiverse
* TurboSquid
* Sketchup 3D Warehouse

### 2D graphics repository of digital art

A 2D graphics repository/library are vector graphics or raster graphics images/icons that can be free use or proprietary.[28]

### In-game book libraries

In-game book libraries are virtual collections of written works that players can read, share, or interact with inside a video game. Unlike programming libraries, these libraries function as narrtive or educational spaces, often mirroring real-world libraries and sometimes providing access to text that are censored or unavailable in the player's region. The most prominent example is The Uncensored Library, a minecraft map that distributes banned books worldwide. Another example is NaNa-Library known for its good novels and is designed to make small writers known.[29][30]

## Features of digital libraries

The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike.[31]

Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain it.[32] As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much lower than that of a traditional library. A physical library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. Both types of library require cataloging input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs; conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OP AC catalog is sufficient. An important advantage to digital conversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation.

* No physical boundary: The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available.
* Round the clock availability: A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7 to the information.
* Multiple access: The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons. This may not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a license for "lending out" only one copy at a time; this is achieved with a system of digital rights management where a resource can become inaccessible after expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to returning the resource).
* Information retrieval: The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving click able access to its resources.
* Preservation and conservation: Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do not. See § Digital preservation for examples.
* Space: Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before.
* Added value: Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration.[33]

### Software

See also: Library (computing) and Category:Digital library software

The design and implementation in digital libraries are constructed so computer systems and software can make use of the information when it is exchanged. These are referred to as semantic digital libraries. Semantic libraries are also used to socialize with different communities from a mass of social networks.[34] DjDL is a type of semantic digital library. Keywords-based and semantic search are the two main types of searches. A tool is provided in the semantic search that create a group for augmentation and refinement for keywords-based search. Conceptual knowledge used in DjDL is centered around two forms; the subject ontology and the set of concept search patterns based on the ontology. The three type of ontologies that are associated to this search are bibliographic ontologies, community-aware ontologies, and subject ontologies.

### Metadata

In traditional libraries, the ability to find works of interest is directly related to how well they were cataloged. While cataloging electronic works digitized from a library's existing holding may be as simple as copying or moving a record from the print to the electronic form, complex and born-digital works require substantially more effort. To handle the growing volume of electronic publications, new tools and technologies have to be designed to allow effective automated semantic classification and searching. While full-text search can be used for some items, there are many common catalog searches which cannot be performed using full text, including:

* finding texts which are translations of other texts
* differentiating between editions/volumes of a text/periodical
* inconsistent descriptors (especially subject headings)
* missing, deficient or poor quality taxonomy practices
* linking texts published under pseudonyms to the real authors (Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, for example)
* differentiating non-fiction from parody (The Onion from The New York Times)

### Searching

Most digital libraries provide a search interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep web (or invisible web) resources since they frequently cannot be located by search engine crawlers. Some digital libraries create special pages or sitemaps to allow search engines to find all their resources. Digital libraries frequently use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines like Google Scholar, Yahoo! and Scirus can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources.[35] As with physical libraries, very relatively little is known about how users actually select books.[36]

There are two general strategies for searching a federation of digital libraries: distributed searching and searching previously harvested metadata.

Distributed searching typically involves a client sending multiple search requests in parallel to a number of servers in the federation. The results are gathered, duplicates are eliminated or clustered, and the remaining items are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39.50 are frequently used in distributed searching. A benefit to this approach is that the resource-intensive tasks of indexing and storage are left to the respective servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each database; therefore, making it difficult to assemble a combined result consisting of the most relevant found items.

Searching over previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not need to make connections with the digital libraries it is searching—it already has a local representation of the information. This approach requires the creation of an indexing and harvesting mechanism which operates regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the whole collection in order to discover new and updated resources. OAI-PMH is frequently used by digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this approach is that the search mechanism has full control over indexing and ranking algorithms, possibly allowing more consistent results. A drawback is that harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore expensive.

### Digital preservation

Main article: Digital preservation

Digital preservation aims to ensure that digital media and information systems are still interpretable into the indefinite future.[37] Each necessary component of this must be migrated, preserved or emulated.[38] Typically lower levels of systems (floppy disks for example) are emulated, bit-streams (the actual files stored in the disks) are preserved and operating systems are emulated as a virtual machine. Only where the meaning and content of digital media and information systems are well understood is migration possible, as is the case for office documents.[38][39][40] However, at least one organization, the Wider Net Project, has created an offline digital library, the eGranary, by reproducing materials on a 6 TB hard drive. Instead of a bit-stream environment, the digital library contains a built-in proxy server and search engine so the digital materials can be accessed using a web browser.[41] Also, the materials are not preserved for the future. The eGranary is intended for use in places or situations where Internet connectivity is very slow, non-existent, unreliable, unsuitable or too expensive.

In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at high speed and comparatively low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to digitize millions of books per year.[42] The Google book-scanning project is also working with libraries to offer digitize books pushing forward on the digitize book realm.

### Copyright and licensing

Digital libraries are hampered by copyright law because, unlike with traditional printed works, the laws of digital copyright are still being formed. The republication of material on the web by libraries may require permission from rights holders, and there is a conflict of interest between libraries and the publishers who may wish to create online versions of their acquired content for commercial purposes. In 2010, it was estimated that twenty-three percent of books in existence were created before 1923 and thus out of copyright. Of those printed after this date, only five percent were still in print as of 2010.[update] Thus, approximately seventy-two percent of books were not available to the public.[43]

There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual property matters may become involved since digital material is not always owned by a library.[44] The content is, in many cases, public domain or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public. An estimate of the number of distinct books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960, has been made.[45][46]

The Fair Use Provisions (17 USC § 107) under the Copyright Act of 1976 provide specific guidelines under which circumstances libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute fair use are "Purpose of the use, Nature of the work, Amount or substantiality used and Market impact".[47]

Some digital libraries acquire a license to lend their resources. This may involve the restriction of lending out only one copy at a time for each license, and applying a system of digital rights management for this purpose.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 was an act created in the United States to attempt to deal with the introduction of digital works. This Act incorporates two treaties from the year 1996. It criminalizes the attempt to circumvent measures which limit access to copyrighted materials. It also criminalizes the act of attempting to circumvent access control.[48] This act provides an exemption for nonprofit libraries and archives which allows up to three copies to be made, one of which may be digital. This may not be made public or distributed on the web, however. Further, it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes obsolete.[48]

Copyright issues persist. As such, proposals have been put forward suggesting that digital libraries be exempt from copyright law. Although this would be very beneficial to the public, it may have a negative economic effect and authors may be less inclined to create new works.[49]

Another issue that complicates matters is the desire of some publishing houses to restrict the use of digit materials such as e-books purchased by libraries. Whereas with printed books, the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated, publishers want to limit the number of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would need to repurchase that book. "[HarperCollins] began licensing use of each e-book copy for a maximum of 26 loans. This affects only the most popular titles and has no practical effect on others. After the limit is reached, the library can repurchase access rights at a lower cost than the original price."[50] While from a publishing perspective, this sounds like a good balance of library lending and protecting themselves from a feared decrease in book sales, libraries are not set up to monitor their collections as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital materials available to patrons and the desire of a digital library to become expanded to include best sellers, but publisher licensing may hinder the process.

### Recommendation systems

Many digital libraries offer recommender systems to reduce information overload and help their users discovering relevant literature. Some examples of digital libraries offering recommender systems are IEEE Xplore, Europeana, and GESIS Sowiport. The recommender systems work mostly based on content-based filtering but also other approaches are used such as collaborative filtering and citation-based recommendations.[51] Beel et al. report that there are more than 90 different recommendation approaches for digital libraries, presented in more than 200 research articles.[51]

Typically, digital libraries develop and maintain their own recommender systems based on existing search and recommendation frameworks such as Apache Lucene or Apache Mahout.

### Drawbacks of digital libraries

Digital libraries, or at least their digital collections, also have brought their own problems and challenges in areas such as:

* User authentication for access to collections
* Copyright
* Digital preservation (see § Digital preservation, above)
* Equity of access (see digital divide)
* Interface design
* Interoperability between systems and software
* Information organization
* Inefficient or non-existent taxonomy practices (especially with historical material)
* Training and development
* Quality of metadata
* Exorbitant cost of building/maintaining the terabytes of storage, servers, and redundancies necessary for a functional digital collection.[52]

There are many large scale digitisation projects that perpetuate these problems.

## Future development

Large scale digitization projects are underway at Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. In 2016, Google Books project received a court victory on proceeding with their book-scanning project that was halted by the Authors' Guild.[53] This helped open the road for libraries to work with Google to better reach patrons who are accustomed to computerized information.

According to Larry Lannom, Director of Information Management Technology at the nonprofit Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), "all the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving". He goes on to state, "If in 100 years people can still read your article, we'll have solved the problem." Daniel Akst, author of The Webster Chronicle, proposes that "the future of libraries—and of information—is digital". Peter Lyman and Hal Variant, information scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, estimate that "the world's total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of storage". Therefore, they believe that "soon it will be technologically possible for an average person to access virtually all recorded information".[54]

Digital archives are an evolving medium and they develop under various circumstances. Alongside large scale repositories, other digital archiving projects have also evolved in response to needs in research and research communication on various institutional levels. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, libraries and higher education institutions have launched digital archiving projects to document life during the pandemic, thus creating a digital, cultural record of collective memories from the period.[55] Researchers have also utilized digital archiving to create specialized research databases. These databases compile digital records for use on international and interdisciplinary levels. COVID CORPUS, launched in October 2020, is an example of such a database, built in response to scientific communication needs in light of the pandemic.[56] Beyond academia, digital collections have also recently been developed to appeal to a more general audience, as is the case with the Selected General Audience Content of the Internet-First University Press developed by Cornell University. This general-audience database contains specialized research information but is digitally organized for accessibility.[57] The establishment of these archives has facilitated specialized forms of digital recordkeeping to fulfill various niches in online, research-based communication.

## See also

* Anna's Archive
* Bibliographic database
* Content repository
* Digital Library Federation
* Digital Collections Selection Criteria
* Digitization
* D-Lib, magazine about digital libraries
* Full-text database
* List of digital library projects
* List of online educational resources
* Mobile library
* Panjab Digital Library
* Shadow library
* Traveling library
* Web archive
* Z-Library

## References

1. ↑ Witten, Ian H.; Bainbridge, David Nichols (2009). How to Build a Digital Library (2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufman. ISBN 9780080890395.
2. ↑ Lanagan, James; Smeaton, Alan F. (September 2012). "Video digital libraries: contributive and decentralized". International Journal on Digital Libraries 12 (4): 159–178. doi:10.1007/s00799-012-0078-z.
3. ↑ Lynch, Clifford (2005). "Where Do We Go From Here? The Next Decade for Digital Libraries" (in en). D-Lib Magazine 11 (7/8). doi:10.1045/july2005-lynch. ISSN 1082-9873. "This is a field with an incredibly rich, and, as yet, poorly chronicled pre-history and early history. There is a stream of work and ideas that reaches back to at least the turn of the 20th century, and includes such thinkers as H.G. Wells and Paul Otlet; later contributors to the pre-history of visions of new, technologically-enabled means of knowledge organization, access and distribution also include Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider.".
4. ↑ Stocker, Gerfried (1 January 2014). "Beyond Archives (or the Internet 100 years before the Internet)". in Magalhães, Ana Gonçalves; Beiguelman, Giselle (in en). Possible Futures: Art, Museums and Digital Archives. Editora Peirópolis LTDA. ISBN 9788575963548. https://books.google.com/books?id=b3aCCwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 30 April 2018. "Actually it was 1895 when Paul Otlet together with Henry La Fontaine, who was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, started a project – Mundaneum – that was initiated and driven by their idea that, if they would be able to collect all human knowledge and make it accessible to everybody worldwide, then this would bring about peace on Earth."
5. ↑ Schatz, Bruce (1997). "Information Retrieval in Digital Libraries: Bringing Search to the Net". Science 275 (5298): 327–334. doi:10.1126/science.275.5298.327. PMID 8994022.
6. ↑ Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). "As We May Think". The Atlantic Monthly: 101–108. http://web.mit.edu/STS.035/www/PDFs/think.pdf. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
7. ↑ Lancaster, F. W. (1980), ed. The Role of the Library in an Electronic Society. Proceedings of the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, April 1979, University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library Science.
8. ↑ Bourne, Charles P.; Hahn, Trudi Bellardo (2003) (in en). A History of Online Information Services, 1963–1976. MIT Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780262261753. https://books.google.com/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA170. Retrieved 30 April 2018. "1696 Milestone – DIALOG, with the ERIC database, provided the first instance of extensive availability of abstracts online for search output."
9. ↑ Wiederhold, Gio (1993). "Intelligent integration of information". ACM SIGMOD Record 22 (2): 434–437. doi:10.1145/170036.170118.
10. ↑ Besser, Howard (2004). "The Past, Present, and Future of Digital Libraries". in Schreibman, Susan; Siemens, Ray; Unsworth, John (in en). A Companion to Digital Humanities. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 557–575. doi:10.1002/9780470999875.ch36. ISBN 9781405103213. http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&chunk.id=ss1-5-6. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
11. ↑ Schatz, Bruce (1996). Chen, Hsinchun. ed. "Building large-scale digital libraries". IEEE Computer 29 (5): 22–25. doi:10.1109/2.493453. Bibcode: 1996Compr..29e..22S.
12. ↑ Candela, Leonardo; Castelli, Donatella; Pagano, Pasquale; Thanos, Constantino; Ioannidis, Yannis; Koutrika, Georgia; Ross, Seamus; Schek, Hans-Jörg et al. (2007). "Setting the Foundations of Digital Libraries". D-Lib Magazine 13 (3/4). ISSN 1082-9873. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march07/castelli/03castelli.html. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
13. ↑ L. Candela et al.: The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model: Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0.98, February 2008 (PDF). .
14. ↑ Gonçalves, Marcos André; Fox, Edward A.; Watson, Layne T.; Kipp, Neill A. (2004). "Streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies (5s): A formal model for digital libraries". ACM Transactions on Information Systems 22 (2): 270–312. doi:10.1145/984321.984325.
15. ↑ Isah, Abdulmumin; Serema, Batlang Comma; Mutshewa, Athulang; Kenosi, Lekoko (2013). "Digital Libraries: Analysis of Delos Reference Model and 5S Theory". Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice 1 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1633/JISTaP.2013.1.4.3.
16. ↑ Fox, Edward A. (1999). "The Digital Libraries Initiative: Update and Discussion". Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26 (1). ISSN 2373-9223. http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-99/fox.html. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
17. ↑ "digital libraries, electronic libraries and virtual libraries". http://www2.hawaii.edu/~chantiny/DigiLib.html.
18. ↑ Yi, Esther, Inside the Quest to Put the World's Libraries Online. The Atlantic. July 26, 2012. .
19. ↑ Castagné, Michel (2013). ﻿Institutional repository software comparison: DSpace, EPrints, Digital Commons, Islandora and Hydra﻿ (Report). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0075768. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/graduateresearch/42591/items/1.0075768. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
20. ↑ "What is legal deposit?". 17 February 2016. https://www.nla.gov.au/legal-deposit/what-is-legal-deposit.
21. ↑ "Legal deposit in Australia". 1 June 2019. https://www.nsla.org.au/legal-deposit-australasia.
22. ↑ "Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016". 12 February 2016. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016A00004.
23. ↑ Lemon, Barbara; Blinco, Kerry; Somes, Brendan (8 April 2020). "Building NED: Open Access to Australia's Digital Documentary Heritage". Publications 8 (2): 19. doi:10.3390/publications8020019. ISSN 2304-6775. "Special Issue 14th International Conference on Open Repositories 2019 – All The User Needs".
24. ↑ Pitti, D. and Duff, W. M. (2001). Introduction. In Pitti, D. and Duff, W. M., editors, Encoded Archival Description on the Internet, pages 1–6. The Haworth Press, Inc.
25. ↑ N. Ferro and G. Silvello. NESTOR: A Formal Model for Digital Archives. Information Processing & Management (IP&M), 49(6):1206–1240, 2013.
26. ↑ "Slash CAD model build times with new AI-driven part creation methodology | GlobalSpec". https://insights.globalspec.com/article/21167/slash-cad-model-build-times-with-new-ai-driven-part-creation-methodology.
27. ↑ "12 Best SketchUp Rendering Plugins and Software for 2023". 9 May 2023. https://cedreo.com/blog/sketchup-rendering-plugins/.
28. ↑ "7 of the Best Vector Sites for Graphic Designers". 21 March 2022. https://blog.spoongraphics.co.uk/articles/7-of-the-best-vector-sites-for-graphic-designers.
29. ↑ "Uncensored Library". https://www.uncensoredlibrary.com/en.
30. ↑ "Minecraft.net: Uncensored Library". https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/uncensored-library.
31. ↑ European Commission steps up efforts to put Europe's memory on the Web via a “European Digital Library”. Europa press release. 2 March 2006. .
32. ↑ Pomerantz, Jeffrey; Marchionini, Gary (2007). "The digital library as place". Journal of Documentation 63 (4): 505–533. doi:10.1108/00220410710758995.
33. ↑ Gert, Janet. "Selection for Preservation in the Digital Age". Library Resources & Technical Services 44(2) (2000):97–104.
34. ↑ Nisheva-Pavlova, Maria; Shukerov, Dicho; Pavlov, Pavel (2016). "Design and implementation of a social semantic digital library". Information Services & Use 35 (4): 273–284. doi:10.3233/ISU-150784. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2492/7d8c09bdb8e78ec82d071fc4115ae71e1172.pdf.
35. ↑ Koehler, Amy E. C. (2013). "Some Thoughts on the Meaning of Open Access for University Library Technical Services". Serials Review 32 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1080/00987913.2006.10765020.
36. ↑ Hinze, Annika, Dana McKay, Nicholas Vanderschantz, Claire Timpany, and Sally Jo Cunningham. "Book selection behavior in the physical library: implications for ebook collections." In Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 305-314. 2012.
37. ↑ Ross, Seamus (2006), "Approaching Digital Preservation Holistically", Information Management and Preservation, Oxford: Chandos Press, pp. 115–153, ISBN 978-1-84334-186-4, https://www.academia.edu/10844259
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Cain, Mark. "Managing Technology: Being a Library of Record in a Digital Age", Journal of Academic Librarianship 29:6 (2003).
39. ↑ Breeding, Marshall. "Preserving Digital Information". Information Today 19:5 (2002).
40. ↑ Ltaper, Thomas H. "Where Next? Long-Term Considerations for Digital Initiatives". Kentucky Libraries 65(2) (2001):12–18.
41. ↑ "Wider Net: About the e Granary". http://www.widernet.org/eGranary/about.
42. ↑ Committee on Institutional Cooperation: Partnership announced between CIC and Google, 6 June 2007, Retrieved 7. .
43. ↑ Van Le, Christopher, "Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act", Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 135.
44. ↑ Pymm, Bob. "Building Collections for All Time: The Issue of Significance". Australian Academic & Research Libraries 37(1) (2006):61–73.
45. ↑ Antique Books. .
46. ↑ Kelly, Kevin (2006-05-14). "Scan This Book!". New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
47. ↑ Hirtle, Peter B.,"Digital Preservation and Copyright". Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved October 24, 2011. .
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 United States Copyright Office, "The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U.S. Copyright Office Summary" 1998, 2. .
49. ↑ Van Le, Christopher, "Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act", Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 145.
50. ↑ Stross, Randall (6 March 2013). "For Libraries and Publishers, an E-Book Tug of War". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/business/for-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html?_r=0.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Beel, Joeran; Gipp, Bela; Lange, Stefan; Breitinger, Corinna (2015-07-26). "Research-paper recommender systems: a literature survey" (in en). International Journal on Digital Libraries 17 (4): 305–338. doi:10.1007/s00799-015-0156-0. ISSN 1432-5012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-311312.
52. ↑ Robinson, John D. (2015). "The dogs bark and the circus moves on". The Bottom Line 28 (1/2): 11–14. doi:10.1108/BL-01-2015-0002. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20105/1/JDR_the-dogs-bark-and-the-circus-moves-on.pdf.
53. ↑ "Fair Use Triumphs as US Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Google Book-Scanning Project". 2016-04-18. https://the-digital-reader.com/2016/04/18/supreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-google-book-scanning-project/.
54. ↑ Akst, D. (2003). "The Digital Library: Its Future Has Arrived". Carnegie Reporter, 2(3), 4–8.
55. ↑ Zulkey, Claire (2020-11-02). "Collecting Coronavirus Stories" (in en-US). https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/?p=119700.
56. ↑ Henderson, Emily (2020-10-14). "New research database can help shape the most effective and efficient response to COVID-19" (in en). https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201014/New-research-database-can-help-shape-the-most-effective-and-efficient-response-to-COVID-19.aspx.
57. ↑ "Digital repository breaks out general-audience collection" (in en). June 4, 2020. https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/06/digital-repository-breaks-out-general-audience-collection.

## Further reading

* Harvey, Ross; Weatherburn, Jaye (2018). Preserving Digital Materials (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538102985. https://books.google.com/books?id=QexLDwAAQBAJ.
* McCormack, Allison, and Rachel Wittmann. (2022) "Rarely Analyzed The Relationship Between Digital and Physical Rare Books Collections". Information technology and libraries 41.2; 1–13.
* Pomerantz, Jeffrey, and Gary Marchionini. 2007. "The Digital Library as Place". Journal of Documentation 63(4): 505–33.

## External links

| Scholia has a topic profile for Digital library.

|

* Ebooks Elibrary

* v
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* e

Computer science

Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.

Hardware|

* Printed circuit board
* Peripheral
* Integrated circuit
* Very Large Scale Integration
* Systems on Chip (SoCs)
* Energy consumption (Green computing)
* Electronic design automation
* Hardware acceleration

Computer systems
organization|

* Computer architecture
* Embedded system
* Real-time computing
* Dependability

Networks|

* Network architecture
* Network protocol
* Network components
* Network scheduler
* Network performance evaluation
* Network service

Software organization|

* Interpreter
* Middleware
* Virtual machine
* Operating system
* Software quality

Software notations
and tools|

* Programming paradigm
* Programming language
* Compiler
* Domain-specific language
* Modeling language
* Software framework
* Integrated development environment
* Software configuration management
* Software library
* Software repository

Software development|

* Software development process
* Requirements analysis
* Software design
* Software construction
* Software deployment
* Software maintenance
* Programming team
* Open-source model

Theory of computation|

* Model of computation
* Formal language
* Automata theory
* Computational complexity theory
* Logic
* Semantics

Algorithms|

* Algorithm design
* Analysis of algorithms
* Algorithmic efficiency
* Randomized algorithm
* Computational geometry

Mathematics
of computing|

* Discrete mathematics
* Probability
* Statistics
* Mathematical software
* Information theory
* Mathematical analysis
* Numerical analysis

Information
systems|

* Database management system
* Information storage systems
* Enterprise information system
* Social information systems
* Geographic information system
* Decision support system
* Process control system
* Multimedia information system
* Data mining
* Digital library
* Computing platform
* Digital marketing
* World Wide Web
* Information retrieval

Security|

* Cryptography
* Formal methods
* Security services
* Intrusion detection system
* Hardware security
* Network security
* Information security
* Application security

Human–computer
interaction|

* Interaction design
* Social computing
* Ubiquitous computing
* Visualization
* Accessibility

Concurrency|

* Concurrent computing
* Parallel computing
* Distributed computing
* Multithreading
* Multiprocessing

Artificial
intelligence|

* Natural language processing
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Computer vision
* Automated planning and scheduling
* Search methodology
* Control method
* Philosophy of artificial intelligence
* Distributed artificial intelligence

Machine learning|

* Supervised learning
* Unsupervised learning
* Reinforcement learning
* Multi-task learning
* Cross-validation

Graphics|

* Animation
* Rendering
* Image manipulation
* Graphics processing unit
* Mixed reality
* Virtual reality
* Image compression
* Solid modeling

Applied
computing|

* E-commerce
* Enterprise software
* Computational mathematics
* Computational physics
* Computational chemistry
* Computational biology
* Computational social science
* Computational engineering
* Computational healthcare
* Digital art
* Electronic publishing
* Cyberwarfare
* Electronic voting
* Video games
* Word processing
* Operations research
* Educational technology
* Document management

* Book
* Category
* Outline
* WikiProject
* Commons

* v
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Semantic Web

Background|

* Databases
* Hypertext
* Internet
* Ontologies
* Semantics
* Semantic networks
* World Wide Web

Sub-topics|

* Dataspaces
* Hyperdata
* Linked data
* Rule-based systems

Applications|

* Semantic analytics
* Semantic broker
* Semantic computing
* Semantic mapper
* Semantic matching
* Semantic publishing
* Semantic reasoner
* Semantic search
* Semantic service-oriented architecture
* Semantic wiki

Related topics|

* Collective intelligence
* Description logic
* Folksonomy
* Geotagging
* Information architecture
* Knowledge extraction
* Knowledge management
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Library 2.0
* Digital library
* Digital humanities
* Metadata
* References
* Topic map
* Web 2.0
* Web engineering
* Web Science Trust

Standards|

| Syntax and supporting technologies|

* HTTP
* IRI
* URI
* RDF
* triples
* RDF/XML
* JSON-LD
* Turtle
* TriG
* Notation3
* N-Triples
* TriX (no W3C standard)
* RRID
* SPARQL
* XML
* Semantic HTML

|

Schemas, ontologies and rules|

* Common Logic
* OWL
* RDFS
* Rule Interchange Format
* Semantic Web Rule Language
* ALPS
* SHACL

Semantic annotation|

* eRDF
* GRDDL
* Microdata
* Microformats
* RDFa
* SAWSDL
* Facebook Platform

Common vocabularies|

* DOAP
* Dublin Core
* FOAF
* Schema.org
* SIOC
* SKOS

Microformat vocabularies|

* hAtom
* hCalendar
* hCard
* hProduct
* hRecipe
* hResume
* hReview

* v
* t
* e

Digital humanities

* Computational archaeology
* Computers and writing
* Cultural analytics
* Cybertext
* Digital classics
* Digital history
* Digital library
* Digital Medievalist
* Digital rhetoric
* Digital scholarship
* Digital theology
* Digitization
* E-research
* Electronic literature
* Humanistic informatics
* New media
* Semantic Web
* Systems theory
* Text Encoding Initiative
* Transliteracy

* v
* t
* e

Software distribution platforms and content delivery networks

* App store
* Cloud gaming
* Digital library
* Online game store
* Package manager
* Software distribution
* Streaming media

Active|

| Personal
computer|

* Allmyapps
* Amazon Digital Game Store
* Battle.net
* Big Fish Games
* Chrome Web Store
* Digital River
* Direct2Drive
* Discord
* DMM.com
* DotEmu
* Epic Games Store
* GOG.com
* GameHouse
* GameShadow
* GamersGate
* Game Jolt
* GNOME Software
* Green Man Gaming
* Humble Store
* Mac Games Arcade
* itch.io
* Mac App Store
* MacUpdate
* Metaboli/GamesPlanet
* Microsoft Store
* MSN Games
* Origin
* Playism
* Pogo.com
* Pokki
* Steam
* Uplay
* WildTangent

|

Video game
consoles|

* GameFly
* Microsoft Store
* Nintendo eShop
* PlayStation Now
* PlayStation Store
* Xbox Store
* Xbox Live Arcade

Mobile|

* Amazon Appstore
* Apple App Store
* Aptoide
* BlackBerry World
* Cafe Bazaar
* Cydia
* F-Droid
* GamersGate
* GetJar
* Google Play
* Handango
* Microsoft Store
* Samsung Galaxy Store
* SlideME
* Opera Mobile Store

Arcade|

* ALL.Net
* NESiCAxLive
* E-Amusement

Discontinued|

* Club Nokia
* Desura
* GameAgent
* GameTap
* Games for Windows – Live
* Games for Windows Marketplace
* Impulse
* Intel AppUp
* Jumboplay
* Kazaa
* N-Gage
* Nokia Download!
* Nokia (Ovi) Store
* OnLive
* PlayNow Arena
* Stardock Central
* Triton
* Ubuntu Software Center
* Ubuntu App Store
* Vodafone live!
* Wii Shop Channel
* Windows Marketplace
* Windows Marketplace for Mobile
* Windows Phone Store
* Yahoo! Games
* Zune Marketplace

* v
* t
* e

Libraries and library science

Types of library|

* Academic
* Archive
* Branch
* Children's
* Christian
* Consortium
* Digital
* Hybrid
* Law
* Lending
* Map
* Medicine
* Mobile
* Music
* National
* Presidential
* Prison
* Private
* Public
* Carnegie
* Research
* School
* Learning Resource Centre
* Virtual
* Special collections
* Special library
* Subscription
* Traveling

Types of librarian|

* Distance education
* E-science
* Law
* Music
* Ensemble
* Periodicals/serials
* School
* Information professional
* Informationist
* Library and information scientist

Library science|

* Five laws
* Library and information science
* Education for librarianship
* Acquisitions
* Archival science
* Assessment
* Cataloging
* Circulation
* Classification
* Collection development
* Conservation
* Electronic resource management
* Information literacy
* Legal deposit
* Library history
* Library instruction
* Library management
* Library publishing
* Preservation
* Readers' advisory
* Reference
* Digital
* Roving
* Technical services

History|

* History of libraries
* History of library science

Lists|

* Libraries
* by country
* by size
* ancient
* destroyed
* medical
* national
* Library associations
* Library schools
* Librarians
* women
* fictional
* Archivists
* women

* Category:Libraries
* Category:Library science
* Commons
* Glossary
* Outline
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Music digital distribution platforms

* Digital library
* Music download
* Online music store

Active|

* 7digital
* 8tracks.com
* Bandcamp
* Bandit.fm
* Beatport
* Bleep.com
* Boomplay Music
* CD Baby
* Classical Archives
* Digitally Imported
* Ditto Music
* Djshop
* EmuBands
* eMusic
* Google Play Music
* HDtracks
* Hoopla
* Icecast
* iHeartRadio
* iTunes Store
* Jamendo
* Juno Records
* Last.fm
* Live365
* LiveXLive (Slacker)
* Magnatune
* Melon
* Mixcloud
* MOOV
* MusicStation
* Music Glue
* Nimbit
* NoiseTrade
* ONErpm
* OverDrive, Inc.
* Pandora
* Parcast
* Patari
* PayPlay.FM
* Radio.com
* Radical.fm
* Radionomy
* Rearts
* RockMyRun
* ROXI
* Sellaband
* Spinlet
* Spotify
* SoundCloud
* Shazam
* Twine
* WiMP

Discontinued|

* AllOfMP3
* Amie Street
* Aupeo
* BlackBerry World
* BuyMusic
* Electric Jukebox
* Fairsharemusic
* GhostTunes
* GoMusicNow
* Grooveshark
* Internet Underground Music Archive
* imeem
* iMesh
* Kazaa
* Mixcrate
* Mog
* MP3.com
* MSN Music
* Murfie
* Music Unlimited
* Nokia Store
* MixRadio
* Play.com
* PlayNow Arena
* Pono
* PressPlay
* Puretracks
* rara
* Simfy
* Sony Connect
* Spinner
* SpiralFrog
* Stardock Central
* Streamwaves
* Style Jukebox
* TuneTribe
* Ubetoo
* Wowloud
* Yahoo! Music Radio/LAUNCHcast
* Yahoo! Music Unlimited
* Zune Marketplace

* v
* t
* e

Online video platform and sharing platforms

* Digital library
* Streaming media
* Video on demand

Free|

* 56.com
* Aparat
* Apple TV
* AcFun
* afreecaTV
* Bilibili
* BitChute
* Break.com
* Brightcove
* Buzznet
* Chicken Pork Adobo
* Dailymotion
* Daum
* The Film Detective
* FilmOn
* Flickr
* Fotki
* Funny or Die
* Funshion
* GOG.com
* GyaO
* IMDb TV
* iQiyi
* Le
* LiveLeak
* Mango TV
* Medici.tv
* Metacafe
* Mixer
* Movies Anywhere
* NeuLion
* Niconico
* Noggin
* OverDrive, Inc.
* Pandora TV
* PeerTube
* PictureBox Films
* Pokémon TV
* Putlocker
* Rutube
* SchoolTube
* Showroom
* Smashcast.tv
* Sohu
* Spirit Show Network
* Starlight Networks
* Streamworks International
* Tank Top TV
* TeacherTube
* Teaching Channel
* Telly Inc.
* thePlatform
* Toggle
* Trilulilu
* Tudou
* Twitch
* VBOX7
* Vimeo
* Vudu
* V.QQ.com
* Wistia
* Xunlei Kankan
* Youku
* YouTube
* Zattoo

Rental|

* Amazon Prime Video
* FandangoNOW
* Google Play Movies & TV
* iTunes Store
* Microsoft Movies & TV
* Nintendo eShop
* PlayStation Store
* PlayStation Video
* Rakuten TV
* Vudu
* YouTube Movies & TV

Discontinued|

* Azubu
* BBC Store
* Blip
* CinemaNow
* Daisuki
* Fearnet
* FilmStruck
* Flixster
* Global Wrestling Network
* Google Video
* Hitbox.tv
* imeem
* iMesh
* Intel AppUp
* In2TV
* Joost
* Justin.tv
* Kazaa
* LoveFilm
* Megaupload
* MUZU.TV
* MyVideo
* Nintendo Channel
* Nintendo Video
* Nokia Store
* Openfilm
* PLUS7
* Presto
* Quickflix
* Redbox
* Revver
* Sony Connect
* Sony Entertainment Network
* Stage6
* Super Deluxe
* TalkTalk TV Store
* TouchVision
* Triton
* TroopTube
* Twango
* Ultraviolet
* Total Access Impact Wrestling
* Vdio
* Vessel
* Viddler
* Vidme
* Vine
* Vongo
* Warner Archive Instant
* WeShow
* Windows Media Center
* WWE Classics on Demand

* v
* t
* e

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage

Collection care
and management|

* Collecting
* Collection (artwork)
* Collections care
* Collection catalog
* Collections maintenance
* Collections management (museum)
* Collection Management Policy
* Collections management system
* Cultural heritage management
* Cultural resources management
* Deaccessioning (museum)
* Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
* Display case
* Documentation of cultural property
* Emergency response (museum)
* Exhibition of cultural heritage objects
* Found in collection
* Inherent vice
* Inventory (museum)
* Museum integrated pest management
* Preservation metadata
* Implementation Strategies
* Preservation of meaning
* Preservation survey
* Provenance
* Repatriation
* Restoration (cultural heritage)
* Storage of cultural heritage objects

Roles and
expertise|

* Art handler
* Collection manager
* Conservator-restorer
* Conservation scientist
* Conservation technician
* Curator
* Exhibition designer
* Mount maker
* Objects conservator
* Paintings conservator
* Photograph conservator
* Preservationist
* Registrar (museum)
* Textile conservator

Area specialities|

* Antiques restoration
* Archaeological science
* Archaeology
* Bioarchaeology
* Building restoration
* Conservation science
* Digital photograph restoration
* Digital preservation
* Database preservation
* Film preservation
* Frame conservation
* Heritage science
* Historic preservation
* Media preservation
* Object conservation
* Optical media preservation
* Painting conservation
* Preservation (library and archival science)
* Restoration
* Sustainable preservation
* Web archiving

Techniques|

* Aging (artwork)
* Anastylosis
* Arrested decay
* Architecture
* Cradling (paintings)
* Detachment of wall paintings
* Desmet method
* Historic paint analysis
* Imaging of cultural heritage
* Inpainting
* Kintsugi
* Leafcasting
* Lining of paintings
* Mass deacidification
* Mold control and prevention in libraries
* Overpainting
* Paper splitting
* Radiography of cultural objects
* Reconstruction (architecture)
* Rissverklebung
* Textile stabilization
* Transfer of panel paintings
* UVC-based preservation
* VisualAudio

Topics|

* Archaeological sites
* Ancient Greek pottery
* Automobiles
* Bone, horn, and antler objects
* Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
* Ceramic objects
* Clocks
* Copper-based objects
* Feathers
* Film
* Flags and banners
* Frescos
* Fur objects
* Glass objects
* Herbaria
* Historic gardens
* Human remains
* Illuminated manuscripts
* Insect specimens
* Iron and steel objects
* Ivory objects
* Judaica
* Lacquerware
* Leather objects
* Lighthouses
* Metals
* Musical instruments
* Neon objects
* New media art
* Outdoor artworks
* Outdoor bronze objects
* Outdoor murals
* Paintings
* Painting frames
* Panel paintings
* Papyrus
* Parchment
* Performance art
* Photographs
* Photographic plates
* Plastic objects
* Pompeian frescoes
* Shipwreck artifacts
* Silver objects
* South Asian household shrines
* Stained glass
* Taxidermy
* Textiles
* Tibetan thangkas
* Time-based media art
* Totem poles
* Vehicles
* Vinyl discs
* Woodblock prints
* Wooden artifacts
* Wooden furniture

Notable projects|

* Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
* Conservation-restoration of Ecce Homo by Elías García Martínez
* Conservation-restoration of The Gross Clinic by Thomas Eakins
* Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper
* Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
* Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
* Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
* Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley
* Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative

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