Eskimo Nebula

Short description: Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini

NGC 2392Emission nebula

Planetary nebula
File:250px

NGC 2392, the Eskimo Nebula by HST in 1999.
Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI

Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension|  07h 29m 10.7669s[1]
Declination| +20° 54′ 42.488″[1]
Distance| 6520±560[2] ly
Apparent magnitude (V)| 10.1[1]
Apparent dimensions (V)| 48″; × 48″;[3]
Constellation| Gemini
Physical characteristics
Radius| ≥0.34 ly[a] ly
Absolute magnitude (V)| ≤0.4[b]
Notable features| –
Designations| NGC 2392,[1] Caldwell 39, PN G197.8+17.3
Central Star: HIP 36369, HD 59088, TYC 1372-1287-1
See also: Lists of nebulae

The Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392), also known as the Clown Face Nebula, Lion Nebula,[4] or Caldwell 39, is a bipolar[5] double-shell[6] planetary nebula (PN). It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1787. The formation resembles a person's head surrounded by a parka hood. It is surrounded by gas that composed the outer layers of a Sun-like star. The visible inner filaments are ejected by a strong wind of particles from the central star. The outer disk contains unusual, light-year-long filaments.

NGC 2392 lies about 6500 light-years away, and is visible with a small telescope in the constellation of Gemini.

At the center of NGC 2392, there is an O-type star (designated HD 59088[7]) with a spectral type of O(H)6f.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Historic data
* 2 Naming controversy
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Historic data

The nebula was discovered by William Herschel on January 17, 1787, in Slough, England. He described it as "A star 9th magnitude with a pretty bright middle, nebulosity equally dispersed all around. A very remarkable phenomenon."[9] NGC 2392 WH IV-45 is included in the Astronomical League's Herschel 400 observing program.

On 9 January 1982 it was occulted by the Moon during a Total Lunar Eclipse (the January 1982 lunar eclipse) over Greenland, the Arctic, the extreme northeast of North America, the northern half of Europe, North and Northeast Asia. This event was seen by several observers in England. The occultation during total eclipse will happen again during the January 2066 lunar eclipse over the northern half of Asia and the Northwest Pacific.[10]: 158

## Naming controversy

Location of Eskimo Nebula in Gemini, just east of δ Geminorum (annotated as 2392)

On 11 August 2020, the IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED),{{citation needed|date=August 2020} ]] (CDS) discontinued use of three nicknames that were perceived as offensive – "Eskimo Nebula", "Clown Face Nebula", and "Clownface Nebula" – and strongly recommended the nebula be referred to by its NGC designation in further publications.[11][1]

## See also

* List of planetary nebulae
* New General Catalogue

## Notes

1. ^ Radius = distance × sin(angular size / 2) = ≥2900 ly * sin(48″ / 2) = ≥0.34 ly
2. ^ 10.1 apparent magnitude – 5 * (log10(≥880 pc distance) – 1) = ≤0.4 absolute magnitude

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "NGC 2392". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2392.
2. ↑ Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018b): Summary of the contents and survey properties
3. ↑ O'Dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J. et al. (2002). "Knots in Nearby Planetary Nebulae". The Astronomical Journal 123 (6): 3329–3347. doi:10.1086/340726. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.3329O.
4. ↑ Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects, 2nd Edition, Stephen James O'Meara, 2016, p.181
5. ↑ O'dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; Burkert, A. (2003). "Knots in Planetary Nebulae". in S. J. Arthur & W. J. Henney. Winds, Bubbles, and Explosions: a conference to honor John Dyson, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, September 9–13, 2002. 15. pp. 29–33. Bibcode: 2003RMxAC..15...29O. http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~rmaa/. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
6. ↑ Guerrero, M. A.; Chu, Y.-H.; Gruendl, R. A.; Meixner, M. (2005). "XMM-Newton detection of hot gas in the Eskimo Nebula: Shocked stellar wind or collimated outflows?". Astronomy and Astrophysics 430 (3): L69–L72. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400131. Bibcode: 2005A&A...430L..69G.
7. ↑ Handler, G. (2 January 1996). "Three New Variable Planetary Nebula Central Stars: M 2-54, M 4-18 and NGC 2392". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (Konkoly Observatory, Budapest: International Astronomical Union) 4283 (4283): 1. Bibcode: 1996IBVS.4283....1H.
8. ↑ González-Santamaría, I.; Manteiga, M.; Manchado, A.; Ulla, A.; Dafonte, C.; López Varela, P. (2021). "Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 656: A51. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141916. Bibcode: 2021A&A...656A..51G.
9. ↑ The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel by J. L. E. Dreyer, Royal Society, London 1912
10. ↑ Meeus, Jan (2002). "Occultations of deep-sky objects during a total lunar eclipse". More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 157–162. ISBN 0943396743. https://falakmu.id/khgt/dokumen/More mathematical astronomy morsels (Jean Meeus) (Z-Library).pdf. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
11. ↑ Talbert, Tricia (11 August 2020). "NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects.

## External links

*   * NGC 2392 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
* APOD (2003-12-07) – NGC 2392
* Clown Face Nebula Lowell Observatory
* The Structure & Evolution of the Eskimo Planetary Nebula University of Maryland Astronomy Department
* A Kinematic Determination of the Structure of the Double Ring Planetary Nebula NGC 2392, the Eskimo Astrophysical Journal v.362, p. 226 October 1990
* A Cat's Eye view of the Eskimo from Saturn Maria-Teresa Garc ́ıa-D ́ıaz, Jose-Alberto L ́opez, Wofgang Steffen, Michael G. Richer and Hortensia Riesgo, 2011

* v
* t
* e

Caldwell catalogue

List|

* C1
* C2
* C3
* C4
* C5
* C6
* C7
* C8
* C9
* C10
* C11
* C12
* C13
* C14
* C15
* C16
* C17
* C18
* C19
* C20
* C21
* C22
* C23
* C24
* C25
* C26
* C27
* C28
* C29
* C30
* C31
* C32
* C33
* C34
* C35
* C36
* C37
* C38
* C39
* C40
* C41
* C42
* C43
* C44
* C45
* C46
* C47
* C48
* C49
* C50
* C51
* C52
* C53
* C54
* C55
* C56
* C57
* C58
* C59
* C60
* C61
* C62
* C63
* C64
* C65
* C66
* C67
* C68
* C69
* C70
* C71
* C72
* C73
* C74
* C75
* C76
* C77
* C78
* C79
* C80
* C81
* C82
* C83
* C84
* C85
* C86
* C87
* C88
* C89
* C90
* C91
* C92
* C93
* C94
* C95
* C96
* C97
* C98
* C99
* C100
* C101
* C102
* C103
* C104
* C105
* C106
* C107
* C108
* C109

See also|

* Messier Catalogue
* Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars
* New General Catalogue
* Index Catalogue
* Revised New General Catalogue
* Herschel 400 Catalogue

* Caldwell catalogue
* Category:Caldwell objects Astronomy
* Commons:Caldwell objects

Template:NGC objects:2000-2499

* v
* t
* e

Gemini constellation

Stars
(list)|

| Bayer|

* α (Castor)
* β (Pollux)
* γ (Alhena)
* δ (Wasat)
* ε (Mebsuta)
* ζ (Mekbuda)
* η (Propus)
* θ
* ι
* κ
* λ
* μ (Tejat)
* ν
* ξ (Alzirr)
* ο (Jishui)
* π
* ρ
* σ
* τ
* υ
* φ
* χ
* ω

|

Flamsteed|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 19
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 25
* 26
* 28
* 30
* 32
* 33
* 35
* 36 (d)
* 37
* 38 (e)
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 44
* 45
* 47
* 48
* 49
* 51
* 52
* 53
* 56
* 57 (A)
* 58
* 59
* 61
* 63
* 64 (b1)
* 65 (b)
* 67
* 68
* 70
* 74 (f)
* 76 (c)
* 79
* 81 (g)
* 82
* 84
* 85
* 141 Tau

Variable|

* R
* U
* W
* RR
* RW
* RX
* RY
* SS
* TU
* TV
* WY
* ZZ
* AD
* AF
* AL
* AW
* BG
* BM
* BN
* CR
* DM
* DN
* DX
* IR
* IS
* NP
* NQ
* NZ
* OT
* OU
* OY
* PQ
* PS
* PZ
* V345

HR|

* 2111
* 2169
* 2277
* 2304
* 2340
* 2366
* 2391
* 2417
* 2436
* 2439
* 2449
* 2457
* 2499
* 2533
* 2586
* 2597
* 2632
* 2635
* 2643
* 2649
* 2651
* 2660
* 2665
* 2669
* 2673
* 2692
* 2757
* 2780
* 2858
* 2877
* 2896
* 2926
* 2931
* 2936
* 2951
* 2953
* 2962
* 2965
* 2978
* 3030
* 3040
* 3053

HD|

* 44780
* 45314
* 50554
* 54986
* 56176
* 58898

Gliese|

* Gliese 232
* Gliese 251
* GJ 1093

Other|

* BD+20°1790
* CXOU J061705.3+222127
* Geminga
* HAT-P-20
* HAT-P-24
* HAT-P-33
* HAT-P-39
* LB-1
* 2MASS 0727+1710
* 2MASSW J0746425+200032
* PSR B0611+22
* PSR B0656+14
* PSR J0751+1807
* WD J0651+2844
* WISEP J060738.65+242953.4

Star clusters|

| Association|

* Gemini OB1

|

Open|

* IC 2157
* Messier 35
* NGC 2129
* NGC 2158
* NGC 2224
* NGC 2234
* NGC 2248
* NGC 2265
* NGC 2266
* NGC 2304
* NGC 2331
* NGC 2355
* NGC 2356
* NGC 2395
* NGC 2420

Globular|

* Koposov II

Nebulae|

| HII|

* Sh2-247

|

Planetary|

* Eskimo Nebula
* Medusa Nebula
* NGC 2371-2

Reflection|

* IC 444

SNR|

* IC 443

Galaxies|

| NGC|

* 2274
* 2275
* 2288
* 2289
* 2290
* 2291
* 2294
* 2333
* 2339
* 2341
* 2342
* 2357
* 2365
* 2370
* 2373
* 2375
* 2376
* 2379
* 2385
* 2388
* 2389
* 2393
* 2398
* 2405
* 2406
* 2407
* 2410
* 2411
* 2418
* 2435
* 2449
* 2450
* 2454
* 2480
* 2481
* 2486
* 2487
* 2490
* 2492
* 2498

|

Other|

* 1ES 0647+250
* IC 2196

Coordinates:  07h 29m 10.7669s, +20° 54′ 42.488″

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