List of spaceplanes

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A spaceplane incorporates aspects of both aeroplanes and spacecraft. Most concepts were only capable of sub-orbital spaceflight.

Type | Country | Class | Role | Date | Status | No. | Notes

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ASSET | USA | Rocket launch | Experimental | 1963 | Prototype |  | Uncrewed reentry test vehicle.
Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar | USA | Rocket launch | Experimental | 1963 | Project |  | Crewed
Boeing X-37 | USA | Rocket launch | Utility | 2010 | Prototype |  | Robotic orbiter operated by the United States Armed Forces.
BOR-4 | USSR | Rocket launch | Experimental | 1982 | Prototype |  | Uncrewed reentry test vehicle.
Buran Shuttle | USSR | Rocket launch | Utility | 1988 | Prototype |  | Crewed orbiter, launched by the Energia rocket. Only one robotic flight was made.
Dawn Aerospace Mk.2 | The Netherlands / New Zealand | Suborbital rocket launch | Experimental | 2020 | Prototype |  | Uncrewed suborbital space plane. Horizontal takeoff and landing.
Dream Chaser | USA | Rocket launch | Utility | 2004 | Project |  | Uncrewed orbiter, originally intended as a crew vehicle. Launched by a Vulcan Centaur rocket.
HOTOL | UK | SSTO | Utility | 1988 | Project | 0 | Airbreathing rocket engine.
Interim HOTOL | UK | Air launch | Utility | 1991 | Project | 0 | Launched from the Antonov An-225 Mriya, the Buran air lift carrier aircraft.
Martin X-23 PRIME | USA | Rocket launch | Experimental | 1966 | Prototype |  | Uncrewed atmospheric re-entry test vehicle
North American X-15 | USA | Air launch | Experimental | 1959 | Prototype | 3 | Air-dropped from a Boeing B-52.
Sanger Silbervogel | Germany | Composite | Bomber | 1944 | Project | 0 | Sub-orbital. Mockup and wind tunnel models only.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne | USA | Composite | Transport | 2004 | Prototype | 1 | First civilian-funded reusable spacecraft, lifted by White Knight to about 14 km
Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo | USA | Composite | Transport | 2010 | Prototype | 2 | For Virgin Galactic commercial testing.
Skylon | UK | SSTO | Utility | 1993 | Project |  | Continuation of cancelled HOTOL.
Space Rider | ESA | Lifting body | Experimental | 2021 | Project |  | Robotic, orbital
Space Shuttle | USA | Rocket launch | Utility | 1981 | Retired | 4–8 | Crewed orbiter.
XCOR Lynx (formerly Xerus) | USA | Suborbital | Experimental | 2008 | Project | 0 | Horizontal takeoff and landing.

## See also

* Lists of spacecraft
* List of space launch system designs
* Mother ship

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Spaceplanes

Canada|

| Canceled|

* Wild Fire

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China|

| Canceled|

* Project 921-3

|

In development|

* Shenlong

Europe|

| Canceled|

* Hermes
* Hopper

|

Historical|

* IXV

In development|

* Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane
* Space Rider

France|

| Canceled|

* ARES
* Astrobus

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Germany|

| Canceled|

* Daimler-Chrysler Aerospace RLV
* Sänger-Bredt RaBo
* MBB Raumtransporter-8
* MBB Sänger II
* MBB Deutsche Aerospace HORUS
* Falke
* Silbervogel

|

In development|

* SpaceLiner

India|

| Canceled|

* AVATAR

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In development|

* RLV-TD
* Hypersonic Flight Experiment

Japan|

| Historical|

* HYFLEX/OREX/ALFLEX

|

Canceled|

* Yamato
* HIMES
* HOPE-X

In development|

* WIRES

Romania|

| Canceled|

* Orizont

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Russia|

| Canceled|

* Explorer
* Kliper
* MAKS (Molniya)
* RAKS (Tu-444/2000)

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Soviet Union|

| Historical|

* Buran (programme)
* BOR-4
* BOR-5

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Canceled|

* Keldysh bomber
* Lapotok
* Zvezda (Tu-136/139)
* Kosmolyot (LKS)
* Uragan
* Spiral

Switzerland|

| Cancelled|

* S3 SOAR

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United Kingdom|

| Canceled|

* Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab
* HOTOL
* HOTOL-2
* MUSTARD

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In development|

* Skylon

United States|

| Active|

* Boeing X-37 (tech dem)

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Historical|

* North American X-15
* ASSET
* Martin X-23 PRIME
* SpaceShipOne
* Space Shuttle (program, Shuttle–Mir Program)

Canceled|

* Chrysler SERV
* DARPA Falcon Project
* Martin Marietta Spacemaster
* X-20 Dyna-Soar
* Orbital Sciences X-34
* Rockwell X-30 (NASP)
* NASA X-43
* Silver Dart
* HL-20
* HL-42
* Rocketplane XP
* VentureStar
* Black Horse
* NASA X-38 (Spacewedge)
* XCOR Lynx
* Xerus
* Prometheus
* SpaceShipThree

In development|

* Dream Chaser
* SpaceShipTwo
* DARPA XS-1

Black projects|

* Blackstar
* TR-3A Black Manta
* TAW-50
* X-41 Common Aero Vehicle
* Aurora aircraft
* Military flying saucers

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Non-rocket spacelaunch

Spaceflight

Static structures|

| Compressive|

* Space tower
* Pneumatic freestanding tower

|

Tensile|

| Orbiting skyhooks|

* Skyhook
* Momentum exchange tether

|

Space elevators|

Space elevator

Dynamic structures|

* Space fountain
* Orbital ring
* Launch loop
* Endo-atmospheric tether

Projectile launchers|

| Electrical|

* Coilgun
* Mass driver
* Railgun
* StarTram

|

Chemical|

* Space gun
* Blast wave accelerator
* Ram accelerator

Mechanical|

* Slingatron

Reaction drives|

* Air launch
* Spaceplanes
* Laser propulsion
* Beam-powered propulsion

Buoyant lifting|

* Balloon
* Buoyant space port
* High-altitude platform

See also
Rocket sled launch
Megascale engineering

* Category

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Emerging technologies

Fields|

| Agriculture|

* Agricultural robot
* Cellular agriculture
* Closed ecological systems
* Cultured meat
* Genetically modified food
* Precision agriculture
* Vertical farming

|

Architecture|

* Arcology
* Building printing
* Contour crafting
* Domed city

Biomedical|

* Artificial uterus
* Ampakine
* Brain transplant
* Cryonics
* Cryoprotectant
* Cryopreservation
* Vitrification
* Suspended animation
* De-extinction
* Genetic engineering
* Gene therapy
* Head transplant
* Isolated brain
* Life extension
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
* Nanomedicine
* Nanosensors
* Organ printing
* Personalized medicine
* Regenerative medicine
* Stem-cell therapy
* Tissue engineering
* Robot-assisted surgery
* Synthetic biology
* Synthetic genomics
* Virotherapy
* Oncolytic virus
* Tricorder
* Whole genome sequencing

Displays|

| Next generation|

* FED
* FLCD
* iMoD
* Laser
* LPD
* OLED
* OLET
* QD-LED
* SED
* TPD
* TDEL
* TMOS
* MicroLED

|

Screenless|

* Bionic contact lens
* Head-mounted display
* Head-up display
* Optical head-mounted display
* Virtual retinal display

Other|

* Autostereoscopy
* Flexible display
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Multi-primary color display
* Ultra HD
* Volumetric display

Electronics|

* Electronic nose
* E-textiles
* Flexible electronics
* Molecular electronics
* Nanoelectromechanical systems
* Memristor
* Spintronics
* Thermal copper pillar bump
* Twistronics

Energy|

| Production|

* Airborne wind turbine
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Biofuels
* Carbon-neutral fuel
* Concentrated solar power
* Fusion power
* Home fuel cell
* Hydrogen economy
* Methanol economy
* Molten salt reactor
* Nantenna
* Photovoltaic pavement
* Space-based solar power
* Vortex engine

|

Storage|

* Beltway battery
* Compressed air energy storage
* Flywheel energy storage
* Grid energy storage
* Lithium–air battery
* Molten-salt battery
* Nanowire battery
* Research in lithium-ion batteries
* Silicon–air battery
* Thermal energy storage
* Ultracapacitor

Other|

* Smart grid
* Wireless power

Information and
communications

* Ambient intelligence
* Internet of things
* Artificial intelligence
* Applications of artificial intelligence
* Progress in artificial intelligence
* Machine translation
* Mobile translation
* Machine vision
* Semantic Web
* Speech recognition
* Atomtronics
* Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
* Cybermethodology
* Fourth-generation optical discs
* 3D optical data storage
* Holographic data storage
* GPGPU
* Memory
* CBRAM
* FRAM
* Millipede
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* Racetrack memory
* RRAM
* SONOS
* Optical computing
* RFID
* Chipless RFID
* Software-defined radio
* Three-dimensional integrated circuit

Manufacturing|

* 3D printing
* Claytronics
* Molecular assembler
* Utility fog

Materials science|

* Aerogel
* Amorphous metal
* Artificial muscle
* Conductive polymer
* Femtotechnology
* Fullerene
* Graphene
* High-temperature superconductivity
* High-temperature superfluidity
* Linear acetylenic carbon
* Metamaterials
* Metamaterial cloaking
* Metal foam
* Multi-function structures
* Nanotechnology
* Carbon nanotubes
* Molecular nanotechnology
* Nanomaterials
* Picotechnology
* Programmable matter
* Quantum dots
* Silicene
* Superalloy
* Synthetic diamond

Military|

* Antimatter weapon
* Caseless ammunition
* Directed-energy weapon
* Laser
* Maser
* Particle-beam weapon
* Sonic weapon
* Coilgun
* Railgun
* Plasma weapon
* Pure fusion weapon
* Stealth technology
* Vortex ring gun

Neuroscience|

* Artificial brain
* Brain–computer interface
* Electroencephalography
* Mind uploading
* Brain-reading
* Neuroinformatics
* Neuroprosthetics
* Bionic eye
* Brain implant
* Exocortex
* Retinal implant

Quantum|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum bus
* Quantum channel
* Quantum circuit
* Quantum complexity theory
* Quantum computing
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum logic
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensing
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation

Robotics|

* Domotics
* Nanorobotics
* Powered exoskeleton
* Self-reconfiguring modular robot
* Swarm robotics
* Uncrewed vehicle

Space science|

| Launch|

* Fusion rocket
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Mass driver
* Orbital ring
* Skyhook
* Space elevator
* Space fountain
* Space tether
* Reusable launch system

|

Propulsion|

* Beam-powered propulsion
* Ion thruster
* Laser propulsion
* Plasma propulsion engine
* Helicon thruster
* VASIMR
* Nuclear pulse propulsion
* Solar sail

Other|

* Interstellar travel
* Propellant depot
* Laser communication in space

Transport|

| Aerial|

* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car
* High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

|

Land|

* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hydrogen vehicle
* Driverless car
* Ground effect train
* Hyperloop
* Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Transit Elevated Bus
* Vactrain
* Vehicular communication systems

Pipeline|

* Pneumatic transport
* Automated vacuum collection

Other|

* Anti-gravity
* Cloak of invisibility
* Digital scent technology
* Force field
* Plasma window
* Immersive virtual reality
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Phased-array optics

Topics|

* Collingridge dilemma
* Differential technological development
* Disruptive Innovation
* Ephemeralization
* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Proactionary principle
* Technological change
* Technological unemployment
* Technological convergence
* Technological evolution
* Technological paradigm
* Technology forecasting
* Accelerating change
* Moore's law
* Technological singularity
* Technology scouting
* Technology readiness level
* Technology roadmap
* Transhumanism

* Category
* List

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Spaceflight

General|

* Astrodynamics
* History
* Timeline
* Space Race
* Asian Space Race
* Records
* Accidents and incidents
* Space policy
* Australia
* China
* European Union
* India
* Japan
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* United States
* Space law
* Outer Space Treaty
* Rescue Agreement
* Space Liability Convention
* Registration Convention
* Moon Treaty
* Private spaceflight

Applications|

* Astronomy
* Earth observation
* Archaeology
* Imagery and mapping
* Reconnaissance
* Weather and environment monitoring
* Satellite communications
* Internet
* Radio
* Telephone
* Television
* Satellite navigation
* Commercial use of space
* Space launch market competition
* Militarisation of space
* Space architecture
* Space exploration
* Space research
* Space technology
* Space weather

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Astronaut
* commercial
* Life support system
* Animals in space
* Bioastronautics
* Space suit
* Extravehicular activity
* Weightlessness
* Space toilet
* Space tourism
* Space colonization

|

Programs|

* Vostok
* Mercury
* Voskhod
* Gemini
* Soyuz
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Apollo–Soyuz
* Space Shuttle
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir
* International Space Station
* Shenzhou
* Tiangong

Health issues|

* Effect of spaceflight on the human body
* Space adaptation syndrome
* Health threat from cosmic rays
* Space psychology
* Psychological and sociological effects
* Space and survival
* Space medicine
* Space nursing

Spacecraft|

* Launch vehicle
* Rocket
* Spaceplane
* Robotic spacecraft
* Satellite
* Space probe
* Lander
* Rover
* Self-replicating spacecraft
* Space telescope
* Spacecraft propulsion
* Rocket engine
* Electric propulsion
* Solar sail
* Gravity assist

Destinations|

* Sub-orbital
* Orbital
* Geocentric
* Geosynchronous
* Interplanetary
* Interstellar
* Intergalactic

Space launch|

* Direct ascent
* Escape velocity
* Expendable and reusable launch systems
* Launch pad
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Spaceport

Ground segment|

* Flight controller
* Ground station
* Pass
* Mission control center

Space agencies|

* CoNAE
* ASA
* AEB
* CSA
* CNSA
* ESA
* CNES
* DLR
* ISRO
* LAPAN
* ISA
* ISA
* ASI
* AEM
* JAXA
* NADA
* KARI
* SUPARCO
* Roscosmos
* SNSA
* SSAU
* UKSA
* NASA

* Category
* Portal
* WikiProject

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