Right-wing dictatorship

Short description: Authoritarian regime

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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship is an authoritarian or totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by anti-communism, appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order, and nationalism. They justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo.

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship
* 1.1 Military dictatorship
* 1.2 Religion and the government
* 2 Ideological alignment
* 3 Right-wing dictatorships by region
* 3.1 Europe
* 3.2 Asia
* 3.3 Latin America and the Caribbean
* 3.4 Africa
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 Bibliography

## Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

### Military dictatorship

Main article: Social:Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there. Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

### Religion and the government

Main article: Social:Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Jozef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[1]

## Ideological alignment

Many right-wing dictatorships have opposed communism. Examples include Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, Indonesia's New Order regime by Suharto, Cuba under Fulgencio Batista, in South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War.[2]

Some right-wing dicatorships align with anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

## Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by various sources and definitions will be presented below:

### Europe

See also: Social:European interwar dictatorships

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Albania |

* Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
* Template:Country data Albanian KingdomAlbanian Kingdom

* Conservative Party
* House of Zogu

* 1925–1928
* 1928–1939

| Ahmed Zogu / Zog I[4]
Austria |

* First Austrian Republic
* Template:Country data Federal State of AustriaFederal State of Austria

| Fatherland Front |

* 1932–1934
* 1934–1938

* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Kurt Schuschnigg

Bulgaria | Kingdom of Bulgaria |

* Democratic Alliance
* Zveno[5]
* House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry

* 1923–1926
* 1934–1935
* 1935–1943

* Aleksandar Tsankov[6]
* Kimon Georgiev
* Boris III[7][8]

Estonia | Republic of Estonia[9] | Patriotic League | 1934–1940 | Konstantin Päts
France | French State[10][11][12] | Révolution nationale | 1940–1944 |

* Philippe Pétain[13][14][10]
* Philippe Pétain with Pierre Laval (after 1942)[10]

Germany |

* German Empire
* German Reich

[need quotation to verify][15][16][17] |

* Military
* National Socialist German Workers' Party

[18][19] |

* 1916–1918
* 1933–1945

* Wilhelm II, Erich Ludendorff
* Adolf Hitler

[20][21]
Greece |

* Template:Country data Second Hellenic RepublicSecond Hellenic Republic
* Kingdom of Greece
* Kingdom of Greece

* Military
* 4th of August Regime[22][23]
* Regime of the Colonels[24]

* 1925–1926
* 1936–1941
* 1967–1974

* Theodoros Pangalos[25]
* Ioannis Metaxas[26]
* Georgios Tsolakoglou,[27] Konstantinos Logothetopoulos,[28] Ioannis Rallis[29]
* Georgios Papadopoulos[30]

Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary | Unity Party  | 1920–1944  | Miklós Horthy[31]
Italy | Template:Country data Fascist Italy (1922–1943)Kingdom of Italy[32][33] | National Fascist Party[34][35] | 1922–1943 | Benito Mussolini[36][37]
Latvia | Republic of Latvia | Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) al|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm|title=The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932–1934|first=Janis|last=Rogainis|journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|volume=17|issue=3|date=Fall 1971|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094833/http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania[38] | Lithuanian Nationalist Union[39] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[40][41]
Ottoman Empire |

* Sublime Ottoman State
* Sublime Ottoman State

* House of Osman
* Committee of Union and Progress[citation needed]

* 1878–1908
* 1913–1918

* Abdul Hamid II[citation needed]
* The Three Pashas

Poland | Republic of Poland[42] [43][44][45] |

* Military with Sanation (BBWR)
* Military with Sanation (Camp of National Unity)

* 1926/1930[46]–1935
* 1935–1939

[47] |

* Józef Piłsudski[46][44]
* The "Colonels"[47][44][48]

Roman Republic |  Roman Republic | Optimates  | 82–79 BC  | Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix
Russia |

* Russian State
* Russian Federation

* White movement[49]
* United Russia/All-Russia People's Front[50]

* 1918–1920
* 1999–present

* Alexander Kolchak[51]
* Vladimir Putin[52][53]

Template:RSM | Republic of San Marino[54] | Sammarinese Fascist Party | 1918–1943 | Giuliano Gozi
Ukraine | Template:Country data Ukrainian State Ukrainian State[55] | Ukrainian People's Hromada  | 1918  | Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia[56] |

* Yugoslav National Party
* Yugoslav Radical Union[57]

* 1929–1934
* 1934–1941

* Alexander I[58]
* Milan Stojadinović,[59] Dragiša Cvetković

### Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[60] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States. Contemporarily, some scholars and journalists have described China's neoauthoritarianism as right-wing,[61] and the regime is widely regarded as socially conservative and nationalist.[62][63][64] However, whether the Chinese government today can be classified as right wing is still a highly contested topic among scholars, with some argue that right and left label does not fit neatly in the context of China.[65]

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships

This table possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Afghanistan |  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Taliban |

* 1996–2001
* 2021–present

* Mullah Omar
* Hibatullah Akhundzada

[66][67][68][69][70]
Azerbaijan |  Republic of Azerbaijan | New Azerbaijan Party |

* 1993–2003
* 2003–present

* Heydar Aliyev
* Ilham Aliyev

[71][72][73][74][75]
Bangladesh |  People's Republic of Bangladesh |

* Military[76][77] with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[78]
* Military[79] with the Jatiya Party

[80] |

* 1977–1981
* 1982–1990

* Ziaur Rahman
* Hussain Muhammad Ershad[81]

Cambodia |

* Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)
* Khmer Republic
* Kingdom of Cambodia

* Sangkum[82][83]
* Social Republican Party
* Cambodian People's Party

* 1955–1970
* 1970–1975
* 1998–present

* Norodom Sihanouk
* Lon Nol
* Hun Sen, Hun Manet[84]

China |  Empire of China[85] | Military | 1915–1916 | Yuan Shikai
Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | EOKA B[86] | 1974 | Nikos Sampson[87]
Template:Country data GazaGaza Strip |  Hamas government in Gaza[88] | Hamas |

* 2007–2017
* 2017–2024
* 2025
* 2025–2026
* 2026

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Mohammed Sinwar
* Izz al-Din al-Haddad
* Mohammed Odeh

Georgia |  Georgia[89] | Georgian Dream | 2025–present | Bidzina Ivanishvili with Irakli Kobakhidze
Indonesia |  Republic of Indonesia |

* New Order under Golkar[90][91]

● Gerindra |

* 1966–1998

● 2024-Present  |

* Suharto[92][93][94]

● Prabowo Subianto
Iran |

* Imperial State of Iran
* Islamic Republic of Iran

[95][96] |

* Military with the Iran Novin Party
* Military with the Rastakhiz Party
* Military
* Islamic Republican Party
* Traditional Right
* Principlists
* Principlists and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [97]

* 1953–1963
* 1963–1975
* 1975–1978
* 1979
* 1979–1989
* 1989–2026
* 2026–Present

* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Ali Khamenei
* Mojtaba Khamenei

Iraq  |

* Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
* Republic of Iraq

* Golden square with the Party of National Brotherhood
* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

* 1941
* 1979–2003

* Rashid Ali al-Gaylani[98]
* Saddam Hussein[99]

Kazakhstan |  Republic of Kazakhstan[100][101][102] | Amanat | 1999–2019 | Nursultan Nazarbayev
South Korea |

* Republic of Korea[103]
* Republic of Korea[104]
* Republic of Korea
* Republic of Korea[105]
* Republic of Korea

* Liberal Party[106]
* Military
* Democratic Republican Party[107]
* Democratic Republican Party
* Democratic Justice Party[108]

* 1948–1960
* 1961–1963
* 1963–1972
* 1972–1979
* 1980–1987

* Syngman Rhee[109]
* Park Chung Hee[110]
* Park Chung-hee[111]
* Park Chung-hee[105]
* Chun Doo-hwan[112]

Laos |  Kingdom of Laos[113] | Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests  |

* 1959–1960
* 1960
* 1960–1962

* Phoumi Nosavan
* Kong Le
* Phoumi Nosavan

Malaysia |  Malaysia[114][115] | UMNO | 1981–2003 | Mahathir Mohamad
Manchuria, China |  Manchukuo | Concordia Association[116][117] | 1932–1945 | Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
Myanmar |

* State of Burma
* Union of Myanmar
* Republic of the Union of Myanmar

* Military[118]
* Military[119] with the Union Solidarity and Development Association
* Military

* 1943–1944
* 1962– 1988
* 1988–2010
* 2021–present

* Ba Maw
* Than Shwe[120]
* Min Aung Hlaing

Pakistan | Template:Country data Islamic Republic of Pakistan |

* Military[121] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military[122][123] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military with the Pakistan Muslim League

* 1958–1971
* 1977–1988
* 1999–2008

* Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
* Pervez Musharraf

Philippines |

* Template:Country data First Philippine Republic Dictatorial Government
* Template:Country data Second Philippine Republic
* Republic of the Philippines

* Military
* Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas[124]
* Kilusang Bagong Lipunan[125][126]

* 1898
* 1943–1945
* 1972–1986

* Emilio Aguinaldo[citation needed]
* Jose P. Laurel
* Ferdinand Marcos[127][128]

Singapore |  Republic of Singapore[129] | People's Action Party  | 1965–1990 | Lee Kuan Yew
Syria |  Syrian Republic[130][131] | Military with the Arab Liberation Movement | 1951–1954  | Adib Shishakli
Tajikistan |  Republic of Tajikistan | People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan | 1994–present | Emomali Rahmon[132][133][134]
Thailand |  Kingdom of Thailand[135][136] |

* People's Party
* Seri Manangkhasila Party
* National Socialist Party
* United Thai People's Party
* Military with the National Council for Peace and Order and United Thai Nation Party

* 1933–1938
* 1938 – 1957
* 1959–1963
* 1963–1973
* 2014–2023

* Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
* Plaek Phibunsongkhram
* Sarit Thanarat
* Thanom Kittikachorn
* Prayut Chan-o-cha

Turkey |

* Republic of Turkey
* Republic of Turkey

* Military[137]
* Justice and Development Party[138][139][140]

* 1980–1983
* 2016–present

* General Kenan Evren[141]
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[142][143][144][145]

Turkmenistan |  Turkmenistan[146] | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan |

* 1991–2006
* 2006–2022
* 2022–2023
* 2023–present

* Saparmyrat Nyýazow
* Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

[147]
Uzbekistan |  Republic of Uzbekistan[148][149][150] | Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party |

* 1991–2016
* 2016–present

* Islam Karimov
* Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Southern Vietnam |  Republic of Vietnam[151][152][153] |

* Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party
* Military
* Military
* Military
* National Social Democratic Front

* 1956–1963
* 1963–1964
* 1964
* 1965–1967
* 1967–1975

* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Dương Văn Minh
* Nguyễn Khánh
* Dương Văn Minh
* Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

### Latin America and the Caribbean

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[154] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many of the right-wing dictatorships that existed in South America started a campaign of political repression known as Operation Condor which involved intelligence operations, coups, and assassinations of left-wing sympathizers in South America. Operation Condor formally existed from 1975 to 1983 and it was supported by the United States.

List of Latin American and Caribbean right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Northern Argentina | Template:Country data Argentine Confederation Argentine Confederation[155] | Military with the Federalist Party |

* 1829–1832
* 1835–1852

| Juan Manuel de Rosas
Argentina |

* Argentine Republic[156]
* Argentine Republic
* Argentine Republic[157]
* Argentine Republic

[158][159][160][161][162] |

* Military with the Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* Concordanica
* Concordanica
* Concordanica
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military

* 1930–1932
* 1932–1938
* 1938–1942
* 1940–1942
* 1943
* 1943–1944
* 1944–1946
* 1955–1958
* 1966–1970
* 1970–1971
* 1971–1973
* 1976–1981
* 1981
* 1981–1982
* 1982–1983

* José Félix Uriburu
* Agustín Pedro Justo
* Roberto María Ortiz
* Ramón Castillo
* Arturo Rawson
* Pedro Pablo Ramírez
* Edelmiro Julián Farrell
* Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
* Juan Carlos Onganía
* Roberto Marcelo Levingston
* Alejandro Agustín Lanusse
* Jorge Rafael Videla
* Roberto Eduardo Viola
* Leopoldo Galtieri
* Reynaldo Bignone

Bolivia |

* Republic of Bolivia
* Republic of Bolivia

[163][164][165][166][167] |

* Military with the Popular Christian Movement
* Military
* Military with the Nationalist Union of the People
* Military
* Military
* Military

* 1966–1969
* 1971–1978
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980–1981
* 1981–1982

* René Barrientos
* Hugo Banzer
* Juan Pereda[168]
* Alberto Natusch[169]
* Luis García Meza
* Celso Torrelio[170]

Brazil |

* Republic of the United States of Brazil
* Republic of the United States of Brazil
* Federative Republic of Brazil

[171][172][173] |

* None
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the Democratic Social Party

* 1937–1945
* 1964–1967
* 1967–1969
* 1969–1974
* 1974–1979
* 1979–1985

* Getúlio Vargas
* Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
* Artur da Costa e Silva
* Emílio Garrastazu Médici
* Ernesto Geisel
* João Figueiredo

Chile |

* Republic of Chile
* Republic of Chile
* Republic of Chile

[174][175][176][177] | Military |

* 1924–1925
* 1927–1931
* 1973–1990

* Luis Altamirano
* Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
* Augusto Pinochet

Colombia |  Republic of Colombia[178][179] |

* Colombian Conservative Party
* Military

* 1950–1953
* 1953–1957

* Laureano Gómez
* Gustavo Rojas Pinilla

Costa Rica | Template:Country data First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[180][181] | Military with the Peliquista Party[182] | 1917–1919 | Federico Tinoco Granados
Ecuador |

* Republic of Ecuador
* Republic of Ecuador

[183] |

* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military
* Velaquista National Federation

* 1860–1865
* 1869–1875
* 1963–1966
* 1970–1972

* Gabriel García Moreno[184]
* Gabriel García Moreno
* Ramón Castro Jijón[185]
* José María Velasco Ibarra

url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0m7EAAAQBAJ|title=Latin America in Times of Turbulence|editor=Taylor & Francis|date=2023|page=1988|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000904369}}</ref>[186]}}
Template:GRN |  Grenada[187][188][189] | Grenada United Labour Party | 1974–1979 | Eric Gairy
Guatemala |  Republic of Guatemala |

* Military with the Liberal Party[190]
* Progressive Liberal Party
* Military with the National Liberation Movement
* Military with the National Liberal Movement
* Military

* 1921–1926
* 1931–1944
* 1954–1957
* 1970–1974
* 1982–1983

* José María Orellana
* Jorge Ubico[191][192]
* Carlos Castillo Armas
* Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
* Efraín Ríos Montt

[193][194]
Honduras |  Republic of Honduras | Military with the National Party |

* 1933–1949
* 1963–1975
* 1975–1978
* 1978–1982

* Tiburcio Carías Andino
* Oswaldo López Arellano
* Juan Alberto Melgar Castro
* Policarpo Paz García

Mexico |

* Template:Country data Centralist Republic of Mexico Mexican Republic
* Template:Country data Second Federal Republic of Mexico United Mexican States
* Mexican Republic
* United Mexican States

[195][196][197][198][199] |

* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military

* 1839–1839
* 1845–1846
* 1853–1855
* 1876
* 1877–1880
* 1884–1911
* 1913–1914

* Antonio López de Santa Anna
* Mariano Paredes
* Antonio López de Santa Anna
* Porfirio Díaz
* Porfirio Díaz
* Porfirio Díaz
* Victoriano Huerta

Panama |  Republic of Panama[200] |

* Panameñista Party
* Military with the National Patriotic Coalition

* 1949–1951
* 1952–1955
* 1983–1989

* Arnulfo Arias
* José Antonio Remón Cantera
* Manuel Antonio Noriega

[201]
Paraguay |

* Republic of Paraguay
* Republic of Paraguay

[202][203] |

* Military
* Military with the Colorado Party

* 1940–1948
* 1954–1989

* Higinio Morínigo
* Alfredo Stroessner

Peru |

* Peruvian Republic[204]
* Peruvian Republic[205]
* Republic of Peru[206][207]
* Republic of Peru

[202] |

* Revolutionary Union
* Revolutionary Union
* Military
* Military
* Cambio 90
* Vamos Vecino

* 1930
* 1931–1933
* 1933–1939
* 1948–1956
* 1975–1980
* 1992–2000

* Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
* Óscar R. Benavides
* Manuel A. Odría
* Francisco Morales Bermúdez
* Vladimiro Montesinos with Alberto Fujimori

Uruguay |

* Oriental Republic of Uruguay[208]
* Oriental Republic of Uruguay

[209][210][211][212] |

* Colorado Party
* Military with the Colorado Party
* Military with the Colorado Party
* Military with the National Party
* Military

* 1934–1938
* 1973–1976
* 1976
* 1976–1981
* 1981–1985

* Gabriel Terra
* Juan María Bordaberry
* Alberto Demicheli
* Aparicio Méndez
* Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

Venezuela |

* Template:Country data United States of Venezuela United States of Venezuela
* Template:Country data United States of Venezuela United States of Venezuela
* Template:Country data United States of Venezuela United States of Venezuela
* Template:Country data Republic of Venezuela Republic of Venezuela

[213][214][215][216][217][218] | Military |

* 1899–1908
* 1908–1913
* 1922–1929
* 1931–1935
* 1948–1950
* 1952–1958

* Cipriano Castro
* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
* Marcos Pérez Jiménez

### Africa

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. [219] Dictatorships like the hereditary dictatorship in Togo (especially under Gnassingbé Eyadéma) had strong anti-communist and pro-Western stances which are in contrast to left-wing governments that existed in other African nations around the time.[citation needed]</ref> Regimes like Zaire and Rwanda under Habyarimana have sometimes been called fascist. Zaire featured what their dictator called a "neither right nor left" position but was recognized by historians as a right-wing regime and its state ideology of Mobutism has sometimes been seen as a Third Position ideology.[220][221][222][223][224] Rwanda under Habyarimana has been compared to fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany for their Hutu supremacist policies against the Tutsi's as well as the Rwandan genocide that occurred after the assassination of Habyarimana sometimes being compared to the Holocaust. [citation needed][225]

List of African right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Burkina Faso | Template:Country data Upper Volta Republic of Upper Volta[226] | Military | 1966–1980 | Sangoulé Lamizana
Burundi |  Republic of Burundi[227][228] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy |

* 2005–2020
* 2020–present

* Pierre Nkurunziza
* Évariste Ndayishimiye

Chad |  Republic of Chad[229][230][231][232] |

* National Union for Independence and Revolution
* Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement
* Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement

* 1982–1990
* 1991–2021
* 2022–present

* Hissène Habré
* Idriss Déby
* Mahamat Déby

Template:DRC |  Republic of Zaire[233] | Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution | 1965–1997 | Mobutu Sese Seko
Egypt |  Arab Republic of Egypt[234][235] | Nation's Future Party | 2014–present | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Gabon |  Gabonese Republic[236] | Gabonese Democratic Party |

* 1967–2009
* 2009–2023

* Omar Bongo[237]
* Ali Bongo[238]

Gambia |  Republic of the Gambia[239] | Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction | 1996–2017 | Yahya Jammeh
Guinea |  Republic of Guinea[240][241] | Military with the Unity and Progress Party | 1984–2008 | Lansana Conté
Equatorial Guinea |  Republic of Equatorial Guinea[242] |

* United National Workers' Party
* Military
* Military
* Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea

* 1968–1979
* 1979–1982
* 1982–1987
* 1987–present

* Francisco Macías Nguema[243]
* Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

Ivory Coast |  First Republic of Ivory Coast[244] | Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally |

* 1960–1993
* 1993–1999

* Félix Houphouët-Boigny
* Henri Konan Bédié

Kenya |  Republic of Kenya[245][246] | Kenya African National Union |

* 1964–1978
* 1978–2002

* Jomo Kenyatta
* Daniel arap Moi

Lesotho |  Kingdom of Lesotho[247] | Basotho National Party | 1970–1986 | Leabua Jonathan
Liberia |  Republic of Liberia[248] | Military with the National Democratic Party of Liberia | 1986–1990 | Samuel Doe
Malawi |  Republic of Malawi[249] | Malawi Congress Party | 1966–1994 | Hastings Banda
Mauritania |  Islamic Republic of Mauritania[250][251] |

* Military with the Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal
* Military with the Union for the Republic

* 1984–2005
* 2009–2019

* Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
* Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz

Niger |  Republic of the Niger[252] | Military with the National Movement for the Society of Development | 1987–1993 | Ali Saibou
Rwanda |

* Rwandese Republic[253][254][255]
* Republic of Rwanda

* Parmehutu
* Military with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development
* Rwandan Patriotic Front

* 1962–1973
* 1973–1994
* 1994
* 2000–Present

* Grégoire Kayibanda[256]
* Juvénal Habyarimana
* Théoneste Bagosora
* Paul Kagame

[257]
Template:SAF |  Union of South Africa[258][259] | National Party | 1948–1994 |

* D. F. Malan
* J. G. Strijdom
* Hendrik Verwoerd
* John Vorster
* P. W. Botha
* F. W. de Klerk

Sudan |  Republic of the Sudan[260] | Military with the National Congress Party | 1989–2019 | Omar al-Bashir
Togo |  Togolese Republic[261][262][263][264] |

* Military with the Rally of the Togolese People
* Union for the Republic
* Union for the Republic
* Union for the Republic

* 1967–2005
* 2005–2024
* 2024–2025
* 2025–present

* Gnassingbé Eyadéma
* Faure Gnassingbé
* Victoire Tomegah Dogbé with Faure Gnassingbé
* Faure Gnassingbé

Transkei |  Republic of Transkei[265] | Transkei National Independence Party | 1979–1986 | Kaiser Matanzima
Tunisia |  Republic of Tunisia[266] | 25th of July Movement | 2021–Present | Kais Saied
Uganda |

* Second Republic of Uganda
* Republic of Uganda

[267][268][269] |

* Military
* National Resistance Movement

* 1971–1979
* 2006–present

* Idi Amin
* Yoweri Museveni

Zimbabwe |  Republic of Rhodesia[270] | Rhodesian Front | 1964–1979 | Ian Smith

## See also

* Authoritarian capitalism
* Authoritarian conservatism
* Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
* Military government
* Neoauthoritarianism in China
* Police state
* Operation Condor

## Notes

## References

1. ↑ Gottfried, Ted (2001). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761317173. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017. "Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence". About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends—German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries—were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews."
2. ↑ Bailey, Diane (2 September 2014). Colton, Timothy J.. ed. Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521. https://books.google.com/books?id=u2-XDAAAQBAJ.
3. ↑ The New Fontaena Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.
4. ↑ Template:Csref
5. ↑ Sygkelos, Yanis (2011). Nationalism from the Left. BRILL. p. 254.
6. ↑ S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 161-170
7. ↑ Tsar's Coup Time, 4 February 1935. retrieved 10 August 2008.
8. ↑ Balkans and World War I SofiaEcho.com
9. ↑ "President Konstantin Päts: How loudly do past memories and emotions speak?". https://eestielu.ca/president-konstantin-pats-how-loudly-do-past-memories-and-emotions-speak/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Google Books". https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Extreme_Right_in_France/EV2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74.
11. ↑ Stanley G. Payne (1983). Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqRDWVyIcEC&pg=PA137. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
12. ↑ Kevin Passmore (2013). The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy. OUP Oxford. pp. 350–351. ISBN 9780199658206.
13. ↑ Jackson, Julian (15 October 2011). "7. The Republic and Vichy". in Edward G. Berenson. The French Republic: History, Values, Debates. Cornell University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0801-46064-7. OCLC 940719314. https://books.google.com/books?id=n_eDj7dNMfwC&pg=PA67. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
14. ↑ Beigbeder, Yves (29 August 2006). Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. ISBN 978-90-474-1070-6. OCLC 1058436580. https://books.google.com/books?id=JEywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
15. ↑ "German Empire | Facts, History, Flag, & Map | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire.
16. ↑ "German Fatherland Party / 1.0 / Encyclopedic". https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/german_fatherland_party.
17. ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 199–201.
18. ↑ Davidson, Eugene (1997). The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism. University of Missouri Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0826211170. https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&q=241. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
19. ↑ Orlow, Dietrich (2010). The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History. Enigma Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0982491195. https://books.google.com/books?id=9a9MRnxtdJgC&q=far+right. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
20. ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 226–227.
21. ↑ Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. London: Penguin Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4. https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich.
22. ↑ Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&q=A+History+of+Fascism+payne.
23. ↑ Lee, Stephen J. 2000. European Dictatorships, 1918-1945 Routledge; 2 edition (22 Jun 2000). ISBN 0415230462.
24. ↑ Clogg, Richard "The Ideology of the "revolution of 21 April 1967'" p.36-58 from Greece Under Military Rule edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p.41.
25. ↑ Template:Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia
26. ↑ Petrakis, Marina (2006). The Metaxas myth: dictatorship and propaganda in Greece. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN 1-84511-037-4.
27. ↑ Brewer, David (2016). Greece The Decade of War, Occupation, Resistance, and Civil War. I.B. Tauris. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-78076-854-0.
28. ↑ Mazower, Mark (1994) [1993]: Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44 (2nd Edition). Alexandria Editions, Athens. ISBN 978-960-221-096-3, p. 45
29. ↑ Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44.(Greek translation), Athens: Αλεξάνδρεια, 1994(1993),125.
30. ↑ Ομάδα Εκπαιδευτικών (14 July 2014). Λεξικό Σύγχρονο της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσας. Pelekanos Books. p. 141. GGKEY:QD0C0PRDU6Z. https://books.google.com/books?id=Od8CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141. "απριλιανοί: οι δικτατορες του 1974"
31. ↑ "Hungary declares war on Germany | 28 December 1944". 16 November 2009. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hungary-declares-war-on-germany.
32. ↑ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 107.
33. ↑ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 228.
34. ↑ Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 41.
35. ↑ John Pollard (22 July 2005). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-134-81904-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=mXuJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116.
36. ↑ Lyttelton, Adrian (2009). The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-415-55394-0.
37. ↑ Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC&pg=PA7. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
38. ↑ Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997). Lithuania: The Rebel Nation. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-8133-1839-4. https://archive.org/details/lithuaniarebelna00vard/page/34.
39. ↑ Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (27 May 2019). "Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Lietuviu-tautininku-ir-respublikonu-sajunga-15466.
40. ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas. ed. Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 117–125. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
41. ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Brill Rodopi. ISBN 9789004302037.
42. ↑ Wandycz, Piotr S. (2009). "The Second Republic, 1921–1939". The Polish Review 54 (2): 159–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779809.
43. ↑ Crises in Authoritarian Regimes: Fragile Orders and Contested Power. Campus Verlag. 2022. p. 219. ISBN 9783593449685. "... politically, the May Coup was directed against the liberal democracy as the political system that made possible the rule and de facto hegemony of the well-organized nationalist right."
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland. Cambridge University Press. 21 June 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-19687-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=RlT4A7xvIA0C&pg=PA30.
45. ↑ E. Garrison Walters (1988). The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815624400. "...Piłsudski's domestic policies can be described as conservative and improvisational."
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West 1914–1945. Yale University Press. 28 September 2015. ISBN 978-0-300-21309-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II. University of California Press. 15 November 2023. ISBN 978-0-520-92701-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=l2DhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA316.
48. ↑ "Google Books". https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fascism_and_the_Right_in_Europe_1919_194/sGUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54.
49. ↑ Kenez, Peter (1980). "The Ideology of the White Movement". Soviet Studies 32 (32): 58–83. doi:10.1080/09668138008411280.
50. ↑ "В Кремле рассказали о правом сдвиге "Единой России"" (in ru). RBK Group. https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/12/2015/567af0bd9a7947294f286206.
51. ↑ Jon Smele (2006) Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521029074. p.77
52. ↑ Mahdawi, Arwa (2 March 2022). "Why does Putin have superfans among the US right wing?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/01/why-does-putin-have-superfans-among-the-us-right-wing.
53. ↑ Kolesnikov, Andrei (19 April 2022). "Authoritarianism to Hybrid Totalitarianism". https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/04/putins-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism?lang=en.
54. ↑ "The Fascist, the Axis, and the Communist: The Story of the Forgotten History of San Marino". 3 February 2019. https://onepagestories.home.blog/2019/02/03/the-fascist-the-axis-and-the-communist-the-story-of-the-forgotten-history-of-san-marino/.
55. ↑ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1999, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 1857430581 (page 849)
56. ↑ Nielsen, Christian Axboe (2009). "Policing Yugoslavism: Surveillance, Denunciations, and Ideology during King Aleksandar's Dictatorship, 1929–1934". East European Politics and Societies 23 (1): 34–62. doi:10.1177/0888325408326789.
57. ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 325. ISBN 0299148742. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299148744.
58. ↑ Farley, Brigit, "King Aleksandar and the Royal Dictatorship in Yugoslavia," in Bernd J. Fischer (ed), Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeastern Europe (West Lafayette, IN, 2007) (Central European Studies), 51–86.
59. ↑ Djokić, Dejan (2011). "'Leader' or 'Devil'? Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, and his Ideology". in Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn. In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 153–167. ISBN 978-1-84511-697-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ILRJ2ChennYC.
60. ↑ Thomas David DuBois (25 April 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–, ISBN 978-1-139-49946-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=7NH4Jeh5QG4C&pg=PA176
61. ↑ Yuezhi Zhao (March 20, 2008). Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 170. ISBN 978-0-7425-7428-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=RdNqAAAAQBAJ&dq="right+-+wing+ideology+of+neo-+authoritarianism"&pg=PA170.
62. ↑ "Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women". Time. 31 October 2023. https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/. Retrieved 27 November 2025.
63. ↑ "Xi Jinping's War on Popular Culture" (in en). 3 December 2021. https://lens.civicus.org/xi-jinpings-war-on-popular-culture/.
64. ↑ "Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era?" (in en). 18 February 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/world/asia/xi-jinping-thought-explained-a-new-ideology-for-a-new-era.html.
65. ↑ Is there a Political "Left" or "Right" in China? Charting China's Ideological Spectrum, Stanford University, https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/there-political-left-or-right-china-charting-chinas-ideological-spectrum#:~:text=Insights * Ideological positions in China do,to align along pro- or anti-regime positions.
66. ↑ Berger, Miriam; Basij-Rasikh, Shabana; Pannett, Rachel; Horton, Alex (1 September 2021). "Who is Taliban Supreme Leader Haibatullah Akhundzada?" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/01/taliban-supreme-leader-haibatullah-akhundzada/.
67. ↑ George, Susannah (10 January 2023). "Taliban hard-liners consolidate control with crackdown on women" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/10/taliban-hardliners-women-work-universities/.
68. ↑ Noack, Rick (15 September 2024). "Taliban begins enforcing new draconian laws, and Afghan women despair". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/15/taliban-afghanistan-laws-women-rights/.
69. ↑ Aziz, Hamid; Hughes, Caitlin Elizabeth (2024). "A systematic review of the extent of the Taliban and FARC's involvement and profit from drug trade and methods of estimating income from the drug trade". Global Crime (Routledge) 25 (2): 123. doi:10.1080/17440572.2024.2351818. ISSN 1744-0572. "The Taliban is a far-right Islamic fundamentalist group that emerged in 1994 amid the chaos of civil war following the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan.".
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71. ↑ "How the Dictators of Azerbaijan and Turkey Undermine Armenian Democracy". https://hrf.org/latest/how-the-dictators-of-azerbaijan-and-turkey-undermine-armenian-democracy/.
72. ↑ "Another Strongman? Masculine Governmentality, Neoliberalism, and Authoritarian Traditionalism in Aliyev's Azerbaijan | Feminism and Gender Democracy" (in en). https://feminism-boell.org/en/2024/11/21/another-strongman-masculine-governmentality-neoliberalism-and-authoritarian. ""Aliyev's authoritarian strategies are a sour blend of anti-feminist and anti-democratic policies, aligning with the prevalent trend of right-wing authoritarianism embodied by the global emergence of "strongmen" like Putin, Erdoğan, Modi, and many others...Since late 2023, the Azerbaijani government has intensified its crackdowns against civil society by arresting a number of journalists, scholars, labour rights and anti-war activists, continuing its periodic repressions. Consequently, today, the number of political prisoners in Azerbaijan is up to 300, the highest it has been since the early 2000s.""
73. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Nations in Transit 2023 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan/nations-transit/2023. "In 2022, the government of Azerbaijan continued to scale up the authoritarian measures deployed in previous years. The executive branch maintained its consolidated power and demonstrated an unwillingness to conduct real democratic reforms. The national legislature and local municipalities remained powerless and incompetent institutions as they carried out their activities under the directives of the presidential office."
74. ↑ "Free, Fair & Regular Elections: Azerbaijan | Democracy Web". https://www.democracyweb.org/study-guide/free-elections/azerbaijan. "While Heydar Aliyev, the ex-Soviet communist party and KGB chief, put in place the basic features of Azerbaijan’s dictatorship, his son Ilham has successfully institutionalized and extended its repressive features."
75. ↑ "Azerbaijan's Aliyev lines up with Russia and Trump, admits Georgia interference" (in en). 19 December 2024. https://www.intellinews.com/azerbaijan-s-aliyev-lines-up-with-russia-and-trump-admits-georgia-interference-359218/. ""The interview signalled Aliyev’s alignment with rightwing, illiberal leaders such as Putin and Trump...Aliyev gave a clear nod to emerging global right-wing narratives, underscoring the importance of “traditional values” as a cornerstone of Azerbaijan’s identity and a point of alignment with Russia.""
76. ↑ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds (1989). "Mujib coup". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 32–36. http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm.
77. ↑ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey (University of California Press) 24 (5): 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413.
78. ↑ Ahmed, Mahiuddin (2016) (in bn), BNP: Somoy-Osomoy, Prothoma, p. 99, ISBN 978-984-91762-51
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81. ↑ Maniruzzaman, Talukder (1992). "The Fall of the Military Dictator: 1991 Elections and the Prospect of Civilian Rule in Bangladesh". Pacific Affairs 65 (2): 203–224. doi:10.2307/2760169. ISSN 0030-851X.
82. ↑ Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale University Press, 2004, p.158
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84. ↑ David Roberts (29 April 2016). Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-85054-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=SnYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9. Retrieved 12 September 2017. (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")
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90. ↑ Derbyshire, J. Denis (1990). Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 116.
91. ↑ Thomas Bohlken, Anjali (2016). Democratization from Above. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
92. ↑ Berger, Marilyn (28 January 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html.
93. ↑ Gittings, John (28 January 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921–2008". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings.
94. ↑ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 May 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto. "...would topple the dictator Suharto."
95. ↑ "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography, History, & White Revolution | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 23 July 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi.
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97. ↑ "Iran after Khamenei: A new order takes shape". https://www.dw.com/en/iran-after-khamenei-a-new-order-takes-shape/a-77887756.
98. ↑ Hacopian, Lynette (2 March 2021). "85-year-old Israeli testifies to Nazi-inspired pogrom that massacred Iraqi Jewry". https://www.timesofisrael.com/85-year-old-israeli-testifies-to-nazi-inspired-pogrom-that-massacred-iraqi-jewry/.
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* Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. p. 41. ISBN 0-06-050543-5.
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231. ↑ Brody, Reed (2022). To Catch a Dictator. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/brod20258. ISBN 978-0-231-55463-3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/brod20258.
232. ↑ Dickow, Helga (21 April 2021). "Idriss Déby Itno offered Chadians great hope, but ended up leaving a terrible legacy". doi:10.64628/AAJ.5h9yk5wr4. https://theconversation.com/idriss-deby-itno-offered-chadians-great-hope-but-ended-up-leaving-a-terrible-legacy-159443.
233. ↑ Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819971. ISBN 978-0-521-86133-5. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/united-states-and-rightwing-dictatorships-19651989/4798163AF365CE6B2B1E202EBC608922.
234. ↑ "Ten Years After Coup, the U.S. Still Supports Tyranny in Egypt". https://www.cato.org/commentary/ten-years-after-coup-us-still-supports-tyranny-egypt#.
235. ↑ "Egypt is again under military rule, but Sisi lacks Nasser's appeal". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/08/24/egypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal.
236. ↑ "Gabon moves towards democracy one year after coup – DW – 08/30/2024". https://www.dw.com/en/gabon-moves-towards-democracy-one-year-after-coup/a-70080368.
237. ↑ "Dictator's fall clouds Gabon's future". 5 July 2009. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jul-05-adfg-gabon-dictator5-story.html.
238. ↑ "The Atlantic Council's questionable relationship with Gabon's leader". 26 October 2016. https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/lobbying-world/303016-the-atlantic-council-questionable-relationship-with-gabons/.
239. ↑ "The Gambia Story | PEACEBUILDING". https://www.un.org/peacebuilding/content/gambia-story.
240. ↑ Bah, Mamadou Diouma (2015). "The Military and Politics in Guinea". Armed Forces & Society 41 (1): 69–95. doi:10.1177/0095327X13495391. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48609199.
241. ↑ Arieff, Alexis (2009). "Still Standing: Neighbourhood Wars and Political Stability in Guinea". The Journal of Modern African Studies 47 (3): 331–348. doi:10.1017/S0022278X09004108. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40538315.
242. ↑ Wharton, Barrie (2006). "The Impact and Legacy of Twentieth-century Spanish Colonial Policy on the Socio-political Development of Guinea Ecuatorial". Gefame. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/gefame/4761563.0003.102/--impact-and-legacy-of-twentieth-century-spanish-colonial?rgn=main;view=fulltext.
243. ↑ "FRANCISCO MACÍAS : NUEVO ESTADO, NUEVO RITUAL Gustau NERÍN : Universidad Federal de la Integración Latinoamericana (UNILA)88" (PDF). https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125735/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Endoxa-2016-37-5035/Francisco_Macias_nuevo_estado.pdf.
244. ↑ "Postcolonial Collusion – Félix Houphouët-Boigny, France, and Repression in Côte d'Ivoire | Events". https://events.st-andrews.ac.uk/events/postcolonial-collusion-felix-houphouet-boigny-france-and-repression-in-cote-divoire/.
245. ↑ Khapoya, Vincent B. (1980). "Kenya under Moi: Continuity or Change?". Africa Today 27 (1): 17–32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185903.
246. ↑ Berman, Bruce J.; Lonsdale, John M. (1998). "The Labors of "Muigwithania:" Jomo Kenyatta as Author, 1928–45". Research in African Literatures 29 (1): 16–42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820530.
247. ↑ "Lesotho: 20 years of iron-fisted rule comes to an end". https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_758.
248. ↑ Liberia under Samuel Doe, 1980–1985: The Politics of Personal Rule. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793617873/Liberia-under-Samuel-Doe-1980–1985-The-Politics-of-Personal-Rule.
249. ↑ Gabay, Clive (2017). "The Radical and Reactionary Politics of Malawi's Hastings Banda". Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (6): 1119–1135. doi:10.1080/03057070.2017.1365525. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26804506.
250. ↑ ""Forgotten" black Mauritanian refugees call for justice – Mauritania | ReliefWeb". 27 July 2007. https://reliefweb.int/report/mauritania/forgotten-black-mauritanian-refugees-call-justice.
251. ↑ Call, Charles T. (2012). "Mauritania (2008–2010)". Un Mediation and the Politics of Transition After Constitutional Crises: 10–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09640.7.
252. ↑ Kisangani, Emizet F. (2012). "The Tuaregs' Rebellions in Mali and Niger and the U.S. Global War on Terror". International Journal on World Peace 29 (1): 59–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23266590.
253. ↑ Miller, Donald E.; Miller, Lorna Touryan; Miller, Arpi Misha (2020). Becoming Human Again: An Oral History of the Rwanda Genocide against the Tutsi. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d5vv. ISBN 978-0-520-34378-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw1d5vv.
254. ↑ "Development Ideology, the Peasantry and Genocide: Rwanda represented in Habyarimana's speeches". https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/gs13_-_development_ideology_the_peasantry_and_genocoide_rwanda_represented_in_habyarimanas_speeches.pdf.
255. ↑ Ndahiro, Tom (7 August 2024). "Rwanda: The Persistence of the Hutu-Power Movement and Its Implications for Rwanda". The New Times. https://allafrica.com/stories/202408070034.html.
256. ↑ "How Israel helped prop up Rwanda's Hutu regime before the genocide". 29 April 2019. https://www.972mag.com/rwanda-genocide-hutu-israel/.
257. ↑ "Rwanda • Africa Elects". https://africaelects.com/rwanda/.
258. ↑ Wintrobe, Ronald (2000). Cambridge University Press. ed. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82, 142–143, 163–171. ISBN 9780521794497. https://books.google.com/books?id=o4G8SlNUROoC&q=South+africa+apartheid+dictatorship.
259. ↑ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch (2000). Taylor & Francis. ed. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Taylor & Francis. p. 39,79. ISBN 9781134609529. https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&dq=South+africa+apartheid+right+wing+dictatorship&pg=PA79.
260. ↑ Berridge, Willow (25 April 2023). "Omar al-Bashir brutalised Sudan – how his 30-year legacy is playing out today". doi:10.64628/AAJ.3wuhf3whp. https://theconversation.com/omar-al-bashir-brutalised-sudan-how-his-30-year-legacy-is-playing-out-today-204391.
261. ↑ "Togo Slides Toward Authoritarianism with Upcoming Elections". https://www.cfr.org/blog/togo-slides-toward-authoritarianism.
262. ↑ "It is confirmed and proven: Togo is a dictatorship". 25 March 2020. https://blogging.africa/democracy/it-is-confirmed-and-proven-togo-is-a-dictatorship.
263. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `adst.org`
264. ↑ "Togo's longtime leader signs a new constitution that eliminates presidential elections". 7 May 2024. https://apnews.com/article/togo-constitution-lawmakers-elections-c13a4d2b5976443a6e493fb5ff21d077.
265. ↑ "The Transkei Puppet Show – TIME". http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918444,00.html.
266. ↑ "Tunisia: Just another dictatorship". https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/tunisia/tunisia-just-another-dictatorship.
267. ↑ Bhagat, H. (1983). "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin". Economic and Political Weekly 18 (38): 1614–1616. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4372504.
268. ↑ Gupta, Anirudha (1972). "African 'Fascism' in Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly 7 (44): 2203–2206. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4361984.
269. ↑ "Uganda's Yoweri Museveni, from liberator to dictator – DW – 08/19/2018". https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-ugandas-yoweri-museveni-from-liberator-to-dictator/a-45130141.
270. ↑ Unlike many of her second-rate white colleagues on the faculty who have not only buckled under the weight of the Ian Smith fascist dictatorship but also joined it in treason.. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185496.

## Bibliography

* Schmitz, David F. (1999). Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807847739. OCLC 901305850. https://books.google.com/books?id=gmF21bDO2gAC.
* Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521678536. OCLC 61295816.
* Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster.

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