Right-wing dictatorship

Short description: Authoritarian regime

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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process); Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan; and a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] or those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship
* 1.1 Military dictatorship
* 1.2 Religion and the government
* 2 Right-wing dictatorships by region
* 2.1 Europe
* 2.2 Asia
* 2.3 North, Central, and South America
* 2.4 Africa
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Bibliography

## Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

### Military dictatorship

Main page: Social:Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

### Religion and the government

Main page: Social:Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). There also exist clerical dictatorships in the Muslim world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The theocratic absolute monarchies of Saudi Arabia or Vatican City also share many similarities with the regimes mentioned above.[citation needed] Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso or Iran under the Ayatollahs Khomeini (1979–1989) and Khamenei (1989–present). Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were even openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

## Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

### Europe

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
</ref> || 1941–1945 || Ante Pavelić[9] }}</ref>[17] Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Austria |

* First Austrian Republic
* Template:Country data Federal State of AustriaFederal State of Austria

| Fatherland Front |

* 1932–1934
* 1934–1938

* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Kurt Schuschnigg

Belarus |

* Byelorussian Central Council
* Republic of Belarus

* Collaborationist government
* Belarusian government

* 1943–1944
* 1994–present

* Radasłaŭ Astroŭski[4]
* Alexander Lukashenko

Bulgaria | Kingdom of Bulgaria |

* Democratic Alliance
* Zveno[5]
* House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry

* 1923–1926
* 1934–1935
* 1935–1943

* Aleksandar Tsankov[6]
* Kimon Georgiev
* Boris III[7][8]

Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | EOKA B[10] | 1974 | Nikos Sampson[11]
Czech Republic | Template:Country data Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[12] | National Partnership[13] | 1939–1945 |

* Konstantin von Neurath
Reinhard Heydrich
Kurt Daluege
* Wilhelm Frick

France | French State[14] | Collaborationist government | 1940–1944 | Philippe Pétain[15][16]
Greece |

* Template:Country data Second Hellenic RepublicSecond Hellenic Republic
* Kingdom of Greece
* Template:Country data 4th of August RegimeHellenic State[18]
* Kingdom of Greece

* Military
* 4th of August Regime[19][20]
* Collaborationist government
* Regime of the Colonels[21]

* 1925–1926
* 1936–1941
* 1941–1944
* 1967–1974

* Theodoros Pangalos[22]
* Ioannis Metaxas[23]
* Georgios Tsolakoglou,[24] Konstantinos Logothetopoulos,[25] Ioannis Rallis[26]
* Georgios Papadopoulos[27]

Italy |

* Template:Country data Fascist Italy (1922–1943)Kingdom of Italy[28]
* Italian Social Republic[29]

* National Fascist Party[30]
* Republican Fascist Party[31]

* 1922–1943
* 1943–1945

* Benito Mussolini[32]
* Benito Mussolini[33]

Latvia | Republic of Latvia | url=http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm|title=The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932-1934|first=Janis|last=Rogainis|journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|volume=17|issue=3|date=Fall 1971|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094833/http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania[34] | Lithuanian Nationalist Union[35] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[36][37]
Netherlands | Reichskommissariat Niederlande[38] | National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands[39] | 1940–1945 | Anton Mussert[40]
Poland | General Government [41] | Nazi Party | 1939–1945 | Hans Frank
Russia |

* Russian State
* Russia

* White movement[42]
* United Russia/All-Russia People's Front[43]

* 1918–1920
* 1999–present

* Alexander Kolchak[44]
* Vladimir Putin,[45][46] Dmitry Medvedev

Turkey |

* Republic of Turkey
* Republic of Turkey

* Military[47]
* Justice and Development Party[48][49][50]

* 1980–1989
* 2016–present

* General Kenan Evren[51]
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[52][53][54][55]

Ukraine |

* Template:Country data Ukrainian State Ukrainian State[56]
* Reichskommissariat Ukraine

* Ukrainian People's Hromada
* Nazi Party

* 1918
* 1941-1944

* Pavlo Skoropadskyi
* Erich Koch

Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia[57] |

* Yugoslav National Party
* Yugoslav Radical Union[58]

* 1929–1934
* 1934–1941

* Alexander I[59]
* Milan Stojadinović,[60] Dragiša Cvetković

### Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[61] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Afghanistan |  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[62] | Taliban |

* 1996–2001
* 2021–present

* Mullah Omar
* Hibatullah Akhundzada

Bangladesh |  People's Republic of Bangladesh |

* Military[63][64] with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[65]
* Military[66] with the Jatiya Party[67]

* 1977–1981
* 1982–1990

* Ziaur Rahman
* Hussain Muhammad Ershad[68]

Cambodia |

* Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)
* Khmer Republic
* Kingdom of Cambodia (1993-present)

* Sangkum[69][70]
* Social Republican Party
* Cambodian People's Party

* 1955–1970
* 1970–1975
* 1998- present

* Norodom Sihanouk
* Lon Nol
* Hun Sen, Hun Manet[71][72]

Indonesia |  Republic of Indonesia | New Order under Golkar[73][74] | 1966–1998 | Suharto[75][76][77]
Iran |

* Imperial State of Iran
* Islamic Republic of Iran

[78] |

* Military
* Military with the Iran Novin Party
* Military with the Rastakhiz Party
* Combatant Clergy Association

* 1925–1941
* 1941–1979
* 1979–present

* Reza Shah
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Ali Khamenei

South Korea |

* Republic of Korea[79]
* Republic of Korea[80]
* Republic of Korea
* Republic of Korea[81]
* Republic of Korea

* Liberal Party[82]
* Military
* Democratic Republican Party[83]
* Democratic Republican Party
* Democratic Justice Party[84]

* 1948–1960
* 1961–1963
* 1963–1972
* 1972–1979
* 1980–1987

* Syngman Rhee[85]
* Park Chung Hee[86]
* Park Chung-hee[87]
* Park Chung-hee[81]
* Chun Doo-hwan[88]

Manchuria, China |  Manchukuo | Concordia Association[89][90] | 1932–1945 | Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
Myanmar |

* State of Burma
* Union of Myanmar
* Republic of the Union of Myanmar

* Military[91]
* Military[92] with the Union Solidarity and Development Association
* Military

* 1943–1944
* 1988–2010
* 2021–present

* Ba Maw
* Than Shwe[93]
* Min Aung Hlaing[94]

Pakistan | Template:Country data Islamic Republic of Pakistan |

* Military[95] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military[96][97] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military[98] with the Pakistan Muslim League

* 1958–1971
* 1977–1988
* 1999–2008

* Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
* Pervez Musharraf

* Syria
* Iraq

|  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[99] | Islamic State | 2014–2019 | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Syria |  Syrian Republic[100] | Military with the Arab Liberation Movement | 1951–1954 | Adib Shishakli
Thailand |  Kingdom of Thailand[101] |

* People's Party
* Seri Manangkhasila Party
* National Socialist Party
* United Thai People's Party
* Military with the National Council for Peace and Order and United Thai Nation Party

* 1933–1938
* 1938–1957
* 1959–1963
* 1963–1973
* 2014–2023

* Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
* Plaek Phibunsongkhram
* Sarit Thanarat
* Thanom Kittikachorn
* Prayut Chan-o-cha

Turkmenistan |  Turkmenistan[102] | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | 1991–present |

* Saparmyrat Nyýazow
* Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow

Uzbekistan |  Republic of Uzbekistan[103] | Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party | 1991–present |

* Islam Karimov
* Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Southern Vietnam |  Republic of Vietnam[104] |

* Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party
* Military with the National Social Democratic Front
* Military

* 1956–1963
* 1967–1975
* 1975
* 1975

* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
* Trần Văn Hương
* Dương Văn Minh

### North, Central, and South America

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[105] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Argentina |

* Argentina
* Argentine Republic

[106] |

* Military
* Military with the Union of the Argentine People
* Military

* 1943–1946
* 1955–1958
* 1976–1983

* Arturo Rawson
* Pedro Pablo Ramírez
* Edelmiro Julián Farrell
* Eduardo Lonardi
* Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
* Jorge Rafael Videla
* Roberto Eduardo Viola
* Leopoldo Galtieri
* Reynaldo Bignone

Bolivia |  Plurinational State of Bolivia[107] |

* Military
* Military with the Popular Christian Movement
* Military with the Nationalist Democratic Action
* Military

* 1951–1952
* 1966–1969
* 1971–1978
* 1980–1981

* Hugo Ballivián
* René Barrientos
* Hugo Banzer
* Luis García Meza

Brazil |

* Republic of the United States of Brazil
* Federative Republic of Brazil

[108] |

* Military with the Brazilian Democratic Movement
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the Democratic Social Party

* 1964
* 1964–1979
* 1979–1985

* Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
* Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
* Artur da Costa e Silva
* Emílio Garrastazu Médici
* Ernesto Geisel
* João Figueiredo

Chile |  Military Junta of Chile[109] | Military | 1973–1990 | Augusto Pinochet
Colombia |  Republic of Colombia[110] | Military | 1957–1958 | Gabriel París Gordillo
Costa Rica | Template:Country data First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[111][112][113] | Military with the Peliquista Party[114] | 1917–1919 | Federico Tinoco Granados[115]
Ecuador |  Republic of Ecuador[116] | Military | 1972–1979 |

* Guillermo Rodríguez
* Alfredo Poveda

Mexico |

* Template:Country data Centralist Republic of Mexico Mexican Republic
* Template:Country data Second Federal Republic of Mexico United Mexican States

[117] | Military with the Conservative Party |

* 1839–1839
* 1845–1846
* 1853–1855

* Antonio López de Santa Anna
* Mariano Paredes
* Antonio López de Santa Anna

Guatemala |  Republic of Guatemala |

* Military with the Liberal Party[118]
* Progressive Liberal Party[119]
* Military with the National Liberation Movement

* 1921–1926
* 1931–1944
* 1954–1957

* José María Orellana[120]
* Jorge Ubico[121][122]
* Carlos Castillo Armas[123]

Honduras |  Republic of Honduras | Military with the National Party |

* 1933–1949
* 1963–1975

* Tiburcio Carías Andino
* Oswaldo López Arellano

Nicaragua |  Republic of Nicaragua[124] | Nationalist Liberal Party |

* 1936–1956
* 1956–1967
* 1967–1979

* Anastasio Somoza García[125][126]
* Luis Somoza Debayle
* Anastasio Somoza Debayle[127]

Panama |  Republic of Panama[128] | Panama Defense Forces | 1983–1989 | Manuel Noriega
Paraguay |  Republic of Paraguay[129] |

* Military
* Military with the Colorado Party

* 1940–1948
* 1954–1989

* Higinio Morínigo
* Alfredo Stroessner

Peru |

* Republic of Peru[130]
* Republic of Peru

[129] |

* Military
* Sí Cumple

* 1975–1980
* 1990–2000

* Francisco Morales Bermúdez
* Vladimiro Montesinos with Alberto Fujimori

Southern United States |  Confederate States of America[131][132][133][134][135] |

* Military

| 1861–1865 | Jefferson Davis
Uruguay |  Oriental Republic of Uruguay[136] |

* Military with the Colorado Party
* Military with the National Party
* Military
* Military with the Civic Union

* 1973–1976
* 1976–1981
* 1981–1985
* 1985

* Juan María Bordaberry
* Alberto Demicheli
* Aparicio Méndez
* Gregorio Conrado Álvarez
* Rafael Addiego Bruno
* Rafael Addiego Bruno

Venezuela |

* Republic of Venezuela
* Template:Country data Republic of Venezuela Republic of Venezuela

[137] | Military | 1948–1958 |

* Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
* Marcos Pérez Jiménez
* Wolfgang Larrazábal

### Africa

Right-wing dictatorships in Africa most commonly consist of military juntas and military dictatorships but also have included regimes that promote White Supremacy in Southern Africa from the 1940s–1990s.

List of African right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Angola | Template:Country data Portuguese Angola Province of Angola[138] | National Union | 1933–1974 |

* Óscar Carmona, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Francisco Craveiro Lopes, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Américo Tomás, António de Oliveira Salazar, Marcelo Caetano

Burundi |  Republic of Burundi[139] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy | 2005–present |

* Pierre Nkurunziza
* Évariste Ndayishimiye

Cameroon |  Republic of Cameroon[140] | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | 1982–present | Paul Biya
Cape Verde | Template:Country data Portuguese Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde[141] | National Union | 1933–1974 |

* Óscar Carmona, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Francisco Craveiro Lopes, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Américo Tomás, António de Oliveira Salazar, Marcelo Caetano

Central African Republic |  Central African Empire[142] | Military | 1976–1979 | Jean-Bédel Bokassa
Chad |  Republic of Chad[143] |

* National Union for Independence and Revolution
* Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement

* 1982–1990
* 2022–present

* Hissène Habré
* Mahamat Déby

Template:DRC |  Republic of Zaire[144] | Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution | 1965–1997 | Mobutu Sese Seko
Egypt |  Arab Republic of Egypt[145] | Nation's Future Party | 2014–present | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

* Ethiopia
* Somalia
* Eritrea

|  Italian East Africa[146] | National Fascist Party | 1936–1941 |

* Pietro Badoglio
* Rodolfo Graziani
* Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni di Savoia-Aosta
* Pietro Gazzera
* Guglielmo Nasi

Equatorial Guinea |

* Template:Country data Spanish Guinea Spanish Territories on the Gulf of Guinea
* Republic of Equatorial Guinea

[147] |

* Military with the FET y de las JONS
* Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea

* 1936–1968
* 1979–present

* Francisco Franco
* Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

Gabon |  Gabonese Republic[148] | Gabonese Democratic Party | 1961–2023 |

* Omar Bongo
* Ali Bongo

Gambia |  Republic of the Gambia[149] | Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction | 1996–2017 | Yahya Jammeh
Guinea-Bissau | Template:Country data Portuguese Guinea Overseas Province of Guinea[150] | National Union | 1933–1974 |

* Óscar Carmona, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Francisco Craveiro Lopes, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Américo Tomás, António de Oliveira Salazar, Marcelo Caetano

Liberia |  Republic of Liberia[151] | National Democratic Party of Liberia | 1986–1990 | Samuel Doe
Libya |  Libya[152] | National Fascist Party | 1934–1943 |

* Italo Balbo
* Rodolfo Graziani
* Italo Gariboldi
* Ettore Bastico
* Giovanni Messe

Sidi Ifni of Morocco |  Ifni[153] | Military with the FET y de las JONS | 1936–1968 | Francisco Franco
Mozambique | Template:Country data Portuguese Mozambique Province of Mozambique[154] | National Union | 1933–1974 |

* Óscar Carmona, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Francisco Craveiro Lopes, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Américo Tomás, António de Oliveira Salazar, Marcelo Caetano

Namibia | Template:Country data South West Africa Territory of South West Africa[155] | National Party | 1985–1990 | Louis Pienaar
Nigeria |

* Republic of Nigeria
* Federal Republic of Nigeria

[156] | Military |

* 1966–1979
* 1983–1993
* 1993–1999

* Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
* Yakubu Gowon
* Murtala Muhammed
* Olusegun Obasanjo
* Muhammadu Buhari
* Ibrahim Babangida
* Sani Abacha
* Abdulsalami Abubakar

Rwanda |

* Republic of Rwanda
* Republic of Rwanda

[157] |

* Military with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development
* Rwandan Patriotic Front

* 1961–1994
* 1994–present

* Juvénal Habyarimana
* Paul Kagame

Uganda |

* Second Republic of Uganda
* Republic of Uganda

[158] |

* Military
* National Resistance Movement

* 1971–1979
* 1986–present

* Idi Amin
* Yoweri Museveni

São Tomé and Príncipe |  Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe[159] | National Union | 1933–1974 |

* Óscar Carmona, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Francisco Craveiro Lopes, António de Oliveira Salazar
* Américo Tomás, António de Oliveira Salazar, Marcelo Caetano

Sudan |  Republic of the Sudan[160] |

* Military with the National Congress Party
* Transitional Sovereignty Council

* 1969–2019
* 2021–present

* Omar al-Bashir
* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan

Togo |  Togolese Republic[161] |

* Military with the Rally of the Togolese People
* Union for the Republic

* 1967–2005
* 2005–present

* Gnassingbé Eyadéma
* Faure Gnassingbé

Template:SADR | Template:Country data Spanish Sahara Province of the Sahara[162] | Military with the FET y de las JONS | 1936–1968 | Francisco Franco

## See also

* Authoritarian capitalism
* Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
* Military government
* Police state
* Operation Condor

## References

1. ↑ Bailey, Diane (2 September 2014). Colton, Timothy J.. ed. Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521. https://books.google.com/books?id=u2-XDAAAQBAJ.
2. ↑ Gottfried, Ted (2001). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761317173. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017. "Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews."
3. ↑ The New Fontaena Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.
4. ↑ Efraim Zuroff: Occupation, Nazi-hunter: the continuing search for the perpetrators of the Holocaust. KTAV, 1994, p. 40.
5. ↑ Sygkelos, Yanis (2011). Nationalism from the Left. BRILL. p. 254.
6. ↑ S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 161-170
7. ↑ Tsar's Coup Time, 4 February 1935. retrieved 10 August 2008.
8. ↑ Balkans and World War I SofiaEcho.com
9. ↑ Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford Univ: Stanford University Press. pp. 351–352. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC.
10. ↑ "EOKA-B disbands in aid of unity: The notorious underground EOKA-B movement, responsible for a militant campaign against Archbishop Makarios, announces that it has disbanded itself - February 11, 1978 - Cyprus Mail" (in en-GB). Cyprus Mail. 2015-10-03. http://cyprus-mail.com/2015/10/03/eoka-b-disbands-in-aid-of-unity-the-notorious-underground-eoka-b-movement-responsible-for-a-militant-campaign-against-archbishop-makarios-announces-that-it-has-disbanded-itself-february-11-1978/.
11. ↑ Cook, Chris; Diccon Bewes (1997). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 1-85728-533-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC&pg=PA65.
12. ↑ Lemkin, Raphaël (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Harold Bold Verlag. p. 343. ISBN 9781584779018. https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&pg=PA343.
13. ↑ "Vznik Národního souručenství 23. 3. 1939 - 77 let" (in cs). Fronta. http://www.fronta.cz/kalendar/vznik-narodniho-sourucenstvi.
14. ↑ Julian T. Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 (2001).
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30. ↑ Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 41.
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36. ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas. ed. Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 117–125. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
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118. ↑ Jim Handy (1982) Gift of the Devil: A History of Guatemala, South End Press
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128. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/tpt/dictators-playbook/episodes/manuel-noriega/ https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/drawing-justice-courtroom-illustrations/about-this-exhibition/crime-corruption-and-cover-ups/manuel-noriega-on-trial/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Noriega
129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/04/archives/paraguay-deposes-morinigo-after-an-8year-dictatorship-coup.html https://apnews.com/hub/alberto-fujimori https://apnews.com/hub/alberto-fujimori https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alberto-Fujimori
130. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Morales-Bermudez https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/francisco-morales-bermudez-cerruti
131. ↑ ISBN:978-974-9511-28-2
132. ↑ "Ku Klux Klan". 29 October 2019. https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/ku-klux-klan.
133. ↑ "Confederate States of America". 9 November 2009. https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/confederate-states-of-america.
134. ↑ "The American Civil War as a Conservative Revolution". 25 April 2022. https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/event/the-american-civil-war-as-a-conservative-revolution.
135. ↑ "Slavery as a Cause of the Civil War". n.d.. https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/slavery-cause-civil-war.htm.
136. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Uruguay/The-military-regime https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/09/10641174/real-stories-uruguay-disaparecidos-military-dictatorship https://www.tni.org/en/article/50-years-after-the-coup-detat-in-uruguay https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/19/juan-maria-bordaberry-obituary https://countrystudies.us/uruguay/22.htm
137. ↑ https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/delgado-chalbaud-carlos-1909-1950 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcos-Perez-Jimenez https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/22/world/marcos-perez-jimenez-87-venezuela-ruler.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/156130
138. ↑ https://www.worldhistory.org/Portuguese_Angola/
139. ↑ https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/politics/article/burundi-pierre-nkurunziza https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pierre-nkurunziza-burundi-president-dead-a9558731.html
140. ↑ https://www.focusonafrica.info/en/cameroon-paul-biya-corrupt-dictator-in-power-for-over-38-years/ https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-01-26-cameroon-the-corrupt-and-brutal-central-african-state-is-run-by-five-men-with-support-from-the-united-kingdom/
141. ↑ https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1762/the-portuguese-colonization-of-cape-verde/
142. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Bedel-Bokassa
143. ↑ https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebel-group-threatens-military-led-government-2023-08-22/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Idriss-Deby#ref1112176
144. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mobutu-Sese-Seko https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2023/06/08/a-brief-historical-review-of-joseph-mobutus-kleptocracy/
145. ↑ https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/07/13/egypts-decade-of-dictatorship-and-repression/ https://dawnmena.org/sisi-cant-disguise-egypts-dictatorship-as-a-new-republic/
146. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Italian-East-Africa
147. ↑ https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/02/28/a-forgotten-colony-equatorial-guinea-and-spain/ https://mondediplo.com/2021/11/11equatorialguinea https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395170
148. ↑ https://lens.civicus.org/gabon-the-end-of-a-dictatorship-and-the-beginning-of-another/
149. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/The-Gambia/1994-coup-1996-presidential-election-and-new-constitution#ref1010062
150. ↑ https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/portuguese-guinea-1951-1974/
151. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe
152. ↑ https://daily.jstor.org/libya-italian-connection/
153. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ifni
154. ↑ https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/portuguese-mozambique-1951-1975/
155. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/10/21/s-africa-accused-in-namibia/70eb70a4-6c3f-4d10-864d-7cca6433a5b3/
156. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Military-regimes-1983-99 https://www.jstor.org/stable/45313293
157. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506 https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Revolutionary-Movement-for-Development https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juvenal-Habyarimana https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/opinion/paul-kagame-rwanda-britain.html https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Kagame
158. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Idi-Amin https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/29/africa/uganda-life-for-lgbt-community-intl-cmd/index.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187590
159. ↑ https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1763/the-portuguese-colonization-of-sao-tome-and-princi/
160. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Sudan-under-Bashir https://www.wsj.com/articles/sudan-leader-arrested-as-north-africa-rocked-by-political-upheaval-11554985262 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-al-burhan-sudans-military-de-facto-head-of-state https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdel-Fattah-al-Burhan
161. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rally-of-the-Togolese-People https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/07/guardianobituaries https://www.cfr.org/blog/togo-slides-toward-authoritarianism https://blogging.africa/democracy/it-is-confirmed-and-proven-togo-is-a-dictatorship/
162. ↑ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve09p1/d87

## Bibliography

* Schmitz, David F. (1999). Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807847739. OCLC 901305850. https://books.google.com/books?id=gmF21bDO2gAC.
* Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521678536. OCLC 61295816.

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