Isotopes of cadmium

Main isotopes of Chemistry:cadmium (48Cd) | Iso­tope | Decay

|

| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
106Cd  | 1.25%  | stable
107Cd  | syn | 6.5 h | ε | 107Ag
108Cd  | 0.89%  | stable
109Cd  | syn  | 462.6 d | ε  | 109Ag
110Cd  | 12.47%  | stable
111Cd  | 12.80%  | stable
112Cd  | 24.11%  | stable
113Cd  | 12.23%  | 7.7×1015 y | β− | 113In
113mCd  | syn  | 14.1 y | β− | 113In
IT | 113Cd
114Cd  | 28.75%  | stable
115Cd  | syn  | 53.46 h | β− | 115In
116Cd  | 7.51%  | 3.1×1019 y | β−β− | 116Sn
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Cd)|

* 112.414(4)[1]

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Naturally occurring cadmium (
48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity has been observed, and three others are predicted to possibly decay though this has not been observed; it may be presumed the half-lives are extremely long. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113
Cd (beta decay, half-life 8.04×1015 years) and 116
Cd (double beta decay, half-life 2.69×1019 years). The other three are 106
Cd, 108
Cd (double electron capture), and 114
Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their decays have been set. Only three isotopes—110
Cd, 111
Cd, and 112
Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109
Cd with a half-life of 461.3 days, and 115
Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 7 hours and the majority of these are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being 113m
Cd (Template:T-half 13.9 years), 115m
Cd (Template:T-half 44.6 days) and 117m
Cd (Template:T-half 3.44 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range from 95
Cd to 132
Cd. The primary decay mode before the stable isotope 112
Cd is electron capture to isotopes of silver, and after, beta emission to isotopes of indium.

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, cadmium isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific cadmium binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes cadmium isotope fractionation during complexation.[2]

## Contents

* 1 List of isotopes
* 2 Cadmium-113m
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4] | Decay
mode
[n 5] | Daughter
isotope
[n 6][n 7] | Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 9] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy[n 9] | Normal proportion  | Range of variation

Cd | 48  | 46  | 93.95659(54)#  | 2016 | 80# ms
[> 760 ns]  |  |  | 0+  |  |

Cd | 48  | 47  | 94.94948(61)#  | 2012 | 32(3) ms  | β+ (95.4%)  | 95
Ag | 9/2+#  |  |
β+, p (4.6%)  | 94

Cd | 48  | 48  | 95.94034(44)#  | 2008 | 1.003(47) s  | β+ (98.4%)  | 96
Ag | 0+  |  |
β+, p (1.6%)  | 95

96m1
Cd | 6000(1400) keV  | 2019 | 511(26) ms  | β+ (84.6%)  | 96
Ag | 16+  |  |
β+, p (15.4%)  | 95

96m2
Cd | 5605(5) keV  | 2011 | 198(18) ns  | IT  | 96
Cd | (12−,13−)  |  |

Cd | 48  | 49  | 96.93480(45)  | 1978 | 1.16(5) s  | β+ (92.6%)  | 97
Ag | (9/2+)  |  |
β+, p (7.4%)  | 96

97m1
Cd | 1245.1(2) keV  | 2019 | 730(70) μs  | IT  | 97
Cd | (1/2−)  |  |
97m2
Cd | 2620(580) keV  | 2011 | 3.86(6) s  | β+ (74.9%)  | 97
Ag | (25/2+)  |  |
β+, p (25.1%)  | 96

Cd | 48  | 50  | 97.927389(56)  | 1978 | 9.29(10) s  | β+ (>99.97%)  | 98
Ag | 0+  |  |
β+, p (<0.029%)  | 97

98m1
Cd | 2428.3(4) keV  | 1997 | 154(16) ns  | IT  | 98
Cd | (8+)  |  |
98m2
Cd | 6635(2) keV  | 2004 | 224(5) ns  | IT  | 98
Cd | (12+)  |  |

Cd | 48  | 51  | 98.9249258(17)  | 1978 | 17(1) s  | β+ (99.79%)  | 99
Ag | 5/2+#  |  |
β+, p (0.21%)  | 98

β+, α (<10−4%)  | 95

100
Cd | 48  | 52  | 99.9203488(18)  | 1970 | 49.1(5) s  | β+ | 100
Ag | 0+  |  |
101
Cd | 48  | 53  | 100.9185862(16)  | 1969 | 1.36(5) min  | β+ | 101
Ag | 5/2+  |  |
102
Cd | 48  | 54  | 101.9144818(18)  | 1969 | 5.5(5) min  | β+ | 102
Ag | 0+  |  |
103
Cd | 48  | 55  | 102.9134169(19)  | 1960 | 7.3(1) min  | β+ | 103
Ag | 5/2+  |  |
104
Cd | 48  | 56  | 103.9098562(18)  | 1955 | 57.7(10) min  | β+ | 104
Ag | 0+  |  |
105
Cd | 48  | 57  | 104.9094639(15)  | 1950 | 55.5(4) min  | β+ | 105
Ag | 5/2+  |  |
105m
Cd | 2517.6(5) keV  | 1978 | 4.5(5) μs  | IT  | 105
Cd | (21/2+)  |  |
106
Cd | 48  | 58  | 105.9064598(12)  | 1934 | Observationally stable[n 10] | 0+  | 0.01245(22)  |
107
Cd | 48  | 59  | 106.9066120(18)  | 1946 | 6.50(2) h  | β+ | 107
Ag | 5/2+  |  |
108
Cd | 48  | 60  | 107.9041836(12)  | 1934 | Observationally stable[n 11] | 0+  | 0.00888(11)  |
109
Cd | 48  | 61  | 108.9049867(16)  | 1950 | 461.3(5) d  | EC | 109
Ag | 5/2+  |  |
109m1
Cd | 59.60(7) keV  | 1964 | 11.8(16) μs  | IT  | 109
Cd | 1/2+  |  |
109m2
Cd | 463.10(11) keV  | 1966 | 10.6(4) μs  | IT  | 109
Cd | 11/2−  |  |
110
Cd | 48  | 62  | 109.90300747(41)  | 1924 | Stable | 0+  | 0.12470(61)  |
111
Cd[n 12] | 48  | 63  | 110.90418378(38)  | 1924 | Stable | 1/2+  | 0.12795(12)  |
111m
Cd | 396.214(21) keV  | 1951 | 48.50(9) min  | IT  | 111
Cd | 11/2−  |  |
112
Cd[n 12] | 48  | 64  | 111.90276390(27)  | 1924 | Stable | 0+  | 0.24109(7)  |
113
Cd[n 12][n 13] | 48  | 65  | 112.90440811(26)  | 1924 | 8.04(5)×1015 y | β− | 113
In | 1/2+  | 0.12227(7)  |
113m
Cd[n 12] | 263.54(3) keV  | 1959 | 13.89(11) y  | β− (99.90%)  | 113
In | 11/2−  |  |
IT (0.0964%)  | 113

114
Cd[n 12] | 48  | 66  | 113.90336500(30)  | 1924 | Observationally stable[n 14] | 0+  | 0.28754(81)  |
115
Cd[n 12] | 48  | 67  | 114.90543743(70)  | 1939 | 53.46(5) h  | β− | 115m
In | 1/2+  |  |
115m
Cd[n 12] | 181.0(5) keV  | 1947 | 44.56(24) d  | β− | 115
In | 11/2−  |  |
116
Cd[n 12][n 13] | 48  | 68  | 115.90476323(17)  | 1924 | 2.69(9)×1019 y | β−β− | 116
Sn | 0+  | 0.07512(54)  |
117
Cd | 48  | 69  | 116.9072260(11)  | 1939 | 2.503(5) h  | β− | 117
In | 1/2+  |  |
117m
Cd | 136.4(2) keV  | 1966 | 3.441(9) h  | β− | 117
In | 11/2−  |  |
118
Cd | 48  | 70  | 117.906922(21)  | 1961 | 50.3(2) min  | β− | 118
In | 0+  |  |
119
Cd | 48  | 71  | 118.909847(40)  | 1961 | 2.69(2) min  | β− | 119
In | 1/2+  |  |
119m
Cd | 146.54(11) keV  | 1974 | 2.20(2) min  | β− | 119
In | 11/2−  |  |
120
Cd | 48  | 72  | 119.9098681(40)  | 1971 | 50.80(21) s  | β− | 120
In | 0+  |  |
121
Cd | 48  | 73  | 120.9129637(21)  | 1965 | 13.5(3) s  | β− | 121
In | 3/2+  |  |
121m
Cd | 214.86(15) keV  | 1974 | 8.3(8) s  | β− | 121
In | 11/2−  |  |
122
Cd | 48  | 74  | 121.9134591(25)  | 1973 | 5.98(10) s[3] | β− | 122
In | 0+  |  |
123
Cd | 48  | 75  | 122.9168925(29)  | 1983 | 2.10(2) s  | β− | 123
In | 3/2+  |  |
123m
Cd | 143(4) keV  | 1986 | 1.82(3) s  | β− (?%)  | 123
In | 11/2−  |  |
IT (?%)  | 123

124
Cd | 48  | 76  | 123.9176598(28)  | 1974 | 1.25(2) s  | β− | 124
In | 0+  |  |
125
Cd | 48  | 77  | 124.9212576(31)  | 1986 | 680(40) ms  | β− | 125
In | 3/2+  |  |
125m1
Cd | 186(4) keV  | 1989 | 480(30) ms  | β− | 125
In | 11/2−  |  |
125m2
Cd | 1648(4) keV  | 2012 | 19(3) μs  | IT  | 125
Cd | (19/2+)  |  |
126
Cd | 48  | 78  | 125.9224303(25)  | 1978 | 512(5) ms  | β− | 126
In | 0+  |  |
127
Cd | 48  | 79  | 126.9262033(67)  | 1986 | 480(100) ms  | β− | 127
In | 3/2+  |  |
127m1
Cd | 285(8) keV  | 2013 | 360(40) ms  | β− | 127
In | 11/2−  |  |
127m2
Cd | 1845(8) keV  | 2010 | 17.5(3) μs  | IT  | 127
Cd | (19/2+)  |  |
128
Cd | 48  | 80  | 127.9278168(69)  | 1986 | 246(2) ms  | β− | 128
In | 0+  |  |
128m1
Cd | 1870.5(3) keV  | 2009 | 270(7) ns  | IT  | 128
Cd | (5−)  |  |
128m2
Cd | 2714.6(4) keV  | 2009 | 3.56(6) μs  | IT  | 128
Cd | (10+)  |  |
128m3
Cd | 4286.6(15) keV  | 2017 | 6.3(8) ms  | IT  | 128
Cd | (15−)  |  |
129
Cd | 48  | 81  | 128.9322356(57)  | 1986 | 147(3) ms  | β− (?%)  | 129
In | 11/2−  |  |
β−, n (?%)  | 128

129m1
Cd | 343(8) keV  | 2013 | 157(8) ms  | β− (?%)  | 129
In | 3/2+  |  |
β−, n (?%)  | 128

129m2
Cd | 2283(8) keV  | 2014 | 3.6(2) ms  | IT  | 129
Cd | (21/2+)  |  |
130
Cd | 48  | 82  | 129.934388(24)  | 1986 | 126.8(18) ms  | β− (96.5%)  | 130
In | 0+  |  |
β−, n (3.5%)  | 129

130m
Cd | 2129.6(10) keV  | 2007 | 240(16) ns  | IT  | 130
Cd | (8+)  |  |
131
Cd | 48  | 83  | 130.940728(21)  | 2000 | 98(2) ms  | β− (96.5%)  | 131
In | 7/2−#  |  |
β−, n (3.5%)  | 130

132
Cd | 48  | 84  | 131.945823(64)  | 2000 | 84(5) ms  | β−, n (60%)  | 131
In | 0+  |  |
β− (40%)  | 132

133
Cd | 48  | 85  | 132.95261(22)#  | 2010 | 61(6) ms  | β− (?%)  | 133
In | 7/2−#  |  |
β−, n (?%)  | 132

134
Cd | 48  | 86  | 133.95764(32)#  | 2015 | 65(15) ms  | β− | 134
In | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ mCd - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

|

IT: | Isomeric transition
n: | Neutron emission
p: | Proton emission
6. ↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter - Daughter product is nearly stable.
7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
8. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
10. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 106
Pd with a half-life over 1.1×1021 years
11. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 108
Pd with a half-life over 4.1×1017 years
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Fission product
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Primordial radionuclide
14. ↑ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 114
Sn with a half-life over 9.2×1016 years

## Cadmium-113m

Medium-lived
fission products Prop:
Unit:  | t½
(a)  | Yield
(%)  | Q *
(keV)  | βγ *

|
|
|
|

155Eu | 4.76  | 0.0803 | 252  | βγ
85Kr | 10.76  | 0.2180 | 687  | βγ
113mCd | 14.1  | 0.0008 | 316  | β
90Sr | 28.9  | 4.505  | 2826 | β
137Cs | 30.23  | 6.337  | 1176 | βγ
121mSn | 43.9  | 0.00005  | 390  | βγ
151Sm | 88.8  | 0.5314 | 77  | β

Cadmium-113m is a cadmium radioisotope and nuclear isomer with a half-life of 13.9 years. In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste.

Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides[which?] will produce 113m
Cd at higher yields.

## See also

Daughter products other than cadmium

* Isotopes of tin
* Isotopes of indium
* Isotopes of silver
* Isotopes of palladium
* Isotopes of rhodium

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ Ratié, Gildas; Chrastný, Vladislav; Guinoiseau, Damien; Marsac, Rémi; Vaňková, Zuzana; Komárek, Michael (2021-06-01). "Cadmium Isotope Fractionation during Complexation with Humic Acid". Environmental Science & Technology 55 (11): 7430–7444. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00646. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 33970606. Bibcode: 2021EnST...55.7430R. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00646.
3. ↑ Nesterenko, D. A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Al Ayoubi, L.; Beliuskina, O.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T. et al. (1 November 2023). "High-precision measurements of low-lying isomeric states in In 120 – 124 with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap". Physical Review C 108 (5). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.054301.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
* Template:CIAAW2003
* Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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