Gelechioidea

Short description: Superfamily of moths

Curved-horn moths

Adult Xylorycta assimilis of the Xyloryctidae, photographed in Aranda (Australia)
Note prominent "horns" and long antennae
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Lepidoptera
Clade:  | Apoditrysia
Superfamily:  | Gelechioidea
Fracker, 1915
Diversity
16-21 families (see text)

Gelechioidea (from the type genus Gelechia, "keeping to the ground") is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large and poorly understood '"micromoth" superfamily, constituting one of the basal lineages of the Ditrysia.[1]

As of the 1990s, this superfamily was composed of about 1,425 genera and 16,250 species. It was estimated that only 25% of the species diversity of Gelechioidea had been described.[2] If this estimate is accurate, Gelechioidea will be one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera.[1]

The name "curved-horn moths" refers to one of the few conspicuous features found in (almost) all Gelechioidea, and, at least in the more extreme developments, unique to them: the labial palps are well-developed (though not thickened), and form more or less gently curved protrusions whose end has a drawn-out, pointed tip. Their proboscis is generally well-developed, allowing for long-lived imagines (adults); the proximal part of the proboscis is scaly. Otherwise, the Gelechioidea vary extensively in habitus; most have small hind-wings with long, hairy fringes, though these are not easily seen in the living animal as they are tucked under the fore-wings at rest. The body is usually quite compressed, either dorsoventrally or laterally.[3]

## Families

The phylogeny and classification of the Gelechioidea remains a subject of considerable dispute. For example, the Elachistidae were at one time used as a sort of "wastebin taxon" to unite as subfamilies a variety of plesiomorphic members of this superfamily, which do not actually seem to form a monophyletic group. Many of these have now been moved to the Oecophoridae, but others are almost certainly likely families in their own right, while additional ones may well be so.[4]

In 2011 the superfamily was divided into 21 families, based mainly on morphological studies, with adjustments made for some molecular studies. The number of genera and an estimate of the species number are given in parentheses.[5]

* Autostichidae Le Marchand, 1947 (72 genera, 638 species) - includes Deocloninae, Glyphidocerinae, Holcopogoninae, Symmocinae and Metachandini, which have sometimes been treated as families.
* Batrachedridae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876 (10 genera, 99 species)
* Blastobasidae Meyrick, 1894 (24 genera, 377 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* Chimabachidae Heinemann, 1870 (2 genera, 6 species)
* Coelopoetidae Hodges, 1978 (1 genus, 3 species)
* Coleophoridae Bruand, 1850 (case-bearers, case moths; 5 genera, 1,386 species)
* Cosmopterigidae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876 (cosmet moths; 135 genera, 1,792 species)
* Elachistidae Bruand, 1850 (grass-miner moths; 161 genera, 3,201 species) - includes Agonoxeninae (palm moths) and Ethmiinae, which have sometimes been treated as families.
* Epimarptidae Meyrick, 1914 (1 genus, 4 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Batrachedridae.
* Gelechiidae Stainton, 1854 (twirler moths; 500 genera, 4,700 species)
* Lecithoceridae Le Marchand, 1947 (long-horned moths; 100 genera, 1,200 species)
* Lypusidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857 (3 genera, 21 species)
* Momphidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857 (mompha moths; 6 genera, 115 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* Oecophoridae Bruand, 1850 (concealer moths; 313 genera, 3,308 species)
* Peleopodidae Hodges, 1974 (7 genera, 28 species)
* Pterolonchidae Meyrick, 1918 (2 genera, 8 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* Schistonoeidae Hodges, 1998 (scavenger moth; 1 genus, 1 species)
* Scythrididae Rebel, 1901 (flower moths; 30 genera, 669 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Xyloryctidae.
* Stathmopodidae Janse, 1917 (44 genera, 408 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Oecophoridae.
* Syringopaidae Hodges, 1998 (1 genus, 1 species) - previously considered a subfamily of Deoclonidae.
* Xyloryctidae Meyrick, 1890 (60 genera, 524 species)

However, a later phylogenetic analysis of the Gelechioidea, using a morphological and molecular dataset, proposed a revision into 16 families, with the status of two further families, Schistonoeidae and Epimarptidae, unclear.[6]

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* Autostichidae Le Marchand, 1947
* Autostichinae Le Marchand, 1947
* Deocloninae Hodges, 1999
* Glyphidocerinae Hodges, 1999
* Holcopogoninae Gozmány, 1967
* Oegoconiinae Leraut, 1992
* Symmocinae Gozmány, 1957
* Batrachedridae Heinemann & Wocke, 1876
* Blastobasidae Meyrick, 1894
* Blastobasinae Meyrick, 1894
* Holcocerinae Adamski, 1989
* Coleophoridae Bruand, 1850
* Cosmopterigidae Heinemann in Heinemann & Wocke, 1876
* Antequerinae Hodges, 1978
* Chrysopeleiinae Mosher, 1916
* Cosmopteriginae Heinemann and Wocke, 1876
* Scaeosophinae Meyrick, 1922
* Depressariidae Meyrick, 1883
* Acriinae Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984
* Aeolanthinae Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984
* Cryptolechiinae Meyrick, 1883
* Depressariinae Meyrick, 1883
* Ethmiinae Busck, 1909
* Hypercalliinae Leraut, 1993
* Hypertrophinae Fletcher, 1929
* Oditinae Lvovsky, 1996
* Peleopodinae Hodges, 1974
* Stenomatinae Meyrick, 1906
* Elachistidae Bruand, 1850 - substantially reduced with movement of five subfamilies to Depressariidae.
* Agonoxeninae Meyrick, 1926
* Elachistinae Bruand, 1850
* Parametriotinae Capuse, 1971

* Gelechiidae Stainton, 1854
* Anacampsinae Bruand, 1850
* Anomologinae Meyrick, 1926
* Apatetrinae Meyrick, 1947
* Dichomeridinae Hampson, 1918
* Gelechiinae Stainton, 1854
* Physoptilinae Meyrick, 1914
* Thiotrichinae Karsholt et al., 2013
* Lecithoceridae Le Marchand, 1947
* Ceuthomadarinae Gozmány, 1978
* Lecithocerinae Le Marchand, 1947
* Torodorinae Gozmány, 1978
* Lypusidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857
* Chimabachinae Heinemann, 1870
* Lypusinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857
* Momphidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857
* Oecophoridae Bruand, 1850
* Oecophorinae Bruand, 1850
* Pleurotinae Toll, 1956
* Pterolonchidae Meyrick, 1918
* Coelopoetinae Hodges, 1978
* Pterolonchinae Meyrick, 1918
* Syringopainae Hodges, 1999
* Scythrididae Rebel, 1901
* Stathmopodidae Meyrick, 1913
* Xyloryctidae Meyrick, 1890

## Footnotes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Robinson et al. (1994), Hodges (1999), O'Toole (2002)
2. ↑ Hodges (1999)
3. ↑ Robinson et al. (1994)
4. ↑ Hodges (1999), O'Toole (2002), ToL (2009), Wikispecies (2009-OCT-12)
5. ↑ van Nieukerken et al, 2011
6. ↑ Heikkilä et al, 2014

## References

See also associated Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.

* Hodges, R.W. (1999): The Gelechioidea. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.): Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology (Volume IV - Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies 1): 131–158. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York. ISBN:3-11-015704-7
* O'Toole, Christopher (ed.) (2002): Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. ISBN:1-55297-612-2
* Robinson, G.S.; Tuck, K.R.; Shaffer, M. and Cook, K. (1994): The smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
* Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2009): Gelechioidea. Version of 2009-APR-02. Retrieved 2010-APR-22.
* van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Kaila, Lauri; Kitching, Ian J.; Kristensen, Niels P.; Lees, David C.; Minet, Joël; Mitter, Charles; Mutanen, Marko et al. (23 December 2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. ed. "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758". Zootaxa. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness 3148: 212–221. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p221.pdf.
* Heikkilä, Maria; Mutanen, Marko; Kekkonen, Mari; Kaila, Lauri (2014). "Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised classification for Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera)". Cladistics 30 (6): 563–589. doi:10.1111/cla.12064. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34794251.

## External links

* Global Framework for Gelechioidea

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Extant Lepidoptera families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Endopterygota

Suborder Zeugloptera

| Micropterigoidea|

Micropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)

|

Suborder Aglossata

| Agathiphagoidea|

Agathiphagidae (kauri moths)

|

Suborder Heterobathmiina

| Heterobathmioidea|

Heterobathmiidae

|

Suborder Glossata

| Dacnonypha|

| Eriocranioidea|

* Eriocraniidae

|

Acanthoctesia|

| Acanthopteroctetoidea|

* Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)

|

Lophocoronina|

| Lophocoronoidea|

Lophocoronidae

|

Neopseustina|

| Neopseustoidea|

* Aenigmatineidae
* Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)

|

Exoporia|

| Hepialoidea|

* Anomosetidae
* Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths)
* Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
* Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths)
* Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)

|

Mnesarchaeoidea|

* Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)

| M

| Adeloidea|

Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths)
Cecidosidae
Heliozelidae
Incurvariidae
Prodoxidae (yucca moths)

|

Andesianoidea|

* Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)

Nepticuloidea|

Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths)
Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)

Palaephatoidea|

Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)

Tischerioidea|

Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)

| Simaethistoidea|

Simaethistidae

|

Tineoidea|

Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths)
Arrhenophanidae
Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths)
Lypusidae
Psychidae (bagworm moths)
Tineidae (fungus moths)

Gracillarioidea|

Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers)
Douglasiidae (Douglas moths)
Gracillariidae
Roeslerstammiidae

Yponomeutoidea|

Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths)
Bedelliidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths)
Heliodinidae
Lyonetiidae
Plutellidae
Yponomeutidae (ermine moths)
Ypsolophidae

Gelechioidea|

Autostichidae
Batrachedridae
Blastobasidae
Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths)
Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths)
Elachistidae (grass-miner moths)
Gelechiidae (twirler moths)
Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths)
Metachandidae
Momphidae (mompha moths)
Oecophoridae (concealer moths)
Pterolonchidae
Scythrididae (flower moths)
Xyloryctidae (timber moths)

Galacticoidea|

Galacticidae

Zygaenoidea|

Heterogynidae
Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
Himantopteridae
Lacturidae
Somabrachyidae
Megalopygidae (flannel moths)
Aididae
Anomoeotidae
Cyclotornidae
Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths)
Dalceridae (slug caterpillars)
Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)

Cossoidea|

Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths)
Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)

Sesioidea|

Brachodidae (little bear moths)
giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
Sesiidae (clearwing moths)

Choreutoidea|

Choreutidae (metalmark moths)

Tortricoidea|

Tortricidae (tortrix moths)

Urodoidea|

Urodidae (false burnet moths)

Schreckensteinioidea|

Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)

Epermenioidea|

Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)

Alucitoidea|

Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)
Tineodidae (false plume moths)

Pterophoroidea|

Pterophoridae (plume moths)

Whalleyanoidea|

Whalleyanidae

Immoidea|

Immidae

Copromorphoidea|

Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths)
Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)

Thyridoidea|

Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)

Calliduloidea|

Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)

Papilionoidea
(butterflies)|

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)
Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)
Hesperiidae (skippers)
Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
Riodinidae (metalmarks)
blues, coppers and relatives)
Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)

Hyblaeoidea|

Hyblaeidae (teak moths)

Pyraloidea|

Pyralidae (snout moths)
Crambidae (grass moth)

Mimallonoidea|

Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)

Lasiocampoidea|

Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)

Bombycoidea|

Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth)
Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths)
Bombycidae (silk moths)
Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths)
Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth)
Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives)
Eupterotidae
Phiditiidae
Saturniidae (saturniids)
Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)

Noctuoidea|

Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
Euteliidae
Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
Nolidae (tuft moths)
Notodontidae (prominents, kittens)
Oenosandridae

Drepanoidea|

Drepanidae (hook-tips)
Cimeliidae (gold moths)
Doidae

Geometroidea|

Sematuridae
Pseudobistonidae
Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths)
Uraniidae
Geometridae (geometer moths)

Superfamily unassigned|

Millieriidae

Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.

* Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
* Lists by region

Wikidata ☰ Q135051 entry

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