General purpose analog computer

Short description: Mathematical model of analog computers

The general purpose analog computer (GPAC) is a mathematical model of analog computers first introduced in 1941 by Claude Shannon.[1] This model consists of circuits where several basic units are interconnected in order to compute some function. The GPAC can be implemented in practice through the use of mechanical devices or analog electronics. Although analog computers have fallen almost into oblivion due to emergence of the digital computer, the GPAC has recently been studied as a way to provide evidence for the physical Church–Turing thesis.[2] This is because the GPAC is also known to model a large class of dynamical systems defined with ordinary differential equations, which appear frequently in the context of physics.[3] In particular it was shown in 2007 that (a deterministic variant of) the GPAC is equivalent, in computability terms, to Turing machines, thereby proving the physical Church–Turing thesis for the class of systems modelled by the GPAC.[4] This was recently strengthened to polynomial time equivalence.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Definition and history
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Definition and history

The General Purpose Analog Computer was originally introduced by Claude Shannon.[1] This model came as a result of his work on Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, an early analog computer.[6] Shannon defined the GPAC as an analog circuit consisting of five types of units: adders (which add their inputs), multipliers (which multiply their inputs), integrators, constant units (which always output the value 1), and constant multipliers (which always multiply their input by a fixed constant k). More recently, and for simplicity, the GPAC has instead been defined using the equivalent four types of units: adders, multipliers, integrators and real constant units (which always output the value k, for some fixed real number k).

In his original paper, Shannon presented a result which stated that functions computable by the GPAC are those functions which are differentially algebraic.

## See also

* Universal differential equation
* Blum–Shub–Smale machine

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shannon, Claude E. (1941). "Mathematical Theory of the Differential Analyzer". Journal of Mathematics and Physics 20 (1–4): 337–354. doi:10.1002/sapm1941201337.
2. ↑ O. Bournez and M. L. Campagnolo. A Survey on Continuous Time Computations. In New Computational Paradigms. Changing Conceptions of What is Computable. (Cooper, S.B. and Löwe, B. and Sorbi, A., Eds.) Springer, pages 383–423. 2008.
3. ↑ D. S. Graça and J. F. Costa. Analog computers and recursive functions over the reals. Journal of Complexity, 19(5):644–664, 2003
4. ↑ O. Bournez, M. L. Campagnolo, D. S. Graça, and E. Hainry. Polynomial differential equations compute all real computable functions on computable compact intervals. Journal of Complexity, 23:317–335, 2007
5. ↑ Bournez, Olivier; Graça, Daniel S.; Pouly, Amaury (2016). Polynomial Time Corresponds to Solutions of Polynomial Ordinary Differential Equations of Polynomial Length: The General Purpose Analog Computer and Computable Analysis Are Two Efficiently Equivalent Models of Computations. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs). 55. Schloss Dagstuhl. pp. 109:1–109:15. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.109. ISBN 9783959770132.
6. ↑ Robert Price (1982). "Claude E. Shannon, an oral history". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Claude_E._Shannon. Retrieved July 14, 2011.

## External links

* The Analog Thing: An open-source analog computer

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