Terbium compounds

Short description: Chemical compounds with at least one terbium atom

File:Luminescence of terbium compounds.webm

Terbium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal terbium (Tb). Terbium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state in these compounds, such as in TbCl3, Tb(NO3)3 and Tb(CH3COO)3. Compounds with terbium in the +4 oxidation state are also known, such as TbO2 and BaTbF6.[1] Terbium can also form compounds in the 0,[2][3] +1[4] and +2 oxidation states.

The trivalent terbium ion (Tb3+) is generally colorless in aqueous solution, and when it is irradiated by certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light (such as 254 nm or 365 nm) in solution or crystal form, it will emit green fluorescence. This property has given rise to applications in fields such as optics.[5] The tetravalent terbium ion (Tb4+) is non-luminescent and its coexistence with Tb3+ will reduce the green emission of Tb3+.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Properties of terbium compounds
* 2 Chalcogenides
* 2.1 Oxides
* 2.2 Other chalcogenides
* 3 Halides and halogen complexes
* 4 Organoterbium compounds
* 5 Other compounds
* 5.1 Oxoacid salts
* 5.2 Pnictides
* 6 Alloys
* 6.1 Terfenol-D
* 6.2 Victorium
* 7 Applications
* 8 Pictures of terbium compounds
* 9 See also
* 10 References

## Properties of terbium compounds

Formula  | appearance  | symmetry  | space group | No  | a (nm)  | b (nm)  | c (nm)  | density,
g/cm3

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

TbBr3 | white powder (hexahydrate)[7] | trigonal  | R3 | 148  |  |  |  | 4.62[8]
TbCl3 | white powder  | hexagonal  | P63/m  | 176  |  |  |  | 4.35
TbF3 | white solid  | hexagonal[9] |  |  | 7.035[9] |  | 6.875[9] | 7.23[10]
Tb(OH)3 | white solid[11] |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TbI3 | hydroscopic crystals  | trigonal[12][13] | R3 | 148  |  |  |  | 5.2
Tb(NO3)3 | colourless crystals (hexahydrate)[14] | monoclinic[15] | P21/c  | 14  | 1.2870  | 1.6590  | 2.8723  |
Tb2O3 | white crystals  | cubic  | Ia3[16] | 206[16] |  | 1.057  |  | 7.91
TbO2 | dark-coloured[17] | cubic  |  |  |  |  |  |
TbP | black crystals  | cubic  | Fm3m  | 225  | 0.56402  |  |  | 6.82
Tb4O7 | dark brown-black solid  | orthorhombic  | R3[18] | 148  | 6.5082  |  |  | 7.3
Tb11O20 | solid  | triclinic  | P1 | 2  | 6.50992  | 9.8298  | 6.4878  |
TbAsO4 | solid  | orthorhombic[19] | Fddd | 70  | 7.09  |  | 6.32  |
TbAsO4 | solid  | tetragonal[19] | I41/amd | 141  | 10.081  | 9.957  | 6.321  |
TbSbO4 | green (under UV light)  | monoclinic[20] | P21/m  | 11  |  |  |  |
TbSe  | yellow-red solid[21] | cubic  | Fm3m[22] | 225  |  |  |  |

## Chalcogenides

### Oxides

Terbium(III,IV) oxide

Terbium has a variety of oxides. The most easily obtained is terbium(III,IV) oxide, which can be produced by the decomposition of terbium compounds such as the hydroxide,[23] the oxalate[24] and the p-aminobenzoate.[25] Terbium(III,IV) oxide, because the oxide contains both trivalent terbium and tetravalent terbium, can be decomposed by reacting with nitric acid to produce terbium(III) nitrate, releasing oxygen in the progress:[23]

2 Tb4O7 \+ 24 HNO3 → 8 Tb(NO3)3 \+ 12 H2O + O2↑

It is refluxed in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, which can separate trivalent and tetravalent terbium:[26]

Tb4O7 \+ 6 HCl → 2 TbO2 \+ 2 TbCl3 \+ 3 H2O

It reacts with dicyandiamide at a high temperature to obtain Tb2O2CN2.[27]

Another common oxide of terbium is terbium(III) oxide, which can be obtained from the reduction of hydrogen from terbium(III,IV) oxide at 1300 °C.[28] A p-type semiconductor is formed after doping with calcium.[29]

Terbium(IV) oxide can be prepared by treating terbium(III,IV) oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid,[30] its hydrate TbO2·xH2O can be obtained by oxidizing terbium(III) hydroxide with potassium persulfate in the presence of silver nitrate.[31] Terbium(IV) oxide can form mixed crystals with praseodymium(IV) oxide.[32]

### Other chalcogenides

Terbium(III) sulfide is one of the sulfides of terbium, which can be obtained by reacting with sulfur in a stoichiometric ratio.[33] It can also be obtained by reacting terbium(III,IV) oxide with carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide at high temperature.[34] It reacts with hydrofluoric acid solution to give terbium(III) fluoride hemihydrate.[34] Terbium(III) selenide can be obtained by the reaction of terbium polyselenide TbSe1.9 with metal terbium, which can form black needle-like crystals with U2S3 structure and space group Pnma.[35] Terbium monochalcogenides, TbZ (Z = S, Se or Te), can be prepared by directly reacting terbium with the corresponding chalcogen. These chalcogenides are black and have a NaCl structure. They have metallic conductivity and consist of Ln3+ and Z2- ions with 1 electron from each cation delocalized in a conduction band.[17]

## Halides and halogen complexes

Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate

Terbium can form four trihalides in the form TbX3 (X=F, Cl, Br, I), which, except the fluoride, are easily soluble in water, and are strong electrolytes in water. They can be prepared by reacting terbium with the corresponding halogen:[36]

2Tb (s) + 3F
2 (g) → 2TbF
3 (s) [a white substance]
2Tb (s) + 3Cl
2 (g) → 2TbCl
3 (s) [a white substance]
2Tb (s) + 3Br
2 (g) → 2TbBr
3 (s) [a white substance]
2Tb (s) + 3I
2 (g) → 2TbI
3 (s)

Anhydrous terbium halides can be prepared by reacting oxides or halides hydrates:[37]

Tb2O3 \+ 6 NH4Cl → 2 TbCl3 \+ 3 H2O + 6 NH3↑
TbCl3·6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → TbCl3 \+ 6 SO2↑ + 12 HCl↑

Terbium(II) halides are obtained by annealing Tb(III) halides in presence of metallic Tb in tantalum containers. Terbium also forms a sesquichloride Tb
2Cl
3, which can be further reduced to TbCl by annealing at 800 °C. This terbium(I) chloride forms platelets with layered graphite-like structure.[38]

Terbium(IV) fluoride is the only halide that tetravalent terbium can form, and has strong oxidizing properties. It is also a strong fluorinating agent, emitting relatively pure atomic fluorine when heated, rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from cobalt(III) fluoride or cerium(IV) fluoride.[39] It can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) chloride or terbium(III) fluoride with fluorine gas at 320 °C:[40]

2 TbF3 \+ F2 → 2 TbF4

When TbF4 and CsF is mixed in a stoichiometric ratio, in a fluorine gas atmosphere, CsTbF5 is obtained. It is an orthorhombic crystal, with space group Cmca, with a layered structure composed of [TbF8]4− and 11-coordinated Cs+.[41] The compound BaTbF6 can be prepared in a similar method. It is an orthorhombic crystal, with space group Cmma. The compound [TbF8]4− also exists.[42]

## Organoterbium compounds

See also: Chemistry:Organolanthanide chemistry

Organoterbium compounds are a class of organic metal compounds containing Tb-C bonds. The cyclopentadienyl complexes of terbium were studied in the early stage. They can be prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide and anhydrous terbium halide in tetrahydrofuran, such as:[43]

TbCl3 \+ 3 C5H5Na → (C5H5)3Tb + 3 NaCl
TbI2 \+ 2 (C5HiPr4)Na → (C5HiPr4)2Tb + 2 NaI

However, this compound has limited usage and academic interest.[44]

Like the other lanthanides, metal-carbon σ bonds are found in alkyls of terbium such as [TbMe6]3− and Tb[CH(SiMe3)2]3.[44] The alkyls and aryls can be prepared by metathesis in tetrahydrofuran on ether solutions:[17]

TbCl3 \+ 3 LiR → TbR3 \+ 3 LiCl
TbCl3 \+ 4 LiR → Li[TbR4] + 3 LiCl3

## Other compounds

### Oxoacid salts

Terbium(III) sulfate (Tb2(SO4)3) is a colorless crystal (left) that fluoresces green under ultraviolet light (right).

File:Terbium acetate reacting with cesium carbonate.webm

Terbium(III) sulfate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III,IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. It can crystallize colorless octahydrate crystals in water, which is isostructural with the corresponding praseodymium compound.[45] The anhydrate can be obtained by heating the octahydrate, and an exothermic reaction occurs when the anhydrate is rehydrated.[46] Terbium(III) hydroxide can be obtained by reacting terbium with water.[36] It reacts with acids to produce terbium(III) salts. It decomposes to TbO(OH) at an elevated temperature, and upon further heating, will decompose to terbium(III) oxide.[11]

Terbium(III) nitrate can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) oxide with nitric acid and crystallizing. The crystals are dried with 45~55% sulfuric acid to obtain the hexahydrate.[47] The basic salt TbONO3 can be obtained by heating the hydrate, and its anhydrate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III) oxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.[48] Terbium(III) phosphate can be obtained by the reaction of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and terbium(III) nitrate, and the reaction produces a hexagonal monohydrate, which can emit the characteristic green light of terbium (543 nm) under the excitation of 355 nm wavelength.[49] It can also be obtained by the reaction of sodium phosphate and terbium(III) chloride in solution, and the precipitated dihydrate is calcined at 800 °C to obtain the anhydrous form.[50] Terbium(III) arsenate is an orthorhombic crystal at 77 K with space group Fddd, and undergoes a phase transition at 27.7 K to form a tetragonal crystal with space group I41/amd,[19] which is a ferromagnet below 1.5 K.[19] It can be produced by reacting sodium arsenate and terbium(III) chloride.[51] Terbium(III) antimonate (TbSbO4) is a monoclinic crystal with space group P21/m (No. 11).[20]

Terbium(III) carbonate can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) chloride with saturated carbon dioxide solution in sodium bicarbonate, and the product also needs to be washed with water saturated with carbon dioxide.[52] The germanates TbIII13(GeO4)6O7(OH) and K2TbIVGe2O7 can be synthesized at high temperature and pressure, and they are colorless crystals of trigonal and monoclinic systems, respectively.[53] The tetrahydrate of terbium(III) acetate can lose hydration at 60 °C, obtaining the anhydrate at 180 °C, which starts to decompose at 220 °C, forming terbium oxide at 650 °C.[54]

Terbium borate can be obtained by reacting terbium oxide with boric acid:[55]

2 Tb4O7 \+ 8 H3BO3 → 8 TbBO3 \+ 12 H2O + O2↑

The single crystal of its hexagonal phase can be obtained by the Czochralski method; it can also form a solid of the triclinic system, which can be obtained by the sol-gel method.[56] The composite borates TbFe3(BO3)4 and TbAl3(BO3)4 can also be obtained by a similar method.[57][58] Terbium(III) oxide, terbium(III) chloride and boron trioxide react in a caesium chloride solution to obtain terbium oxychloride borate Tb4O4Cl(BO3), which is a monoclinic crystal with space group P21/n.[59] Both aluminate Tb3Al5O12[60] and gallate Tb3Ga5O12[61][62] can be used as magneto-optical materials.

### Pnictides

All the terbium pnictides form crystals of the cubic crystal system, with the space group of Fm3m.[63][64][65] Terbium phosphide can be obtained by reacting sodium phosphide and anhydrous terbium(III) chloride at 700 to 800˚C.[66] It undergoes a phase transition at 40 GPa from a NaCl-structure to a CsCl-structure.[67] It can be sintered with zinc sulfide to make a green phosphor layer.[68]

## Alloys

Sir William Crookes, the discoverer of victorium, in 1906

### Terfenol-D

Terfenol-D is an alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium, with the formula of Tb
xDy
1-xFe
2. It was initially developed in the 1970s by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the United States. The technology for manufacturing the material efficiently was developed in the 1980s at Ames Laboratory under a U.S. Navy-funded program.[69] It has the highest magnetostriction of any alloy, with up to 0.002 m/m at saturation.[70] It possess nearly zero magnetocrystalline anisotropy and so exhibits very large magnetostriction at low magnetic fields.[71] Terfenol-D is mostly used for its magnetostrictive properties, in which it changes shape when exposed to magnetic fields in a process called magnetization. Magnetic heat treatment is shown to improve the magnetostrictive properties of Terfenol-D at low compressive stress for certain ratios of Tb and Dy.[72]

### Victorium

Victorium[73] (also called monium, meaning "alone", because its spectral lines stood alone at the end of the ultraviolet spectrum[74]) is an alloy of gadolinium and terbium, which was misidentified as a chemical element in 1898 by the English chemist William Crookes. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element. However, in 1905, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that to be false, and in fact, a impurity of gadolinium and terbium.[75]

## Applications

Terbium compounds do not have many applications. However, compounds of trivalent terbium can emit green light under excitation, such as terbium(III) oxide which can be used in cathode-ray tube televisions.[76] Terbium compounds are also used in optics due to this property.[5] In addition, terbium compounds have other applications. For example, TbFe2-based compounds can be used as magnetostrictive materials,[77] dielectric Tb3Ga5O12 and Tb3Al5O12 can be used as magneto-optical materials,[60][61][62] terbium(III) fluoride is used for the production of fluoride glasses and electroluminescent thin films and luminescent zinc sulfide[78] and terbium gatifloxacin can be used as drugs.[79] Terbium phosphide is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes and other photo diodes. [80] CePO4:Tb (Cerium phosphate doped terbium) has potential application in biological imaging and cellular labeling.[81]

Alloys containing terbium are used in the production of electronic devices, mostly as a component of Terfenol-D. The alloy is used in actuators,[82] in sensors, in the SoundBug device (its first commercial application), hydraulic valve drivers[83] and other magnetomechanical devices. It is also used in naval sonar systems. Its strain is also larger than that of another normally used material (PZT8), which allows Terfenol-D transducers to reach greater depths for ocean explorations than past transducers.[84] Its low Young's Modulus brings some complications due to compression at large depths, which are overcome in transducer designs that may reach 1000 ft in depth and only lose a small amount of accuracy of around 1 dB.[83] Due to its high temperature range, Terfenol-D is also useful in deep hole acoustic transducers where the environment may reach high pressure and temperatures like oil holes. Terfenol-D may also be used for hydraulic valve drivers due to its high strain and high force properties.[83] Similarly, magnetostrictive actuators have also been considered for use in fuel injectors for diesel engines because of the high stresses that can be produced.[85]

## Pictures of terbium compounds

Terbium compounds

* Terbium acetate tetrahydrate (Tb(CH3COO)3·4H2O)

* Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (TbCl3·6H2O)

* Terbium(III) hydroxide (Tb(OH)3)

* Terbium(III) phosphate (TbPO4)

* Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7)

* Terbium(III) sulfate (Tb2(SO4)3)

* Terbium nitrate hexahydrate (Tb(NO3)3·6H2O)

## See also

* Europium compounds
* Berkelium compounds (the actinide analogue of terbium)

## References

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33. ↑ Orlova, I. G.; Eliseev, A. A. (1983). "Физико-химическое исследование взаимодействия серы с тербием" (in ru). Zhurnal Neorganicheskoj Khimii 28 (1): 65–68. INIST:PASCAL83X0237088.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Andreev, O.V.; Razumkova, I.A.; Boiko, A.N. (2018). "Synthesis and thermal stability of rare earth compounds REF3 , REF3 · n H2O and (H3O)RE3F10 · n H2O (RE = Tb − Lu, Y), obtained from sulphide precursors". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 207: 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.001.
35. ↑ Grundmeier, Thorsten; Urland, Werner (November 1997). "Zur Kristallstruktur von Tb2Se3". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 623 (11): 1744–1746. doi:10.1002/zaac.19976231113. Bibcode: 1997ZAACh.623.1744G.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Terbium: reactions of elements . WebElements. [2017-4-10]
37. ↑ Inorganic Chemistry Series. pp 210-215. 2. Halides
38. ↑ Cotton (2007). Advanced inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). Wiley-India. p. 1128. ISBN 978-81-265-1338-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=U3MWRONWAmMC&pg=PA1128.
39. ↑ Rau, J. V.; Chilingarov, N. S.; Leskiv, M. S.; Sukhoverkhov, V. F.; Rossi Albertini, V.; Sidorov, L. N. (August 2001). "Transition and rare earth metal fluorides as thermal sources of atomic and molecular fluorine". Le Journal de Physique IV 11 (PR3): Pr3–109–Pr3-113. doi:10.1051/jp4:2001314.
40. ↑ G. Meyer; Lester R. Morss (1991). Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds.. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7923-1018-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA60.
41. ↑ Gaumet, V.; Avignant, D. (1997). "Caesium Pentafluoroterbate, CsTbF5". Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications 53 (9): 1176–1178. doi:10.1107/S0108270197005556. Bibcode: 1997AcCrC..53.1176G.
42. ↑ Largeau, E.; El-Ghozzi, M.; Métin, J.; Avignant, D. (1997). "β-BaTbF6". Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications 53 (5): 530–532. doi:10.1107/S0108270196014527. Bibcode: 1997AcCrC..53..530L.
43. ↑ 无机化学丛书. pp 338. 2.3.7 稀土元素有机化合物.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Hagen, A. P. (2009). Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Elements of Group IVB (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) (Part 4). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-14547-0. [page needed]
45. ↑ Wei, D.Y.; Zheng, Y.-Q. (2003). "Crystal structure of terbium sulfate octahydrate, Tb2(SO4)3 · 8H2O, and of dysprosium sulfate octahydrate, Dy2(SO4)3 · 8H2O". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures 218 (JG): 23–24. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.jg.23.
46. ↑ 无机化合物合成手册. pp 258-259. 819 硫酸盐.
47. ↑ 稀土硝酸盐的制法、性质及结构. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XTZZ199004006.htm. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
48. ↑ 无机化合物合成手册. pp 260-261. 820 硝酸盐.
49. ↑ Di, Weihua; Wang, Xiaojun; Zhao, Haifeng (2007). "Synthesis and Characterization of LnPO4 · nH2O (Ln = La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) Nanorods and Nanowires". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7 (10): 3624–3628. doi:10.1166/jnn.2007.847. PMID 18330183.
50. ↑ Kalieva, K.; Stretkova, Z. V.; Babynina, N. A.; Gordienko, L. N.; Votoyarov, M.; Yakimov; Sakavov, I. E.; Mustaev, A. K. X-ray diffraction studies of praseodymium, neodymium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, holmium, and terbium orthophosphates. (in Russian) Tr. Kirg. Univ., Ser. Khim. Nauk, 1972. (2): 84-89.
51. ↑ Gabisoniya, Ts. D.; Nanobashvili, E. M. (1980). "Synthesis of rare earth metal arsenates". Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 97 (2): 345–348. ISSN 0002-3167. [verification needed]
52. ↑ Sastry, R.L.N.; Yoganarasimhan, S.R.; Mehrotra, P.N.; Rao, C.N.R. (1966). "Preparation, characterization and thermal decomposition of praseodymium, terbium and neodymium carbonates". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28 (5): 1165–1177. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80442-6.
53. ↑ Fulle, Kyle; Sanjeewa, Liurukara D.; McMillen, Colin D.; Wen, Yimei; Rajamanthrilage, Apeksha C.; Anker, Jeffrey N.; Chumanov, George; Kolis, Joseph W. (2017). "One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of TbIII13(GeO4)6O7(OH) and K2TbIVGe2O7: Preparation of a Stable Terbium(4+) Complex". Inorganic Chemistry 56 (11): 6044–6047. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00821. PMID 28537716.
54. ↑ Manabe, Kazuo; Ogawa, Makoto (1982). "Thermal Decomposition of Terbium(III) Acetate Tetrahydrate". Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1982 (4): 694–696. doi:10.1246/nikkashi.1982.694.
55. ↑ Zeng, Yubin; Liang, Yingfang (2013). "A General Approach to Spindle-Assembled Lanthanide Borate Nanocrystals and Their Photoluminescence upon Eu3+/Tb3+ Doping". Inorganic Chemistry 52 (16): 9590–9596. doi:10.1021/ic401299h. PMID 23899367.
56. ↑ Cao, Li Li; Chen, Yi Yong; Lin, Chan Juan; Shen, Ze Bin; Guo, Fei Yun; Ye, Jing; Chen, Jian Zhong (2011). "Preparation of TbBO3 Powder and Growth of TbBO3 Crystal". Advanced Materials Research 306-307: 416–422. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.306-307.416.
57. ↑ Ritter, C; Balaev, A; Vorotynov, A; Petrakovskii, G; Velikanov, D; Temerov, V; Gudim, I (2007). "Magnetic structure, magnetic interactions and metamagnetism in terbium iron borate TbFe3(BO3)4: a neutron diffraction and magnetization study". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19 (19). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/19/196227. Bibcode: 2007JPCM...19s6227R.
58. ↑ Kadomtseva, A. M.; Popov, Yu. F.; Vorob'ev, G. P.; Kostyuchenko, N. V.; Popov, A. I.; Mukhin, A. A.; Ivanov, V. Yu.; Bezmaternykh, L. N. et al. (2014). "High-temperature magnetoelectricity of terbium aluminum borate: The role of excited states of the rare-earth ion". Physical Review B 89 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.014418. Bibcode: 2014PhRvB..89a4418K.
59. ↑ Schäfer, Marion C.; Nikelski, Tanja; Schleid, Thomas (2013). "Syntheses and crystal structures of the novel oxide chloride oxoborates Ln4O4Cl[BO3] (Ln = Eu–Tm)". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 228 (9). doi:10.1524/zkri.2013.1648.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lin, Hui; Zhou, Shengming; Teng, Hao (2011). "Synthesis of Tb3Al5O12 (TAG) transparent ceramics for potential magneto-optical applications". Optical Materials 33 (11): 1833–1836. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2011.06.017. Bibcode: 2011OptMa..33.1833L.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Jin, Weizhao; Ding, Jingxin; Guo, Li; Gu, Qi; Li, Chun; Su, Liangbi; Wu, Anhua; Zeng, Fanming (2018). "Growth and performance research of Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 magneto-optical crystal". Journal of Crystal Growth 484: 17–20. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2017.12.024. Bibcode: 2018JCrGr.484...17J.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Löw, Ute; Zherlitsyn, Sergei; Araki, Koji; Akatsu, Mitsuhiro; Nemoto, Yuichi; Goto, Terutaka; Zeitler, Uli; Lüthi, Bruno (2014). "Magneto-Elastic Effects in Tb3Ga5O12". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 83 (4). doi:10.7566/JPSJ.83.044603. Bibcode: 2014JPSJ...83d4603L. https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128399/128399.pdf.
63. ↑ "Terbium Phosphide TbP". materialsproject.org. https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-645/.
64. ↑ Dubey, Ritu; Singh, Sadhna; Kaur, Gurusharan (2021-01-01). "Structural analysis of terbium monopnictides under high pressure". Solid State Communications 338. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2021.114465. Bibcode: 2021SSCom.33814465D.
65. ↑ Hafemeister, D. W.; Flygare, W. H. (August 1965). "Outer-Shell Overlap Integrals as a Function of Distance for Halogen—Halogen, Halogen—Alkali, and Alkali—Alkali Ions in the Alkali Halide Lattices". The Journal of Chemical Physics 43 (3): 795–800. doi:10.1063/1.1696846. Bibcode: 1965JChPh..43..795H.
66. ↑ Rowley, Adrian T.; Parkin, Ivan P. (1 January 1993). "Convenient synthesis of lanthanide and mixed lanthanide phosphides by solid-state routes involving sodium phosphide". Journal of Materials Chemistry 3 (7): 689–692. doi:10.1039/JM9930300689.
67. ↑ Adachi, Takafumi; Shirotani, Ichimin; Hayashi, Junichi; Shimomura, Osamu (28 December 1998). "Phase transitions of lanthanide monophosphides with NaCl-type structure at high pressures". Physics Letters A 250 (4–6): 389–393. doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(98)00840-8. Bibcode: 1998PhLA..250..389A.
68. ↑ Raffius, G.; Kötzler, J. (February 1983). "Field-dependence of the first-order phase transition in terbium phosphide". Physics Letters A 93 (8): 423–425. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(83)90477-2. Bibcode: 1983PhLA...93..423R.
69. ↑ Wheeler, Scott L. (2002-10-29). "PRC Espionage leads to "Terf" war: investigators say China placed students in American universities to gain secret information about an exotic material with valuable industrial and military uses". Insight on the News Newspaper. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_39_18/ai_94129964/.
70. ↑ Sandlund, L.; Fahlander, M.; Cedell, T.; Clark, A. E.; Restorff, J. B.; Wun-Fogle, M. (15 May 1994). "Magnetostriction, elastic moduli, and coupling factors of composite Terfenol-D". Journal of Applied Physics 75 (10): 5656–5658. doi:10.1063/1.355627. Bibcode: 1994JAP....75.5656S.
71. ↑ Lim, S.H.; Kim, S.R.; Kang, S.Y.; Park, J.K.; Nam, J.T.; Son, Derac (January 1999). "Magnetostrictive properties of polymer-bonded Terfenol-D composites". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 191 (1–2): 113–121. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00315-1. Bibcode: 1999JMMM..191..113L.
72. ↑ Verhoeven, J. D.; Ostenson, J. E.; Gibson, E. D.; McMasters, O. D. (1989-07-15). "The effect of composition and magnetic heat treatment on the magnetostriction of TbxDy1−xFey twinned single crystals". Journal of Applied Physics 66 (2): 772–779. doi:10.1063/1.343496. Bibcode: 1989JAP....66..772V.
73. ↑ Elder, Eleanor S (1980). "Sir William Crookes, Victorium, and the Library of Congress". Journal of Chemical Education 57 (6): 421. doi:10.1021/ed057p421. Bibcode: 1980JChEd..57..421E.
74. ↑ Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-19-938336-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203.
75. ↑ Brock, William Hodson (2008). William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-7546-6322-5.
76. ↑ Caro, Paul (1998-06-01). "Rare earths in luminescence". Rare earths. Editorial Complutense. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-84-89784-33-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=P4UCrfp_s0EC&pg=PA323. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
77. ↑ Manwani, Krishna; Chelvane, Arout J.; Panda, Emila (2018). "Oxidation of TbFe2: Microstructure of oxide-film by both theory and experiment". Corrosion Science 130: 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2017.10.030. Bibcode: 2018Corro.130..153M.
78. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich Co., product no. {{{id}}}.
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81. ↑ Di, Weihua; Li, Jie; Shirahata, Naoto; Sakka, Yoshio; Willinger, Marc-Georg; Pinna, Nicola (2011). "Photoluminescence, cytotoxicity and in vitro imaging of hexagonal terbium phosphatenanoparticles doped with europium". Nanoscale 3 (3): 1263–1269. doi:10.1039/C0NR00673D. PMID 21135975. Bibcode: 2011Nanos...3.1263D.
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83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "Active Signal Technologies Terfenol-D Transducer and Actuator Designs". http://www.activesignaltech.com/Terfenol1.html.
84. ↑ Houqing, Zhu; Jianguo, Liu; Xiurong, Wang; Yanhong, Xing; Hongping, Zhang (1997-08-01). "Applications of Terfenol-D in China" (in en). Journal of Alloys and Compounds 258 (1–2): 49–52. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(97)00068-6.
85. ↑ "Fuel Injector Patent". https://patents.google.com/patent/US6364221.

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Terbium compounds

Terbium(III)|

* TbBr3
* TbCl3
* TbF3
* TbI3
* Tb(NO3)3
* Tb2O3

Terbium(III,IV)|

* Tb4O7

Terbium(IV)|

* TbSi2
* TbO2
* TbF4

Template:Chemical compounds by element

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