Gough_Whitlam

Gough Whitlam









21st Prime Minister of Australia
Elections: 1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977


In office
December 5, 1972 – November 11, 1975


Deputy

Lance Barnard
Jim Cairns
Frank Crean


Preceded by

William McMahon


Succeeded by

Malcolm Fraser





Born

July 11 1916(1916-07-11)
Kew, Victoria, Australia


Died

October 21 2014 (aged 98)
Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, Australia


Constituency

Werriwa (New South Wales)


Political party

Australian Labor Party


Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known as Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/ goff), was an Australian former politician and 21st Prime Minister of Australia. A member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, winning a by-election for the Division of Werriwa in New South Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of the ALP and in 1967, following the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election defeat the year before, he assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition. After initially falling short of gaining enough seats to win government at the 1969 election, Whitlam led the Labor Party to victory at the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party government in Australia. After winning the 1974 election, he was dismissed in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a protracted constitutional crisis caused by a refusal of opposition Coalition members to pass Supply Bills in the Australian Senate, and lost the subsequent 1975 election. He is the only Australian Prime Minister to be dismissed by the Governor-General, using reserve powers. His 'presidential' style of politics, the socially progressive policies he pursued, and the dramatic dismissal and subsequent election loss still arouse intense passion and debate. After years of government by one party, Whitlam's Labor Government came to power amid expectations of change. Failure to manage the economy led to his defeat.

Contents

1 Early life
2 Early political career
3 Opposition leader
4 Prime Minister 1972-75
5 The dismissal
6 Out of office
7 Legacy
8 Honors
9 Notes
10 References
11 External Links
12 Credits



However, despite the brevity of his premiership, his government left a permanent mark on Australia, such as Medicare, the ending of conscription and the lowering of the voting age to 18. His re-situating of Australia as an Asian state with trade-links in Asia is a policy that successors of both parties have continued. He also put a final to end to the White Australia policy that had favored White over non-white migrants and began a process that restored the rights of Australian Aborigines.[1][2] The Labor Party's campaign to make Australia a republic, ending Monarchy, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far failed to attract enough support to bring about a change in the Constitution. (The Governor-General, in dismissing Whitlam, technically represented the monarch of Australia, who is shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically correct to describe the monarch of Australia as the "British" monarch because there is no legal relationship between the two states, although the same person is monarch.)

Early life
 Pilot Officer Gough Whitlam in Cooktown, Queensland in 1944.
Gough Whitlam was born in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne. His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Solicitor. Whitlam senior's involvement in human rights issues was a powerful influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at the University of Sydney. During the Second World War he served overseas as a navigator in the Royal Australian Air Force's No. 13 Squadron, reaching the rank of Flight Lieutenant. He completed his studies after the war and was admitted to the New South Wales bar in 1947.
On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons and a daughter. Margaret Whitlam is known for having a sardonic wit equal to that of her husband and is a published author as well as a former champion swimmer. On the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he claimed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.[3]
One of their sons, Nicholas Whitlam, became a prominent banker and a controversial figure in his own right. Another, Tony Whitlam, was briefly a federal MP and was appointed as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court of Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the ACT Supreme Court. A third son, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), is a former diplomat.[4] Daughter Catherine Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Wales Parole Board.[5]

Early political career
Whitlam's impetus to become involved in politics was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased powers for the federal government. He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have lost. When Hubert Lazzarini, the sitting member for the safe Federal electorate of Werriwa, died in 1952, Whitlam was elected to the House of Representatives at the by-election on November 29, 1952.
Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence and incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's star performers. Widely acknowledged as one of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of his time, he was also one of the few in the ALP who could hold his own against Robert Menzies on the floor of the House.
After the electoral success of the Curtin and Chifley years, the 1950s were a grim and divisive time for Labor. The Liberal-Country Party coalition government of Robert Menzies gained power in the election of 1949 and governed for a record 23 years. Chifley died in June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's conciliatory skills.
Whitlam admired Evatt greatly, and was a loyal supporter of his leadership, through a period dominated by the Labor split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right wing of the party breaking off to form the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). In 1960, having lost three elections, Evatt resigned, to be replaced by Arthur Calwell, with Whitlam winning the election for deputy over veteran Labor MP Eddie Ward. Calwell came within a handful of votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost ground from that time onward.
The ALP, having been founded as a party to represent the working classes, still regarded its parliamentary representatives as servants of the party as a whole, and required them to comply with official party policy. This led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam waiting outside a Canberra hotel for the decision of an ALP Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great advantage in the November 1963 election campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are unknown, who have no electoral responsibility."
Whitlam was quick to respond, and spent years struggling for party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 witless men"—and eventually succeeded in having the secretive Labor Party National Conference turned into an open public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both state and federal parliamentary leaders being automatic members.
Through the 1960s, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell and the right wing of the party remained uneasy. Whitlam opposed several key Labor policies, including nationalization of industry, refusal of state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support for the White Australia Policy. His stances brought him into direct conflict with the ALP leadership on several occasions and he was almost expelled from the party in 1966 because of his vocal support for government aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.
In January 1966, Menzies finally retired after a record term in office. His successor as Liberal Party leader, Harold Holt, led the coalition to a landslide election victory in November on a pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. This crushing defeat prompted Calwell to step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Leader of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader
Whitlam swiftly made his mark on the ALP, bringing his campaign for internal reform to fruition, and overhauling or discarding a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined for decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer opposed state aid, and the air of grim working-class Puritanism that attended the Labor Party of the 1950s gave way to one that was younger, more optimistic, more socially liberal, more intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.
Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in December 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal dissent. They first elected Senator John Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper hand on Gorton, in large part because he was one of the first Australian politicians to realize and fully exploit the power of television as a political tool. Whitlam won two by-elections, then an 18-seat swing in the 1969 election. He actually won a bare majority of the two-party preferred vote, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing against Labor left him four seats short of bringing the Coalition down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor of William McMahon. However, McMahon was considered well past his political prime, and was never able to get the better of the more charismatic Whitlam.
Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on party reform and new policy development. He advocated the abolition of conscription and Australian withdrawal from the Vietnam War, and in 1971 visited the People's Republic of China (PRC), promising to establish diplomatic relations—much to the chagrin of McMahon, who attacked Whitlam for this policy, only to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working toward recognizing the PRC. The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam lead the ALP to its first electoral victory since 1946. The electoral slogan, "its time," promised change for Australia especially in the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75
Custom dictated that Whitlam should have waited until the process of vote counting was complete, and then call a Caucus meeting to elect his Ministers ready to be sworn in by the Governor-General. Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Minister would remain in office as a caretaker.[7] However, unwilling to wait, Whitlam had himself and Deputy Leader Lance Barnard sworn in as a two-man government as soon as the overall result was beyond doubt, on December 5, 1972, the Tuesday after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios between them (see First Whitlam Ministry). Whitlam later said, "The Caucus I joined in 1972 had as many Boer War veterans as men who had seen active service in World War II, three from each. The Ministry appointed on the fifth of December 1972 was composed entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full ministry was sworn in on December 19.
Although Labor had a comfortable working majority in the House, Whitlam faced a hostile Senate voted in at the 1970 half-senate election, making it impossible for him to pass legislation without the support of at least one of the other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.
After 23 years of opposition, the Labor party lacked experience in the mechanics of government. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on a massive legislative reform program. In the space of a little less than three years, the Whitlam Government established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China;[8]
assumed responsibility for tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;[9] cut tariffs across the board by 25 percent and abolished the Tariff Board;[10]
established the Schools Commission to distribute federal funds to assist non-government schools on a needs basis;
introduced a supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty for federal crimes. It also reduced the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last vestiges of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Government employment; appointed women to judicial and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee and appointed the first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate defense departments; instituted direct federal grants to local governments, and established the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as well as improved access to justice for Indigenous Australians; introduced the policy of Self-determination for Indigenous Australians; advocated land rights for Indigenous Australians; increased funding for Indigenous Australian's welfare;
introduced the Multiculturalism policy for all new migrants; established Legal Aid, and
increased funding for the arts.
The Senate resolutely opposed six key bills and twice rejected them. These were designed to:

Institute a universal health insurance system to be known as Medibank (this occurred later under the Labor Hawke government, split in to Medibank Private and the publicly accessible Medicare).
Provide citizens of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory with Senate representation for the first time.
Regulate the size of House of Representatives electorates to ensure one vote one value (this also occurred later, as of the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket voting in the Senate).
Institute government overseeing of exploitation of minerals and oil.
The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional trigger for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for all members of both houses), but Whitlam did not decide to call such an election until April 1974. Instead, he expected to hold an election for half the Senate. To improve his chances of winning control of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Senator Vince Gair, the post of Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy in Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labor could win. This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of the scheme and advised the Governor of Queensland to issue the writs for the Queensland Senate election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.
This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of the Whitlam government that the Opposition Leader Billy Snedden threatened to block supply in the Senate, although he took no actual steps to do so. Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was unpopular with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, and obtained a double dissolution of both Houses on April 11, with the election set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate to "finish the job," and the ALP campaigned on the slogan "Give Gough a Go." At the election the Whitlam government was re-elected, though with a reduced majority. The DLP lost all its seats, but Labor failed to win a majority in the Senate. The balance of power in the Senate was now held by two independent Senators. In the short term, this led to the historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the six bills were passed. In the longer term, it contained the seeds of Whitlam's downfall.
In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its legislative reform program, but became embroiled in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large amounts of money from Middle Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to dismiss Treasurer Jim Cairns and another senior minister, Rex Connor, for misleading Parliament.
Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, and a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election for the Tasmanian seat of Bass, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, argued that the Government's behavior in breaching constitutional conventions required that it in turn attempt to breach one of the most fundamental, that the Senate would block Supply (that is, cut off supply of Treasury funds).

The dismissal
The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal to pass the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to delay consideration of the budget in the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential public services ceasing to function due to lack of money; that is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply and no government had ever attempted such a course of action. Fraser warned that the bill would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early election. Whitlam determined to face the Opposition down, and proposed to borrow money from the banks to keep the government running. He was confident that some of the more moderate Liberal Senators would back down when the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November and December.
The Governor-General Sir John Kerr was concerned about the legality of Whitlam's proposals for borrowing money, and to govern without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.[11]
On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Section 64 exercised his power and revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, with instructions to make no policy changes, no appointments, no dismissals and call an immediate federal election. At 2.45 pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Prime Minister and was advising a double dissolution election.
On hearing the proclamation dissolving Parliament, which ended with the traditional "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address to the crowd that had gathered in front of the steps of Parliament House. During the speech he labeled Fraser as "Kerr's cur" and told the crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, well may we say 'God Save the Queen,' because nothing will save the Governor-General."[12]
In the House of Representatives Whitlam moved a motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence in the Prime Minister and requests Mr. Speaker forthwith to advise His Excellency the Governor-General to call on me to form a government." This vote of confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News of this vote was delivered personally to Kerr by the Speaker of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to see the Speaker until after his Official Secretary had read the notice of double dissolution at Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.
In the lead up to the resulting election, Whitlam called upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, the ALP suffered a 7.4% swing against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Leader until his defeat in the 1977 election.

Out of office
 Gough Whitlam (right) at 88, the leader of the Australian Labor Party, Mark Latham, at an election fundraising event in Melbourne, September 2004.
Whitlam stayed on as Opposition Leader. The Whitlams were visiting China at the time of the Tangshan earthquake in July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.[13]
Whitlam fought the 1977 election but Labor was defeated nearly as heavily as it had been in 1975. On election night he announced his immediate retirement as Leader of the Opposition, and he resigned from Parliament in 1978. After a few years as a traveling lecturer, he was appointed Australian Ambassador to UNESCO by the next Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.
The sole issue over which he has received sustained criticism from the left is his failure to oppose Indonesia's plans to annex East Timor, then Portuguese Timor.[14]
Whitlam turned 80 in 1996, but still made regular public appearances and continued to comment on some issues, notably republicanism: in the 1999 referendum, he campaigned together on this issue with his old enemy Fraser. He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam reform program, but was more enthusiastic about Paul Keating's government. After 1996, he was scathingly critical of John Howard, but also of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 to 2001—this feud apparently went back to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister in Whitlam's government.

 Gough Whitlam with wife Margaret at the wedding of former Premier of South Australia Mike Rann and Sasha Carruozzo in July 2006.
Whitlam was delighted when his former research assistant and then-MP representing his old seat of Werriwa, Mark Latham, was elected Labor leader on 2 December 2003, exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own election as Prime Minister. By that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually appeared in public with a walking stick, but his ability and willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and he spoke frequently in praise of Latham.

 Gough Whitlam with wife Margaret at Parliament House for the national apology to the Stolen Generations in February 2008.
In April 2004, Whitlam spoke at a function marking the centenary of the Watson Labor government. Later in the year he appeared at Labor events during the unsuccessful 2004 federal election campaign, and appeared to be in good health.
Latham's diaries, however, were published in September 2005, and included a claim that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who had by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether. When Latham learned of the remark, he cut off all contact with his former mentor and described Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam subsequently claimed that he simply told Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stay on as an MP because of his ill-health.
In November 2005, he donated his letter of dismissal and his copy of the "It's time" campaign speech to the University of Western Sydney. A member of the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of the Matter (2005) contains recollections about his time in office and on his controversial dismissal.
Whitlam had been a supporter of fixed parliamentary terms since his membership of a constitutional review committee in the 1950s. A week before his ninetieth birthday he accused the ALP of failing to press for this reform.[15] Whitlam's election as the first Labor Prime Minister in over two decades resulted in a change in public perception regarding the viability of a Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by wins under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 and by Kevin Rudd in 2007.
In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Prime Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament to witness the historic Federal Government apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).[16]
On the 60th anniversary of his marriage to Margaret Whitlam, he called it "very satisfactory" and claimed a record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a fall in early 2012, leading to her death in hospital at age 92 on March 17 of that year, a month short of the Whitlams' 70th wedding anniversary.
On the morning of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, at the age of 98, and that there would be a private cremation and a public memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, five grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy
 Bust of Gough Whitlam by sculptor Victor Greenhalgh located in the Prime Minister's Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens
During its three years in power, the Whitlam government was responsible for a long list of legislative reforms, some of which still stand today. It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws with a new, no-fault system; introduced the Trade Practices Act; slashed tariff barriers; ended conscription; introduced a universal national health insurance scheme Medibank, now known as Medicare; gave independence to Papua New Guinea; made all university education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding for private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio by legislating for the establishment of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be established under his successor Fraser); and established diplomatic and trade relations with the People's Republic of China. This made it possible for a future Labor Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, to work as a diplomat in China, having studied Mandarin at University.
However, Whitlam's critics point to substantial failings in his administration. The economy declined, with adverse balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment and (by Australian standards) very high inflation and bank interest rates. Some external factors contributed to this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting higher world oil prices, and falling prices for Australian farm produce. But the Whitlam government's and Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as the controversial 1973 decision to reduce tariffs across the board by 25 percent, and Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave from 3 to 4 weeks—were partly responsible for the Whitlam demise.
On social matters his reputation has been tarnished by his complicity in refusing to act against the pro-separatist movement on Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Papua New Guinea's independence on September 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor by Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation of East Timor). Whitlam and many government members also refused to allow South Vietnamese refugees into the country following the fall of Saigon in 1975, concerned that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Australian Labor Party.
The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" style made many political enemies, and the various scandals afflicting the government cost it electoral support and momentum. His "crash through or crash" style was also his Achilles heel surrounding the lead-up to the dismissal.[17]
Some Australians regarded his dismissal by the Governor-General as an outrage, but the Australian electorate voted to replace the Whitlam government by a record margin, and the Labor Party would not be a serious candidate for government again until Whitlam was replaced as leader. Debate about his dismissal continues and in addition to moves to make Australia a republic, it also contributed to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Parliament in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).[18]
The Whitlam government was also greatly damaged by several highly publicized scandals, most notably the disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded by Rex Connor, the series of controversies over the questionable conduct of Treasurer and deputy party leader Jim Cairns, and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. However, Whitlam's book The Truth Of The Matter recounts legal steps essayed in the attempt to obtain or bypass parliamentary supply.

Honors
Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Melanesia by the Governor General of Papua New Guinea.
In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Emperor of Japan, in recognition of their role in improving relations between Japan and Australia.
He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Sydney, the University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of Western Sydney and the University of Technology, Sydney. The University of Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which id dedicated to fostering public policy through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including representative democracy, indigenous rights, education and the development of urban regions and communities."[19] In his retirement, Whitlam, through the Institute and speeches he has made has been passionate about the need for social justice, education for all and universal health-care.
In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members of the Australian Labor Party. This was the first time anyone had become life members at the national level of the Party organization.[20]
The election in 2007 of a Labor Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be regarded as indicative of how Australia has, subsequent to Whitlam, situated herself increasingly as an Asian nation with strategic and commercial interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than in Europe.

Notes

↑ Garry Foley, The road to Native Title: the Aboriginal Rights Movement and the Australian Labor Party 1973-1996, The Koori History Website.

↑ NSW Aboriginal Land Council, HISTORY Dispossession and Land Rights—the story so far. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Michael Gordon, After 50 years' hard Labor, Gough tells it like it was, The Age. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Laurie Oakes and David Solomon, The Making of an Australian Prime Minister (Melbourne, AU: Cheshire, ISBN 9780701517113).

↑ Alex Mitchell, Whitlam's daughter quits parole board, The Sun-Herald. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ John Quiggin, Economic rationalism, Crossings. 2(1): 3-12.

↑ As a matter of long-standing party policy, ALP Ministers are elected by the entire Parliamentary Party—the 'Caucus'—with the Prime Minister only having the power to assign portfolios. Liberal Prime Ministers, in contrast, have traditionally had the power to nominate their own Ministry.

↑ Whitlam Institute, Joint communiqué establishing diplomatic relations between China and Australia. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Gough Whitlam, Launch of Social Justice and Social Change Centre, Whitlam Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Gough Whitlam and Jim Cairns, Tariff Reduction: Statement by the Prime Minister, Mr. E.G. Whitlam, Q.C., M.P., and by the Minister for Overseas Trade and Secondary Industry, Dr. J.F. Cairns, M.P., The Whitlam Institute (originally published by the Government of Australia). Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Graham Freudenberg, A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam in Politics (South Melbourne, AU: Sun Books, 1977, ISBN 0333230019), 384.

↑ Gough Whitlam, Whitlam's speech, Oz Politics. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Vanderbilt University, NBC Evening News for Wednesday, Jul 28, 1976 Headline: China Earthquake / Whitlams / United States Information. Television News Archive. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ David Scott, Last Flight out of Dili, New Matilda. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Michelle Grattan, Party hails Gough in his 10th decade, The Age. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ Dylan Welch, Kevin Rudd Says Sorry, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ James Walter, The Leader: A Political Biography of Gough Whitlam (St. Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press, ISBN 9780702215575).

↑ Oz Politics, Australia's Constitutional Arrangements. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ The Whitlam Institute, The Whitlam Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

↑ ABC News, Gough, Margaret Whitlam get ALP life membership. Retrieved June 16, 2008.


ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. St, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.
Evans, Gareth, et al. Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
Freudenberg, Graham. A Certain Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
Hall, Richard and John Ironmonger. The Makers and the Breakers: The Governor-General and the Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0908022007.
Hocking, Jenny & Colleen Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Melbourne, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
Kerr, John. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 978-0333252123.
Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill of Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
Walter, James. The Leader: A Political Biography of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution. Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300
Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0702228797.
Whitlam, Gough, et al. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabian Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.
External Links
All links retrieved July 8, 2017.

The Whitlam Institute.
Gough Whitlam Dies, 98 The Whitlam Dismissal - November 11, 1975.
Gough Whitlam - Exclusive to Saxton Speakers Bureau.
Dismissal letter - Copy of dismissal letter.
Gough Whitlam at the National Film and Sound Archive.
Video of Norman Gunston, Gough Whitlam, Bill Hayden and Bob Hawke at 'The Dismissal'.




Political offices


Preceded by:
Billy Snedden

Treasurer
1972

Succeeded by: Frank Crean


Preceded by:
William McMahon

Prime Minister
1972 – 1975

Succeeded by: Malcolm Fraser


Preceded by:
Nigel Bowen

Minister for Foreign Affairs
1972–1973

Succeeded by: Don Willesee


Preceded by:
Jim Cairns

Minister for the Environment
1975

Succeeded by: Joe Berinson


Parliament of Australia


Preceded by:
Hubert Lazzarini

Member for Werriwa
1952 – 1978

Succeeded by: John Kerin


Party Political Offices


Preceded by:
Arthur Calwell

Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party
1960 – 1967

Succeeded by: Lance Barnard


Leader of the Labor Party
1967 – 1977

Succeeded by: Bill Hayden



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