Temperate South America

Short description: Biogeographic region of the Earth's seas

Marine life off the coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Temperate South America is a biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the temperate and subtropical waters of South America, including both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the continent and adjacent islands. It also includes the remote Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Temperate Southern Africa is a marine realm, one of the great biogeographic divisions of the world's ocean basins.

On the Atlantic coast, Temperate South America transitions to the Tropical Atlantic marine realm near Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. On the Pacific coast, it extends to Punta Aguja in northern Peru, where it transitions to the Tropical Eastern Pacific realm. To the south lies the Southern Ocean.[1]

The Atlantic coast is influenced by the Brazil Current, which carries warm tropical waters south along the coast. On the Pacific coast, the cold Humboldt Current carries cold Antarctic waters north towards the tropics.

## Subdivisions

The Temperate South America realm is divided into five marine provinces. The three larger provinces are composed of smaller ecoregions.[2]

* Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific
* Central Peru
* Humboldtian
* Central Chile
* Araucanian
* Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas
* Juan Fernandez Islands and Desventuradas Islands

* Despite their geographical proximity to the South American coast, these islands have also been included in the Oceanian realm, due to strong Hawaiian and southeast Polynesian biogeographic influences and the presence of an endemic insect and plant family.[3]
* Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic
* Southeastern Brazil
* Rio Grande
* Rio de la Plata
* Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf
* Magellanic
* North Patagonian Gulfs
* Patagonian Shelf
* Falkland Islands
* Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile
* Chiloense
* Tristan Gough
* Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island

## References

1. ↑ Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573–583.[1]
2. ↑ Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573–583.[2]
3. ↑ "A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World Pages 1-50 - Flip PDF Download | FlipHTML5". https://fliphtml5.com/teen/zccs/basic.

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Biogeographic regionalisations

Biomes|

| Terrestrial
biomes|

| Polar/montane|

* Tundra
* Taiga
* Montane grasslands and shrublands

|

Temperate|

* Coniferous forests
* Broadleaf and mixed forests
* Deciduous forests
* Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Tropical and
subtropical|

* Coniferous forests
* Moist broadleaf forests
* Dry broadleaf forests
* Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Dry|

* Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
* Deserts and xeric shrublands

Wet|

* Flooded grasslands and savannas
* Riparian
* Wetland
* Mangrove

Aquatic
biomes|

* Pond
* Littoral
* Intertidal
* Mangroves
* Kelp forests
* Coral reefs
* Neritic zone
* Pelagic zone
* Benthic zone
* Hydrothermal vents
* Cold seeps
* Demersal zone

Other biomes|

* Endolithic zone

Biogeographic
realms|

| Terrestrial|

* Afrotropical
* Antarctic
* Australasian
* Indomalayan
* Nearctic
* Neotropical
* Oceanian
* Palearctic

|

Marine|

* Arctic
* Tropical Atlantic
* Central Indo-Pacific
* Western Indo-Pacific
* Temperate Northern Pacific
* Tropical Eastern Pacific
* Southern Ocean

Subdivisions|

* Biogeographic provinces
* Bioregions
* Ecoregions
* Lists of ecoregions
* Global 200 ecoregions

See also|

* Ecological land classification
* Floristic kingdoms
* Vegetation classifications
* Zoogeographic regions

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