CERN

European Organization for Nuclear Research

Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire

File:160px

CERN's main site in Meyrin, Switzerland, looking towards the French border

States with full CERN membership

Formation| 29 September 1954; 71 years ago (1954-09-29)[1]
Headquarters| Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland
[ ⚑ ] : 46°14′03″N 6°03′10″E﻿ / ﻿46.23417°N 6.05278°E﻿ / 46.23417; 6.05278

Members

Full members (25):

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Israel
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom

Associate members (11):

* Brazil
* Chile
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* India
* Ireland
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Pakistan
* Turkey
* Ukraine

Official languages

| English and French

Council President

| Costas Fountas [de; de][2]

Director-General

| Mark Thomson[3]

Budget (2026)

| 1515m CHF[4]
Website| Template:Ofurl

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, also called European Laboratory for Particle Physics, known as CERN (/sɜːrn/; fr; Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, a western suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 25 member states.[5] Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only full member geographically out of Europe.[6][7] CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.[8]

The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2024, it had 2,704 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,406 users from institutions in more than 80 countries.[9] In 2016, CERN generated 49 petabytes of data.[10]

CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN is the site of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider.[11] The main site at Meyrin hosts a large computing facility, which is primarily used to store and analyze data from experiments, as well as simulate events. As researchers require remote access to these facilities, the lab has historically been a major wide area network hub. CERN is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.[12][13]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Founding members
* 1.2 Scientific achievements
* 1.2.1 Computer science
* 2 Particle accelerators
* 2.1 Current complex
* 2.1.1 Large Hadron Collider
* 2.2 Accelerators under construction
* 2.3 Decommissioned accelerators
* 2.4 Possible future accelerators
* 3 Sites
* 4 Participation and funding
* 4.1 Member states and budget
* 4.2 Enlargement
* 4.3 International relations
* 4.4 Associated institutions
* 5 .cern
* 6 Open science
* 7 Public exhibitions
* 8 Arts at CERN
* 9 In popular culture
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links
* 12.1 Archival collections

## History

The convention establishing CERN[14] was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe.[15] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. During these early years, the council worked at the University of Copenhagen under the direction of Niels Bohr before moving to its present site near Geneva.[16][17]

The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire ('European Organization for Nuclear Research') in 1954.[16][17] According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the abbreviation could have become the awkward OERN,[18] and Werner Heisenberg said that this could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]".[19]

CERN's first president was Sir Benjamin Lockspeiser. Edoardo Amaldi was the general secretary of CERN at its early stages when operations were still provisional, and the first Director-General (1954) was Felix Bloch.[20]

### Founding members

The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954[21]

At the sixth session of the CERN Council in Paris from 29 June to 1 July 1953, the convention establishing the organization was signed, subject to ratification, by 12 states. The convention was gradually ratified by the 12 founding Member States: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia.[22]

### Scientific achievements

Several major achievements in particle physics have occurred in experiments at CERN. They include:

* 1973: The discovery of neutral currents in the Gargamelle bubble chamber[23]
* 1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments[23]
* 1989: The determination of the number of light neutrino families at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak[24]
* 1995: The first creation of antihydrogen atoms in the PS210 experiment[25][26]
* 1995–2005: Precision measurement of the Z lineshape,[27][28] based predominantly on LEP data collected on the Z resonance from 1990 to 1995
* 1999: The discovery of direct CP violation in the NA48 experiment[29]
* 2000: The Heavy Ion Programme discovered a new state of matter, quark–gluon plasma.[30]
* 2010: The isolation of 38 atoms of antihydrogen[31][32]
* 2011: Maintaining antihydrogen for over 15 minutes[33][34]
* 2012: The discovery of a boson with mass around 125 GeV/c2 consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson[35][36][37]

In September 2011, CERN attracted media attention when the OPERA Collaboration reported the detection of possibly faster-than-light neutrinos.[38] Further tests showed that the results were flawed due to an incorrectly connected GPS synchronization cable.[39]

The 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons.[40] The 1992 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber". The 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to François Englert and Peter Higgs for the theoretical description of the Higgs mechanism in the year after the Higgs boson was found by CERN experiments.

#### Computer science

See also: History of the Internet, History of the World Wide Web, and Protocol Wars

This NeXT Computer used by British scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.

This Cisco Systems router at CERN was one of the first IP routers deployed in Europe.

A plaque at CERN commemorating the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau

CERN pioneered the introduction of TCP/IP for its intranet, beginning in 1984. This played an influential role in the adoption of the TCP/IP in Europe (see History of the Internet and Protocol Wars).[41]

In 1989, the World Wide Web was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee. Based on the concept of hypertext, the idea was designed to facilitate information sharing between researchers.[42][43] This stemmed from Berners-Lee's earlier work at CERN on a database named ENQUIRE. A colleague, Robert Cailliau, became involved in 1990.[44][45][46]

In 1995, Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the Association for Computing Machinery for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.[47] A copy of the first webpage, created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the World Wide Web Consortium's website as a historical document.[48] The first website was activated in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone.[49] It became the dominant way through which most users interact with the Internet.[50][51]

More recently, CERN has become a facility for the development of grid computing, hosting projects including the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) and LHC Computing Grid. It also hosts the CERN Internet Exchange Point (CIXP), one of the two main internet exchange points in Switzerland. As of 2022[update], CERN employs ten times more engineers and technicians than research physicists.[52]

## Particle accelerators

### Current complex

CERN accelerator complex

List of current particle
accelerators at CERN
Linac 2| Accelerates protons
Linac 3| Accelerates ions
Linac 4| Accelerates negative hydrogen ions
AD| Decelerates antiprotons
LHC| Collides protons or heavy ions
LEIR| Accelerates ions
PSB| Accelerates protons or ions
PS| Accelerates protons or ions
SPS| Accelerates protons or ions
A map of the Large Hadron Collider together with the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN

CERN operates a network of seven accelerators and two decelerators, and some additional small accelerators. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. The decelerators naturally decrease the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or further accelerators/decelerators. Before an experiment is able to use the network of accelerators, it must be approved by the various Scientific Committees of CERN.[53] Currently (as of 2026) active machines are:

* The LINAC 3 linear accelerator generating low energy particles. It provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/Da for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).[54]
* The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator LINAC 3, before transferring them to the Proton Synchrotron (PS). This accelerator was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR).[55][56]
* The Linac4 linear accelerator accelerates negative hydrogen ions to an energy of 160 MeV. The ions are then injected to the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains. The protons are then used in experiments or accelerated further in other CERN accelerators. Linac4 serves as the source of all proton beams for CERN experiments.[57]
* The Proton Synchrotron Booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.[58]
* The 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), built during 1954–1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful SPS and to many of CERN's experiments.[59]
* The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently COMPASS and NA62), it has been operated as a proton–antiproton collider (the SppS collider), and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).[60][61][62]
* The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE), which is used to study unstable nuclei. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.[63]
* The Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the speed of light for research of antimatter.[64] The AD machine was reconfigured from the previous Antiproton Collector (AC) machine.[65]
* The Extra Low Energy Antiproton ring (ELENA), which takes antiprotons from AD and decelerates them into low energies (speeds) for use in antimatter experiments.
* The AWAKE experiment, which is a proof-of-principle plasma wakefield accelerator.[66][67]
* The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) accelerator research and development facility.[68][69]

#### Large Hadron Collider

Main article: Physics:Large Hadron Collider

Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.[70]

CMS detector for LHC

The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to pre-accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the LHC.

Eight experiments (CMS,[71] ATLAS,[72] LHCb,[73] MoEDAL,[74] TOTEM,[75] LHCf,[76] FASER[77] and ALICE[78]) are located along the collider; each of them studies particle collisions from a different aspect, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. For example, a special crane was rented from Belgium to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2000 tons. The first of the approximately 5000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at in March 2005.

The LHC has begun to generate vast quantities of data, which CERN streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing, making use of a specialized grid infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid. In April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world.

In August 2008, the initial particle beams were injected into the LHC.[79] The first beam was circulated through the entire LHC on 10 September 2008,[80] but the system failed 10 days later because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008.

The LHC resumed operation on 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV). The challenge for the engineers was then to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other" according to Stephen Myers, director for accelerators and technology.

On 30 March 2010, the LHC successfully collided two proton beams with 3.5 TeV of energy per proton, resulting in a 7 TeV collision energy. This was enough to start the main research program, including the search for the Higgs boson. When the 7 TeV experimental period ended, the LHC increased to 8 TeV (4 TeV per proton) starting March 2012, and soon began particle collisions at that energy. In July 2012, CERN scientists announced the discovery of a new sub-atomic particle that was later confirmed to be the Higgs boson.[81]

In March 2013, CERN announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that it was a Higgs boson.[82] In early 2013, the LHC was deactivated for a two-year maintenance period, to strengthen the electrical connections between magnets inside the accelerator and for other upgrades.

On 5 April 2015, after two years of maintenance and consolidation, the LHC restarted for a second run. The first ramp to the record-breaking energy of 6.5 TeV was performed on 10 April 2015.[83][84] In 2016, the design collision rate was exceeded for the first time.[85] A second two-year period of shutdown begun at the end of 2018.[86][87]

Following its final run on June 14 2026,[88] the accelerator was switched off to begin CERN’s Long Shutdown 3 (LS3).[89] This programme will focus on maintenance and upgrades in preparation for the Laboratory for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), which is scheduled to be operational by the mid-2030s.[90]

### Accelerators under construction

As of October 2019, the construction is on-going to upgrade the LHC's luminosity in a project called High Luminosity LHC (HL–LHC). This project should see the LHC accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity.[91]

As part of the HL–LHC upgrade project, also other CERN accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades. Among other work, the LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned and replaced by a new injector accelerator, the LINAC4.[92]

### Decommissioned accelerators

* The original linear accelerator LINAC 1. Operated 1959–1992.[93]
* The LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector. Accelerated protons to 50 MeV for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). Operated 1978–2018.[94]
* The 600 MeV Synchro-Cyclotron (SC) which started operation in 1957 and was shut down in 1991. Was made into a public exhibition in 2012–2013.[95][96]
* The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), an early collider built from 1966 to 1971 and operated until 1984.[97][98]
* The Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron (SppS), operated 1981–1991.[99] A modification of Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to operate as a proton-antiproton collider.
* The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which operated 1989–2000 and was the largest machine of its kind, housed in a 27 km-long circular tunnel which now houses the Large Hadron Collider.[100][101]
* The LEP Pre-Injector (LPI) accelerator complex,[102] consisting of two accelerators, a linear accelerator called LEP Injector Linac (LIL; itself consisting of two back-to-back linear accelerators called LIL V and LIL W) and a circular accelerator called Electron Positron Accumulator (EPA).[103] The purpose of these accelerators was to inject positron and electron beams into the CERN accelerator complex (more precisely, to the Proton Synchrotron), to be delivered to LEP after many stages of acceleration. Operational 1987–2001; after the shutdown of LEP and the completion of experiments that were directly fed by the LPI, the LPI facility was adapted to be used for the CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3).[104]
* The Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) was commissioned in 1982. LEAR assembled the first pieces of true antimatter, in 1995, consisting of nine atoms of antihydrogen.[105] It was closed in 1996, and superseded by the Antiproton Decelerator. The LEAR apparatus itself was reconfigured into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) ion booster.[55]
* The Antiproton Accumulator (AA), built 1979–1980, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was dismantled. Stored antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators (for example the ISR, SppS and LEAR). For later half of its working life operated in tandem with Antiproton Collector (AC), to form the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC).[106]
* The Antiproton Collector (AC),[107][108] built 1986–1987, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was converted into the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which is the successor machine for Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR). Operated in tandem with Antiproton Accumulator (AA) and the pair formed the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC),[106] whose purpose was to store antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators, like the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) and Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron (SppS).
* The Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3 (CTF3), which studied feasibility for the future normal conducting linear collider project (the CLIC collider). In operation 2001–2016.[104] One of its beamlines has been converted, from 2017 on, into the new CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility.

### Possible future accelerators

Main article: Physics:Future Circular Collider

CERN, in collaboration with groups worldwide, is investigating two main concepts for future accelerators: A linear electron-positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy (CLIC) and a larger version of the LHC, a project currently named Future Circular Collider.[109]

## Sites

The smaller accelerators are on the main Meyrin site, also known as the West Area, which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones.

The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site, and are mostly buried under French farmland and invisible from the surface. They have surface sites at points around them, either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts. The experiments are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites.

Three of these experimental sites are in France, with ATLAS in Switzerland, and some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in Switzerland. The largest of the experimental sites is the Prévessin site, also known as the North Area, which is the target station for non-collider experiments on the SPS accelerator. Other sites are the ones which were used for the UA1, UA2 and the LEP experiments. The latter are used by LHC experiments.

Outside of the LEP and LHC experiments, most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located. For example, NA32 was an experiment looking at the production of so-called "charmed" particles and located at the Prévessin (North Area) site. WA22 used the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) at the Meyrin (West Area) site to examine neutrino interactions. The UA1 and UA2 experiments were considered to be in the Underground Area, i.e. situated underground at sites on the SPS accelerator.

Most of the roads on the CERN Meyrin and Prévessin sites are named after famous physicists, such as Niels Bohr, who pushed for CERN's creation. Other notable names are Richard Feynman, Albert Einstein, and Wolfgang Pauli.

* CERN Building 40 at the Meyrin site

* Interior view of Building 40, home to offices for scientists working on the CMS and ATLAS collaborations.

* CERN Data Centre

* Antimatter Factory

* Elena Antimatter Generator

## Participation and funding

### Member states and budget

Since its foundation by 12 members in 1954, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession, except Spain and Yugoslavia. Spain first joined CERN in 1961, withdrew in 1969, and rejoined in 1983. Yugoslavia was a founding member of CERN but quit in 1961. Of the 24 members, Israel joined CERN as a full member in January 2014,[110] becoming the first, and currently only, non-geographically European full member.[111]

The budget contributions of member states are computed based on their Net National Income at factor cost.[112]

Member state  | Status since  | Contribution
(million CHF for 2026)  | Contribution
(fraction of Member state contributions for 2026)  | Contribution per capita[note 1]
(CHF/person for 2026)

|
|
|
|

Founding Members[note 2]
Belgium | 29 September 1954 | 34.70 | 2.12% | 2.9
Denmark | 29 September 1954 | 23.06 | 1.87% | 3.9
France | 29 September 1954 | 159.73 | 12.96% | 2.3
Germany | 29 September 1954 | 251.87 | 20.44% | 3.0
Greece | 29 September 1954 | 12.41 | 1.00% | 1.2
Italy | 29 September 1954 | 118.77 | 9.64% | 2.0
Netherlands | 29 September 1954 | 62.35 | 5.06% | 3.4
Norway | 29 September 1954 | 30.91 | 2.51% | 5.6
Sweden | 29 September 1954 | 31.06 | 2.52% | 2.9
Switzerland | 29 September 1954 | 46.51 | 3.77% | 5.2
United Kingdom | 29 September 1954 | 185.73 | 15.07% | 2.7
Yugoslavia[note 3] | 29 September 1954[115][116] | 0 | 0% | 0.0
Acceded Members[note 4]
Austria | 1 June 1959 | 26.10 | 2.12% | 2.9
Spain[note 5] | 1 January 1983[116][118] | 86.43 | 7.01% | 1.8
Portugal | 1 January 1986 | 13.59 | 1.10% | 1.3
Finland | 1 January 1991 | 15.24 | 1.24% | 2.7
Poland | 1 July 1991 | 40.80 | 3.31% | 1.1
Hungary | 1 July 1992 | 9.36 | 0.76% | 1.0
Czech Republic | 1 July 1993 | 16.10 | 1.31% | 1.5
Slovakia | 1 July 1993 | 6.53 | 0.53% | 1.2
Bulgaria | 11 June 1999 | 5.16 | 0.42% | 0.8
Israel | 6 January 2014[110] | 28.77 | 2.33% | 2.9
Romania | 17 July 2016[119] | 17.61 | 1.43% | 0.9
Serbia | 24 March 2019[120] | 3.91 | 0.32% | 0.6
Estonia  | 30 August 2024[121] | 2.07 | 0.17% | 1.5
Slovenia | 21 June 2025[122] | 3.38 | 0.27% | 1.6
Associate Members in the pre-stage to membership
Cyprus | 1 April 2016[123] | 1.15 | 0.09% | 1.3
Associate Members
Turkey | 6 May 2015[124] | 5.44 | 0.89% | 0.05
Pakistan | 31 July 2015[125] | 2.01 | 0.16% | 0.01
Ukraine[note 6] | 5 October 2016[126] | 1.02 | 0.08% | 0.03
India | 16 January 2017[127] | 18.91 | 1.53% | 0.01
Lithuania | 8 January 2018[128] | 1.00 | 0.08% | 0.35
Croatia | 10 October 2019[129] | 1.00 | 0.08% | 0.26
Latvia | 2 August 2021[130] | 1.07 | 0.09% | 0.6
Brazil | 13 March 2024[131] | 10.95 | 0.89% | 0.05
Template:IRE | 22 October 2025[132] | 1.77 | 0.14% | 0.33
Chile  | 2 April 2026[133] |  |
Total Members, Candidates and Associates |  | 1,276.47[112][134] | 103.6% | N/A

1. ↑ Based on the population in 2025.
2. ↑ 12 founding members drafted the Convention for the Establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research which entered into force on 29 September 1954.[113][114]
3. ↑ Yugoslavia left the organization in 1961.
4. ↑ Acceded members become CERN member states by ratifying the CERN convention.[117]
5. ↑ Spain was previously a member state from 1961 to 1969
6. ↑ The contribution of Ukraine for the years 2023 - 2025 have been waived and were covered by the member states through an increase of their contributions proportional to their nominal share.

Maps of the history of CERN membership

* 1954 (12 members): CERN is founded [a] (1954–1990 borders)

* 1959 (13 members): Austria joins (1954–1990 borders)

* 1961 (13 members): Spain joins and Yugoslavia leaves (1954–1990 borders)

* 1969 (12 members): Spain leaves (1954–1990 borders)

* 1983 (13 members): Spain re-joins (1954–1990 borders)

* 1985 (14 members): Portugal joins (1954–1990 borders)

* 1991 (16 members): Poland and Finland join, and Germany has been reunified (post-1993 borders)

* 1992 (17 members): Hungary joins (post-1993 borders)

* 1993 (19 members): Czech Republic and Slovakia join (post-1993 borders)

* 1999 (20 members): Bulgaria joins (post-1993 borders)

* Animated map showing changes in CERN membership from 1954 until 1999 (borders are as at dates of change)

### Enlargement

Associate Members, Candidates:

* Turkey signed an association agreement on 12 May 2014[135] and became an associate member on 6 May 2015.
* Pakistan signed an association agreement on 19 December 2014[136] and became an associate member on 31 July 2015.[137][138]
* Cyprus signed an association agreement on 5 October 2012 and became an associate member in the pre-stage to membership on 1 April 2016.[123]
* Ukraine signed an association agreement on 3 October 2013. The agreement was ratified on 5 October 2016.[126]
* India signed an association agreement on 21 November 2016.[139] The agreement was ratified on 16 January 2017.[127]
* Slovenia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state in the pre-stage to membership on 16 December 2016.[140] The agreement was ratified on 4 July 2017.[141]
* Lithuania was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 16 June 2017. The association agreement was signed on 27 June 2017 and ratified on 8 January 2018.[142][128]
* Croatia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 28 February 2019. The agreement was ratified on 10 October 2019.[129]
* Latvia and CERN signed an associate membership agreement on 14 April 2021.[143] Latvia was formally admitted as an Associate Member on 2 August 2021.[130]
* Brazil became the first associate member of the Americas on 13 March 2024, after signing the associate membership agreement in March 2022.[131]
* Chile and Ireland were approved as new Associate Member States in March 2025.[144] Ireland was admitted on 22 October 2025. Chile officially became an associate member state on 2 April 2026.

### International relations

Three countries have observer status:[145]

* Japan – since 1995
* Russia – since 1993 (suspended as of March 2022)[146]
* United States – since 1997

Also observers are the following international organizations:

* UNESCO – since 1954
* European Commission – since 1985
* JINR – since 2014 (suspended as of March 2022)[147]

Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are:[148][149]

* Albania – October 2014
* Algeria – 2008
* Argentina – 11 March 1992
* Armenia – 25 March 1994
* Australia – 1 November 1991
* Azerbaijan – 3 December 1997
* Bangladesh – 2014
* Belarus – 28 June 1994 (suspended as of March 2022[147])
* Bolivia – 2007
* Bosnia & Herzegovina – 16 February 2021[150]
* Canada – 11 October 1996
* China – 12 July 1991, 14 August 1997 & 17 February 2004
* Colombia – 15 May 1993
* Costa Rica – February 2014
* Ecuador – 1999
* Egypt – 16 January 2006
* Georgia – 11 October 1996
* Iceland – 11 September 1996
* Iran – 5 July 2001
* Jordan – 12 June 2003[151] MoU with Jordan and SESAME, in preparation of a cooperation agreement signed in 2004.[152]
* Kazakhstan – June 2018
* Lebanon – 2015
* Malta – 10 January 2008[153][154]
* Mexico – 20 February 1998
* Mongolia – 2014
* Montenegro – 12 October 1990
* Morocco – 14 April 1997
* Nepal – 19 September 2017
* New Zealand – 4 December 2003
* North Macedonia – 27 April 2009
* Palestine – December 2015
* Paraguay – January 2019
* Peru – 23 February 1993
* Philippines – 2018
* Qatar – 2016
* Republic of Korea (South Korea) – 25 October 2006
* Saudi Arabia – 2006
* South Africa – 4 July 1992
* Sri Lanka – February 2017
* Thailand – 2018
* Tunisia – May 2014
* United Arab Emirates – 2006
* Vietnam – 2008

CERN also has scientific contacts with the following other countries and regions:[148][155]

* Bahrain
* Cuba
* Ghana
* Honduras
* Hong Kong
* Indonesia
* Kuwait
* Luxemburg
* Madagascar
* Malaysia
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Oman
* Rwanda
* Singapore
* Sudan
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* Uzbekistan
* Zambia

International research institutions, such as CERN, can aid in science diplomacy.[156]

### Associated institutions

ESO and CERN have a cooperation agreement.[157]

* European Molecular Biology Laboratory, organization based on the CERN model[158]
* European Space Research Organisation (since 1975 ESA), organization based on the CERN model[159]
* European Southern Observatory, organization based on the CERN model.[160] Also, the two organisations share a pension fund[161] for their employees.
* JINR, observer to CERN Council,[162] CERN is represented in the JINR Council.[163] JINR is currently suspended, due to the CERN Council Resolution of 25 March 2022.[148]
* SESAME, CERN is an observer to the SESAME Council[164]
* UNESCO, observer to CERN Council[165]

## .cern

Template:Infobox Top level domain

.cern is a top-level domain for CERN.[166][167] It was registered on 13 August 2014.[168][169] On 20 October 2015, CERN moved its main website to home.cern.[170][171]

## Open science

The Open Science movement focuses on making scientific research openly accessible and on creating knowledge through open tools and processes. Open access, open data, open source software and hardware, open licenses, digital preservation and reproducible research are primary components of open science and areas in which CERN has been working towards since its formation.

Since the late 1950s, the CERN Scientific Information Service was involved in distributing preprints. Notably, the librarian Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont[172] played an important role in transforming the existing culture of personal sharing of research results into a more institutional approach and therefore lying the groundwork for what has only later been called open science.[173][174][175]

CERN has developed policies and official documents that enable and promote open science, starting with CERN's founding convention in 1953 which indicated that all its results are to be published or made generally available.[14] Since then, CERN published its open access policy in 2014,[176] which ensures that all publications by CERN authors will be published with gold open access and most recently an open data policy that was endorsed by the four main LHC collaborations (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb).[177]

The open data policy complements the open access policy, addressing the public release of scientific data collected by LHC experiments after a suitable embargo period. Prior to this open data policy, guidelines for data preservation, access and reuse were implemented by each collaboration individually through their own policies which are updated when necessary.[178][179][180][181]

The European Strategy for Particle Physics, a document mandated by the CERN Council that forms the cornerstone of Europe's decision-making for the future of particle physics, was last updated in 2020 and affirmed the organisation's role within the open science landscape by stating: "The particle physics community should work with the relevant authorities to help shape the emerging consensus on open science to be adopted for publicly-funded research, and should then implement a policy of open science for the field".[182]

Beyond the policy level, CERN has established a variety of services and tools to enable and guide open science at CERN, and in particle physics more generally. On the publishing side, CERN has initiated and operates a global cooperative project, the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, SCOAP3, to convert scientific articles in high-energy physics to open access. In 2018, the SCOAP3 partnership represented 3,000+ libraries from 44 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations who have worked collectively to convert research articles in high-energy physics across 11 leading journals in the discipline to open access.[183][184]

Public-facing results can be served by various CERN-based services depending on their use case: the CERN Open Data portal,[185] Zenodo, the CERN Document Server,[186] INSPIRE and HEPData[187] are the core services used by the researchers and community at CERN, as well as the wider high-energy physics community for the publication of their documents, data, software, multimedia, etc. CERN's efforts towards preservation and reproducible research are best represented by a suite of services addressing the entire physics analysis lifecycle, such as data, software and computing environment. CERN Analysis Preservation[188] helps researchers to preserve and document the various components of their physics analyses. REANA (Reusable Analyses)[189] enables the instantiating of preserved research data analyses on the cloud.

All services are built using open source software and strive towards compliance with best effort principles, such as the FAIR principles, the FORCE11 guidelines and Plan S, while taking into account relevant activities carried out by the European Commission.[190]

## Public exhibitions

The Globe of Science and Innovation at CERN

The first public exhibition at CERN was the Microcosm museum which hosted an exhibition about particle physics and CERN history. It closed permanently on 18 September 2022, in preparation for the installation of the exhibitions in the newly built science center CERN Science Gateway.[191]

The CERN Science Gateway, constructed by the Renzo Piano building workshop was opened in October 2023.[192] It is home to the following spaces:

* Three permanent hands-on exhibitions[193]
* Discover CERN, which hosts exhibits to explain how particles are accelerated in CERN's particle accelerators and detected in the large experiments. This exhibition hosts a fully functioning 2 MeV proton accelerator named Experimental Linac for Surface Analysis (ELISA).[194][195]
* Our Universe, which hosts two distinct exhibitions: One part (Back to the Big Bang) explains the scientific questions which are explored by experiments in particle physics and cosmology. Another part (Exploring the unknown) hosts an art exhibition which is on display from October 2023 to October 2026.[196]
* Quantum World focuses on explaining concepts from Quantum Mechanics, such as entanglement, uncertainty, or virtual particles.
* An auditorium with up to 800 seats.[197]
* 2 Education Labs hosting hands-on workshops for school groups and walk-in visitors.[198]

The Globe of Science and Innovation, which opened in late 2005, is open to the public. It is used four times a week for special exhibits.

CERN also provides daily tours to certain facilities such as the Synchro-cyclotron (CERNs first particle accelerator) and the superconducting magnet workshop.

## Arts at CERN

CERN launched its Cultural Policy for engaging with the arts in 2011.[199][200] The initiative provided the essential framework and foundations for establishing Arts at CERN, the arts programme of the Laboratory.

Since 2012, Arts at CERN has fostered creative dialogue between art and physics through residencies, art commissions, exhibitions and events. Artists across all creative disciplines have been invited to CERN to experience how fundamental science pursues the big questions about our universe.

Even before the arts programme officially started, several highly regarded artists visited the laboratory, drawn to physics and fundamental science. In 1972, James Lee Byars was the first artist to visit the laboratory and the only one, so far, to feature on the cover of the CERN Courier.[201] Mariko Mori,[202] Gianni Motti (fr),[203] Cerith Wyn Evans,[204] John Berger[205] and Anselm Kiefer[206] are among the artists who came to CERN in the years that followed.

The programmes of Arts at CERN are structured according to their values and vision to create bridges between cultures. Each programme is designed and formed in collaboration with cultural institutions, other partner laboratories, countries, cities and artistic communities eager to connect with CERN's research, support their activities, and contribute to a global network of art and science.

They comprise research-led artistic residencies that take place on-site or remotely. More than 200 artists from 80 countries have participated in the residencies to expand their creative practices at the Laboratory, benefiting from the involvement of 400 physicists, engineers and CERN staff. Between 500 and 800 applications are received every year. The programmes comprise Collide, the international residency programme organised in partnership with a city; Connect, a programme of residencies to foster experimentation in art and science at CERN and in scientific organisations worldwide in collaboration with Pro Helvetia, and Guest Artists, a short stay for artists to stay to engage with CERN's research and community.[207][208]

## In popular culture

The statue of Shiva engaging in the Nataraja dance (symbolising his cosmic dance of creation and destruction) presented by the Department of Atomic Energy of India Geneva tram 18 at CERN

* The band Les Horribles Cernettes was founded by women from CERN. The name was chosen so to have the same initials as the LHC.[209][210]
* The science journalist Katherine McAlpine made a rap video called "Large Hadron Rap" about CERN's Large Hadron Collider with some of the facility's staff.[211][212]
* Particle Fever, a 2013 documentary, explores CERN throughout the inside and depicts the events surrounding the 2012 discovery of the Higgs Boson.
* John Titor, a self-proclaimed time traveler, alleged that CERN would invent time travel in 2001.[213]
* CERN is depicted in the visual novel/anime series Steins;Gate as SERN, a shadowy organization that has been researching time travel in order to restructure and control the world.[214]
* In Robert J. Sawyer's 1999 science fiction novel Flashforward, as CERN's Large Hadron Collider accelerator is performing a run to search for the Higgs boson the entire human race sees themselves twenty-one years and six months in the future.
* A number of conspiracy theories feature CERN, accusing the organization of partaking in occult rituals and secret experiments involving opening portals into Hell or other dimensions, shifting the world into an alternative timeline and causing earthquakes.[215][216]
* In Dan Brown's 2000 mystery-thriller novel Angels & Demons and 2009 film of the same name, a canister of antimatter is stolen from CERN.[217]
* CERN is depicted in a 2009 episode of South Park (Season 13, Episode 6), "Pinewood Derby". Randy Marsh, the father of one of the main characters, breaks into the "Hadron Particle Super Collider in Switzerland" and steals a "superconducting bending magnet created for use in tests with particle acceleration" to use in his son Stan's Pinewood Derby racer.[218]
* In the 2010 season 3 episode 15 of the TV situation comedy The Big Bang Theory, "The Large Hadron Collision", Leonard and Raj travel to CERN to attend a conference and see the LHC.
* The 2012 student film Decay, which centres on the idea of the Large Hadron Collider transforming people into zombies, was filmed on location in CERN's maintenance tunnels.[219]
* The Compact Muon Solenoid at CERN was used as the basis for the Megadeth's Super Collider album cover.
* CERN forms part of the back story of the massively multiplayer augmented reality game Ingress,[220] and in the 2018 Japanese anime television series Ingress: The Animation, based on Niantic's augmented reality mobile game of the same name.
* In 2015, Sarah Charley, US communications manager for LHC experiments at CERN with graduate students Jesse Heilman of the University of California, Riverside, and Tom Perry and Laser Seymour Kaplan of the University of Wisconsin, Madison created a parody video based on "Collide", a song by American artist Howie Day.[221] The lyrics were changed to be from the perspective of a proton in the Large Hadron Collider. After seeing the parody, Day re-recorded the song with the new lyrics, and released a new version of "Collide" in February 2017 with a video created during his visit to CERN.[222]
* In 2015, Ryoji Ikeda created an art installation called "Supersymmetry" based on his experience as a resident artist at CERN.[223]
* In the 2017 season 10 episode 6 of the British science fiction Doctor Who, "Extremis", CERN is one of several locations found to be connected by a hub of mysterious portals.
* The television series Mr. Robot features a secretive, underground project apparatus that resembles the ATLAS experiment.
* Parallels, a Disney+ television series released in March 2022, includes a particle-physics laboratory at the French-Swiss border called "ERN". Various accelerators and facilities at CERN are referenced during the show, including ATLAS, CMS, the Antiproton Decelerator, and the FCC.[224][225][226]
* In 2004, a two-metre statue of the Nataraja, the dancing form of the Hindu god Shiva, was unveiled at CERN. The statue, symbolizing Shiva's cosmic dance of creation and destruction, was presented by the Indian government to celebrate the research center's long association with India.[227] A special plaque next to the statue explains the metaphor of Shiva's cosmic dance with quotations from physicist Fritjof Capra:

> Hundreds of years ago, Indian artists created visual images of dancing Shivas in a beautiful series of bronzes. In our time, physicists have used the most advanced technology to portray the patterns of the cosmic dance. The metaphor of the cosmic dance thus unifies ancient mythology, religious art and modern physics.[228]

## See also

* Software:Scientific Linux

International:

* Organization:Fermilab
* Astronomy:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
* Astronomy:Hyper-Kamiokande - Neutrino observatory in Japan
* Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Physics research institute in Russia
* Organization:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

General:

## References

1. ↑ James Gillies (2018). CERN and the Higgs Boson: The Global Quest for the Building Blocks of Reality. Icon Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-1-78578-393-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0etmDwAAQBAJ.
2. ↑ "Professor Costas Fountas elected as next President of the CERN Council". 30 September 2024. https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/professor-costas-fountas-elected-next-president-cern-council.
3. ↑ Castelvecchi, Davide (2024-11-07). "New CERN chief pledges to forge ahead with $17-billion supercollider" (in en). Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03666-x. PMID 39511457.
4. ↑ "Final Budget of the Organization for the seventy-second financial year 2026". https://cds.cern.ch/record/2951321/files/English.pdf.
5. ↑ CERN (2020). "Governance" (in en). CERN Annual Report (CERN) 2019: 50. doi:10.17181/ANNUALREPORT2019. https://cds.cern.ch/record/2723123. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
6. ↑ "CERN to admit Israel as first new member state since 1999 – CERN Courier". 22 January 2014. https://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/55869.
7. ↑ "CERN accepts Israel as full member" (in en-US). 12 December 2013. http://www.timesofisrael.com/cern-accepts-israel-as-full-member/.
8. ↑ "Intergovernmental Organizations". United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/intergovernmental-and-other-organizations.
9. ↑ CERN (2024). "CERN in figures" (in en). CERN Annual Report (CERN) 2024: 53. doi:10.17181/ANNUALREPORT2024. https://cds.cern.ch/record/2931994/files/CERNAnnualReport_2024_EN_online.pdf.
10. ↑ "Discovery machines" (in en). CERN Annual report 2016. Annual Report of the European Organization for Nuclear Research. 2016. CERN. 2017. pp. 20–29. https://cds.cern.ch/record/2270811?ln=en.
11. ↑ "The Large Hadron Collider" (in en). https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider.
12. ↑ McPherson, Stephanie Sammartino (2009). Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-7273-2. https://archive.org/details/timbernerslee0000mcph.
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18. ↑ Fraser, Gordon (2012) (in en). The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-162751-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=xwGhmwYyDLQC&q="OERN"+heisenberg&pg=PA229.
19. ↑ "Lew Kowarski – Session VI" (in en). 2015-03-20. https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4717-6.
20. ↑ "People and things: Felix Bloch". CERN Courier 23. 1983. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1730968. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
21. ↑ "CERN.ch". CERN. https://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History54-en.html.
22. ↑ 6th Session of the European Council for Nuclear Research, 29–30 Jun 1953: Minutes. Paris: CERN. 28 September 2023. https://cds.cern.ch/record/17750/. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Prestigious Discoveries at CERN. 2003. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-12779-7. ISBN 978-3-642-05855-4. [page needed]
24. ↑ Mele, Salvatore (2015). "The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP". 60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. 23. pp. 89–106. doi:10.1142/9789814644150_0004. ISBN 978-981-4644-14-3.
25. ↑ Close, Frank (2018) (in en). Antimatter. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0-19-883191-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=lLRwDwAAQBAJ&q=first++1995+antihydrogen&pg=PA93.
26. ↑ Baur, G.; Boero, G.; Brauksiepe, A.; Buzzo, A.; Eyrich, W.; Geyer, R.; Grzonka, D.; Hauffe, J. et al. (1996). "Production of antihydrogen" (in en). Physics Letters B 368 (3): 251–258. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00005-6. Bibcode: 1996PhLB..368..251B.
27. ↑ The ALEPH Collaboration; The DELPHI Collaboration; The L3 Collaboration; The OPAL Collaboration; The SLD Collaboration; The LEP Electroweak Working Group; The SLD Electroweak Group; The SLD Heavy Flavour Group (May 2006). "Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance". Physics Reports 427 (5–6): 257–454. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.006. Bibcode: 2006PhR...427..257A.
28. ↑ Blondel, Alain; Mariotti, Chiara; Pieri, Marco; Wells, Pippa (11 September 2019). "LEP's electroweak leap". CERN Courier. https://cerncourier.com/a/leps-electroweak-leap/.
29. ↑ Fanti, V. et al. (October 1999). "A new measurement of direct CP violation in two pion decays of the neutral kaon". Physics Letters B 465 (1–4): 335–348. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01030-8. Bibcode: 1999PhLB..465..335F.
30. ↑ "New State of Matter created at CERN" (in en). https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/new-state-matter-created-cern.
31. ↑ Reich, Eugenie Samuel (18 November 2010). "Antimatter held for questioning". Nature 468 (7322): 355. doi:10.1038/468355a. PMID 21085144. Bibcode: 2010Natur.468..355R.
32. ↑ Shaikh, Thair (18 November 2010). "Scientists capture antimatter atoms in particle breakthrough". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/11/18/switzerland.cern.antimatter/?hpt=Mid.
33. ↑ Matson, John (2011). "Antimatter trapped for more than 15 minutes" (in en). Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.349.
34. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (6 June 2011). "Antimatter atoms are corralled even longer". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-13666892.
35. ↑ Randall, Lisa (2012) (in en). Higgs Discovery: The Power of Empty Space. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-6116-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=qcL1D2vlMKoC.
36. ↑ Aad, G.; Abajyan, T.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdel Khalek, S.; Abdelalim, A.A.; Abdinov, O.; Aben, R. et al. (2012). "Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC". Physics Letters B 716 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020. Bibcode: 2012PhLB..716....1A.
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38. ↑ Adrian Cho, "Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment" , Science NOW, 22 September 2011.
39. ↑ "OPERA experiment reports anomaly in flight time of neutrinos from CERN to Gran Sasso". CERN. https://press.cern/press-releases/2011/09/opera-experiment-reports-anomaly-flight-time-neutrinos-cern-gran-sasso.
40. ↑ Sutton, Christine (1984-10-25). "CERN scoops up the Nobel physics prize" (in en). New Scientist (Reed Business Information). https://books.google.com/books?id=mba_9vGmyesC&q=nobel+prize+rubbia+meer&pg=PA10.
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46. ↑ "CERN.ch". CERN. https://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/About/WebStory-en.html.
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50. ↑ Ari-Pekka, Hameri; Nordberg, Markus (1997). "From Experience: Linking Available Resources and Technologies to Create a Solution for Document Sharing The Early Years of the WWW". https://cds.cern.ch/record/371101/files/from experience_linking avalble resources.pdf.
51. ↑ Andrew, Oram (2021). "Open, Simple, Generative: Why the Web is the Dominant Internet Application". https://www.lpi.org/blog/2021/08/17/open-simple-generative-why-web-dominant-internet-application/.
52. ↑ "Engineering at CERN". https://home.cern/science/engineering.
53. ↑ "CERN Scientific Committees | CERN Scientific Information Service (SIS)". https://scientific-info.cern/archives/history_CERN/Scientific_committees.
54. ↑ "CERN Website – LINAC". CERN. https://linac2.home.cern.ch/linac2/default.htm.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Chanel, Michel (2004). "LEIR: the low energy ion ring at CERN" (in en). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 532 (1–2): 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.06.040. Bibcode: 2004NIMPA.532..137C.
56. ↑ Hübner, K. (2006). Fifty years of research at CERN, from past to future: The Accelerators. CERN. doi:10.5170/cern-2006-004.1. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1058082. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
57. ↑ "LHC Run 3: the final countdown". CERN Courier. 18 February 2022. https://cerncourier.com/a/lhc-run-3-the-final-countdown/.
58. ↑ Hanke, K. (2013). "Past and present operation of the CERN PS Booster" (in en). International Journal of Modern Physics A 28 (13): 1330019. doi:10.1142/S0217751X13300196. Bibcode: 2013IJMPA..2830019H.
59. ↑ Plass, Günther (2012). "The CERN Proton Synchrotron: 50 Years of Reliable Operation and Continued Development". From the PS to the LHC - 50 Years of Nobel Memories in High-Energy Physics. pp. 29–47. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30844-4_2. ISBN 978-3-642-30843-7.
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62. ↑ Brüning, Oliver; Myers, Stephen (2015) (in en). Challenges and Goals for Accelerators in the XXI Century. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4436-40-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=28DACwAAQBAJ.
63. ↑ Borge, Maria J. G.; Jonson, Björn (2017). "ISOLDE past, present and future". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 44 (4): 044011. doi:10.1088/1361-6471/aa5f03. Bibcode: 2017JPhG...44d4011B.
64. ↑ Ajduk, Zygmunt; Wroblewski, Andrzej Kajetan (1997) (in en). Proceedings Of The 28th International Conference On High Energy Physics (In 2 Volumes). World Scientific. p. 1749. ISBN 978-981-4547-10-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5HsCgAAQBAJ&q=Antiproton+Decelerator&pg=PA1749.
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66. ↑ Adli, E.; Ahuja, A.; Apsimon, O.; Apsimon, R.; Bachmann, A.-M.; Barrientos, D.; Batsch, F.; Bauche, J. et al. (2018). "Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch". Nature 561 (7723): 363–367. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0485-4. PMID 30188496. Bibcode: 2018Natur.561..363A.
67. ↑ Gschwendtner, E.; Adli, E.; Amorim, L.; Apsimon, R.; Assmann, R.; Bachmann, A.-M.; Batsch, F.; Bauche, J. et al. (2016). "AWAKE, The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN" (in en). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 829: 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.026. Bibcode: 2016NIMPA.829...76G.
68. ↑ Sjobak, Kyrre; Adli, Erik; Bergamaschi, Michele; Burger, Stephane; Corsini, Roberto; Curcio, Alessandro; Curt, Stephane; Döbert, Steffen et al. (2019). Boland Mark (Ed.), Tanaka Hitoshi (Ed.), Button David (Ed.), Dowd Rohan (Ed.), Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Tan Eugene (Ed.). "Status of the CLEAR Electron Beam User Facility at CERN" (in en). Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. IPAC2019: 4 pages, 0.190 MB. doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-MOPTS054.
69. ↑ Gamba, D.; Corsini, R.; Curt, S.; Doebert, S.; Farabolini, W.; Mcmonagle, G.; Skowronski, P.K.; Tecker, F. et al. (November 2018). "The CLEAR user facility at CERN". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 909: 480–483. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.080. Bibcode: 2018NIMPA.909..480G.
70. ↑ Binoth, T.; Buttar, C.; Clark, P. J.; Glover, E. W. N. (2012) (in en). LHC Physics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-3770-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=sMZDMZKLLx0C.
71. ↑ The CMS Collaboration; Chatrchyan, S.; Hmayakyan, G.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.; Adam, W.; Bauer, T.; Bergauer, T. et al. (2008). "The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC". Journal of Instrumentation 3 (8). doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08004. Bibcode: 2008JInst...3S8004C.
72. ↑ The ATLAS Collaboration (2019) (in en). ATLAS: A 25-Year Insider Story of the LHC Experiment. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. 30. World Scientific. doi:10.1142/11030. ISBN 978-981-327-179-1.
73. ↑ Belyaev, I.; Carboni, G.; Harnew, N.; Matteuzzi, C.; Teubert, F. (December 2021). "The history of LHCb". The European Physical Journal H 46 (1). doi:10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00002-z. Bibcode: 2021EPJH...46....3B.
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118. ↑ "Spain". CERN. https://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/ms/es.html.
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122. ↑ "CERN welcomes Slovenia as its 25th Member State" (in en). 2025-06-23. https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-slovenia-its-25th-member-state.
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138. ↑ Desk, web (31 July 2015). "Pakistan officially becomes an associate member of CERN – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/930265/pakistan-officially-becomes-an-associate-member-of-cern/.
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145. ↑ "Observers". CERN. https://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/obs/.
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152. ↑ "SESAME". CERN. 17 October 2011. https://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/orgints/sesame.html.
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158. ↑ "EMBL History – EMBL". 2014-04-13. http://www.embl.de/aboutus/general_information/history/.
159. ↑ Bonnet, Roger-M.; Manno, Vittorio (1994) (in en). International Cooperation in Space: The Example of the European Space Agency. Harvard University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-674-45835-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=shvdfRZ6nZ8C&pg=58.
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163. ↑ "Governing and Advisory Bodies of JINR" (in en-US). http://www.jinr.ru/jinr_structure-en/realisators-en/.
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172. ↑ CERN (3 December 2013). "Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont (1925 – 2013)" (in en). CERN Bulletin. https://repository.cern/records/2r2qk-m6804.
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205. ↑ White, Jerry (2017). "John Berger of the Haute-Savoie". Film Quarterly 70 (4): 93–98. doi:10.1525/fq.2017.70.4.93.
206. ↑ "Anselm Kiefer Meets Science At Cern's Monumental Hadron Collider" (in en-GB). 5 January 2015. https://artlyst.com/news/anselm-kiefer-meets-science-at-cerns-monumental-hadron-collider/.
207. ↑ Koek, Ariane (2017-10-02). "In/visible: the inside story of the making of Arts at CERN" (in en). Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 42 (4): 345–358. doi:10.1080/03080188.2017.1381225. Bibcode: 2017ISRv...42..345K.
208. ↑ Bello, Mónica (2019). "Field Experiences: Fundamental Science and Research in the Arts". On Art and Science. The Frontiers Collection. pp. 203–221. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27577-8_13. ISBN 978-3-030-27576-1.
209. ↑ Brown, Malcolm W. (29 December 1998). "Physicists Discover Another Unifying Force: Doo-Wop". The New York Times. https://musiclub.web.cern.ch/MusiClub/bands/cernettes/Press/NYT.pdf.
210. ↑ McCabe, Heather (10 February 1999). "Grrl Geeks Rock Out". Wired News. https://musiclub.web.cern.ch/MusiClub/bands/cernettes/Press/Wired.pdf.
211. ↑ "Large Hadron Rap". 28 July 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM.
212. ↑ "National Geographic" (in en). https://www.nationalgeographic.com/.
213. ↑ "John Titor" (in en-US). Time Travel Institute. https://timetravelinstitute.com/enigmas/john-titor.1/.
214. ↑ "STORY / TIPS | TVアニメ『STEINS;GATE（シュタインズ・ゲート）』公式サイト". http://steinsgate.tv/story/story15.html.
215. ↑ Staff and agencies in Geneva (2016-08-17). "Fake human sacrifice filmed at Cern, with pranking scientists suspected". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/fake-human-sacrifice-filmed-at-cern-with-pranking-scientists-suspected.
216. ↑ Brown, Diana (13 February 2018). "Why Conspiracy Theorists Are Obsessed With CERN". HowStuffWorks. https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/why-conspiracy-theorists-are-obsessed-with-cern.htm.
217. ↑ "Angels and Demons – the science behind the story". CERN. https://angelsanddemons.web.cern.ch/.
218. ↑ "Southparkstudios.com". South Park Studios. 15 April 2009. https://southpark.cc.com/episodes/oki0th/south-park-pinewood-derby-season-13-ep-6.
219. ↑ Boyle, Rebecca (31 October 2012). "Large Hadron Collider Unleashes Rampaging Zombies". https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/physics-students-film-zombie-movie-large-hadron-collider.
220. ↑ Andersen, Michael. "Google's Ingress Takes Mobile Gaming to the Streets" (in en-US). Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/01/a-year-of-google-ingress/. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
221. ↑ "Musician Howie Day records love song to physics | CERN" (in en). https://home.cern/news/news/cern/musician-howie-day-records-love-song-physics.
222. ↑ "Howie Day records love song to physics" (in en). symmetry magazine. https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/howie-day-records-love-song-to-physics.
223. ↑ "The art lightshow inspired by Cern". 2015-05-19. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02rqdj4.
224. ↑ "Parallels" (in en-GB). 2022-09-06. https://cerncourier.com/a/parallels/.
225. ↑ "French Fantasy Sci-Fi Series 'Parallels' Official Trailer from Disney | FirstShowing.net" (in en-US). 2022-03-14. https://www.firstshowing.net/2022/french-fantasy-sci-fi-series-parallels-official-trailer-from-disney/.
226. ↑ "Parallèles". IMDb. 2022-03-23. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8590080/.
227. ↑ "Faces and Places (page 3)". http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29122/3.
228. ↑ "Shiva's Cosmic Dance at CERN | Fritjof Capra". http://www.fritjofcapra.net/shivas-cosmic-dance-at-cern/.

## External links

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