Ray-tracing hardware

Short description: Type of 3D graphics accelerator

File:Quake Wars Ray Traced.ogv Ray-tracing hardware is special-purpose computer hardware designed for accelerating ray tracing calculations.

## Contents

* 1 Introduction: Ray tracing and rasterization
* 2 Implementations
* 3 Notes
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading

## Introduction: Ray tracing and rasterization

The problem of rendering 3D graphics can be conceptually presented as finding all intersections between a set of "primitives" (typically triangles or polygons) and a set of "rays" (typically one or more per pixel).[1]

Up to 2010, all typical graphic acceleration boards, called graphics processing units (GPUs), used rasterization algorithms. The ray tracing algorithm solves the rendering problem in a different way. In each step, it finds all intersections of a ray with a set of relevant primitives of the scene.

Both approaches have their own benefits and drawbacks. Rasterization can be performed using devices based on a stream computing model, one triangle at the time, and access to the complete scene is needed only once.[lower-alpha 1] The drawback of rasterization is that non-local effects, required for an accurate simulation of a scene, such as reflections and shadows are difficult; and refractions[2] nearly impossible to compute.

The ray tracing algorithm is inherently suitable for scaling by parallelization of individual ray renders.[3] However, anything other than ray casting requires recursion of the ray tracing algorithm (and random access to the scene graph) to complete their analysis,[4] since reflected, refracted, and scattered rays require that various parts of the scene be re-accessed in a way not easily predicted. But it can easily compute various kinds of physically correct effects, providing much more realistic impression than rasterization.[lower-alpha 2]

The complexity of a well implemented ray tracing algorithm scales logarithmically;[lower-alpha 3] this is due to objects (triangles and collections of triangles) being placed into BSP trees or similar structures, and only being analyzed if a ray intersects with the bounding volume of the binary space partition.[5][lower-alpha 4]

## Implementations

Various implementations of ray tracing hardware have been created, both experimental and commercial:

* (1996) Researchers at Princeton university proposed using DSPs to build a hardware unit for ray tracing acceleration, named "TigerSHARK".[6]
* Implementations of volume rendering using ray tracing algorithms on custom hardware were carried out in 1999 by Hanspeter Pfister[7] and researchers at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories.[8] with the vg500 / VolumePro ASIC based system and in 2002 with FPGAs by researchers at the University of Tübingen with VIZARD II[9]
* (2002) The computer graphics laboratory at Saarland University headed by Dr.-Ing. Philipp Slusallek has produced prototype ray tracing hardware including the FPGA based fixed function data driven SaarCOR (Saarbrücken's Coherence Optimized Ray Tracer) chip[10][11][12] and a more advanced programmable (2005) processor, the Ray Processing Unit (RPU)[13]
* (2002–2009) ART VPS company (founded 2002[14]), situated in the UK, sold ray tracing hardware for off-line rendering. The hardware used multiple specialized processors that accelerated ray-triangle intersection tests. Software provided integration with Autodesk Maya and Max data formats, and utilized the Renderman scene description language for sending data to the processors (the .RIB or Renderman Interface Bytestream file format).[15] As of 2010, ARTVPS no longer produces ray tracing hardware but continues to produce rendering software.[14]
* (2009–2010) Intel[16] showcased their prototype "Larrabee" GPU and Knights Ferry MIC at the Intel Developer Forum in 2009 with a demonstration of real-time ray-tracing.
* Caustic Graphics[17] produced a plug in card, the "CausticOne" (2009),[18] that accelerated global illumination and other ray based rendering processes when coupled to a PC CPU and GPU. The hardware is designed to organize scattered rays (typically produced by global illumination problems) into more coherent sets (lower spatial or angular spread) for further processing by an external processor.[19]
* Siliconarts[20] developed a dedicated real-time ray tracing hardware (2010). RayCore (2011), which is the world's first real-time ray tracing semiconductor IP, was announced.
* In August 2013 Imagination Technologies, after acquiring Caustic Graphics, produced the Caustic Professional's R2500 and R2100 plug in cards containing RT2 ray trace units (RTUs). Each RTU was capable of calculating up to 50 million incoherent rays per second.[21]
* In January 2018, Nvidia, partnering with Microsoft DirectX, announced the Nvidia RTX developer library,[22] which promised fast GPU software ray tracing solutions in the Volta-generation GPUs.[23]
* In September 2018, Nvidia introduced their GeForce RTX and Quadro RTX GPUs, based on the Turing architecture, with hardware-accelerated ray tracing using a separate functional block, publicly called an "RT core". This unit is somewhat comparable to a texture unit in size, latency, and interface to the processor core. The unit features BVH traversal, compressed BVH node decompression, ray-AABB intersection testing, and ray-triangle intersection testing.[24] The GeForce RTX 2080 and 2080 Ti became the first consumer-oriented brand of graphics card that can perform ray tracing in real time,[25].
* In October 2020, AMD announced further information regarding the "refresh" of the RDNA micro-architecture. According to the company, the RDNA 2 micro-architecture supports real-time hardware accelerated ray tracing, consisting of BVH node decoding, ray-AABB intersection testing, and ray-triangle intersection testing.[26][27]
* Intel released Arc Alchemist GPU in 2022,[28][29][30] in which the GPU featured ray tracing acceleration core that are performing comparatively with RTX 3000 series mid-range GPU.[31]
* On 4 November, 2021, Imagination Technologies announced their IMG CXT GPU with hardware-accelerated ray tracing.[32][33]
* On January 18, 2022, Samsung announced their Exynos 2200 AP SoC with hardware-accelerated ray tracing based on the AMD RDNA2 GPU architecture.[34]
* On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Immortalis-G715 with hardware-accelerated ray tracing.[35]
* On November 16, 2022, Qualcomm announced their Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 with hardware-accelerated ray tracing.[36][37]
* On September 12, 2023, Apple announced their Apple A17 with hardware-accelerated ray tracing.[38]

## Notes

1. ↑ For additional visualisations such as shadows, or reflections such as produced by a large flat body of water an addition pass of the scene graph is required for each effect.
2. ↑ Rasterisation methods are capable of generating realistic shadows (including shadows produced by partially transparent objects), and plane reflections easily (as of 2010), but do not easily implement reflections from non planar surfaces (excluding approximations using normal maps) or refractions.
3. ↑ That is if X is the number of triangles, then the number of computations to complete the scene is proportional to log(X).
4. ↑ The same methods can be used in rasterization; in a simplistic implementation, culling is limited to those BSP partitions that lie within the much larger viewing frustum (more advanced implementations including those that implement occlusion culling or predicated rendering scale better than linearly for complex (especially high occluded) scenes (Note in common API's : DirectX 10 D3D10_QUERY_OCCLUSION_PREDICATE [1], in OpenGL 3.0 HP_occlusion_query ). With ray tracing the viewing frustum is replaced by the volume enclosed by a single ray (or ray bundle).

## References

1. ↑ Introduction to real time raytracing[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] Course notes, Course 41, Philipp Slusallek, Peter Shirley, Bill Mark, Gordon Stoll, Ingo Wald, SIGGRAPH 2005, (powerpoint presentation), Slide 26 :Comparison Rasterization vs. Ray Tracing (Definitions) graphics.cg.uni-saarland.de
2. ↑ Chris Wyman's Research: Interactive Refractions Department of Computer Science at The University of Iowa, www.cs.uiowa.edu
3. ↑ SaarCOR —A Hardware Architecture for Ray Tracing, Jörg Schmittler, Ingo Wald, Philipp Slusallek, Section 2, "Previous work"
4. ↑ SaarCOR —A Hardware Architecture for Ray Tracing, Jörg Schmittler, Ingo Wald, Philipp Slusallek, Section 3, "The Ray Tracing Algorithm"
5. ↑ Ray Tracing and Gaming - One Year Later Daniel Pohl, 17/1/2008, via "PCperspective", www.pcper.com
6. ↑ A Hardware Accelerated Ray-tracing Engine Greg Humphreys, C. Scott Ananian (Independent Work), Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, 14/5/1996, cscott.net.
7. ↑ The vg500 Real-Time Ray-Casting ASIC. Hanspeter Pfister, MERL - A Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory, Cambridge MA (USA) www.hotchips.org
8. ↑ Hanspeter Pfister; Jan Hardenbergh; Jim Knittely; Hugh Lauery; Larry Seiler (April 1999). The VolumePro Real-Time Ray-Casting System. Mitsubishi Electric. http://people.csail.mit.edu/fredo/Book/Stuff/volumePro.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
9. ↑ VIZARD II: An FPGA-based Interactive Volume Rendering System Urs Kanus, Gregor Wetekam, Johannes Hirche, Michael Meißner, University of Tübingen / Philips Research Hamburg, Graphics Hardware (2002), pp. 1–11, via www.doggetts.org
10. ↑ SaarCOR - A Hardware Architekture for Ray Tracing. http://graphics.cg.uni-saarland.de/index.php?id=343.
11. ↑ Schmittler, Jörg; Wald, Ingo; Slusallek, Philipp (2002). "SaarCOR —A Hardware Architecture for Ray Tracing" (PDF). Graphics Hardware (Germany: Computer Graphics Group, Saarland University): 1–11. http://graphics.cg.uni-saarland.de/fileadmin/cguds/papers/2002/gh02/Schmittler-AHardwareArchitectureForRayTracing.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
12. ↑ Jörg Schmittler; Sven Woop; Daniel Wagner; Wolfgang J. Paul; Philipp Slusallek (2004). "Realtime Ray Tracing of Dynamic Scenes on an FPGA Chip". Graphics Hardware (Computer Science, Saarland University, Germany).
13. ↑ Sven Woop; Jorg Schmittler; Philipp Slusallek. RPU: A Programmable Ray Processing Unit for Realtime Ray Tracing. Saarland University. http://graphics.cg.uni-saarland.de/fileadmin/cguds/papers/2005/rpu_siggraph/RPU_SIGGRAPH05.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 About ArtVPS www.artvps
15. ↑ ALL ABOUT ARTVPS, PURE CARDS, RENDERDRIVES and RAYBOX Mark Segasby (Protograph Ltd), www.protograph.co.uk
16. ↑ "Sean Maloney's IDF 2009 Larrabee graphics demo - YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-FKBMct21g.
17. ↑ Caustic Graphics company website www.caustic.com
18. ↑ "Caustic Graphics Ray Tracing Acceleration Technology Review - PC Perspective" (in en-US). 2009-04-20. https://pcper.com/2009/04/caustic-graphics-ray-tracing-acceleration-technology-review/3/.
19. ↑ Reinventing Ray Tracing 15/7/2009, Jonathan Erickson interview with James McCombe of Caustic Graphics, www.drdobbs.com
20. ↑ Siliconarts company website www.siliconarts.com
21. ↑ "The future of ray tracing, reviewed: Caustic's R2500 accelerator finally moves us towards real-time ray tracing | ExtremeTech". 2013-08-01. http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/161074-the-future-of-ray-tracing-reviewed-caustics-r2500-accelerator-finally-moves-us-towards-real-time-ray-tracing.
22. ↑ "NVIDIA RTX™ Technology" (in en). NVIDIA Developer. 2018-03-06. https://developer.nvidia.com/rtx.
23. ↑ Oh, Nate. "NVIDIA Announces RTX Technology: Real Time Ray Tracing Acceleration for Volta GPUs and Later". https://www.anandtech.com/show/12546/nvidia-unveils-rtx-technology-real-time-ray-tracing-acceleration-for-volta-gpus-and-later.
24. ↑ Kilgariff, Emmett; Moreton, Henry; Stam, Nick; Bell, Brandon (2018-09-14). "NVIDIA Turing Architecture In-Depth". https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-turing-architecture-in-depth.
25. ↑ Takahashi, Dean (2018-08-20). "Nvidia unveils GeForce RTX graphics chips for real-time ray tracing games". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/games/nvidia-unveils-geforce-rtx-graphics-chips-for-real-time-ray-tracing-games.
26. ↑ Judd, Will (October 28, 2020). "AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance". Eurogamer. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2020-10-28-amd-unveils-three-radeon-6000-graphics-cards-with-ray-tracing-and-impressive-performance.
27. ↑ "AMD Announces Ryzen "Zen 3" and Radeon "RDNA2" Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins". AnandTech. 2020-09-09. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16077/amd-announces-ryzen-zen-3-and-radeon-rdna2-presentations-for-october-a-new-journey-begins.
28. ↑ "Intel officially launches Arc A380 desktop graphics card in China, costs 153 USD" (in en-US). https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-officially-launches-arc-a380-desktop-graphics-card-in-china-costs-153-usd.
29. ↑ updated, Mark Tyson last (2022-09-28). "Intel Arc A310 Graphics Card Quietly Goes Official" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-arc-a310-quietly-goes-official.
30. ↑ "Intel Arc A770 and Arc A750 graphics cards now available to buy from $289" (in en-US). XDA Developers. 2022-10-12. https://www.xda-developers.com/intel-arc-a770-and-arc-a750-graphics-cards-now-available-to-buy-from-289/.
31. ↑ "Does ray tracing work on the Intel Arc GPUs?" (in en). 2022-10-08. https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/does-ray-tracing-work-on-intel-arc-gpus/.
32. ↑ 93digital (2021-11-04). "Imagination launches the most advanced ray tracing GPU" (in en-GB). https://www.imaginationtech.com/news/imagination-launches-the-most-advanced-ray-tracing-gpu/.
33. ↑ "Ray Tracing" (in en-GB). https://www.imaginationtech.com/products/ray-tracing/.
34. ↑ "Samsung Introduces Game Changing Exynos 2200 Processor With Xclipse GPU Powered by AMD RDNA 2 Architecture" (in en). https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-introduces-game-changing-exynos-2200-processor-with-xclipse-gpu-powered-by-amd-rdna-2-architecture.
35. ↑ "Gaming Performance Unleashed with Arm's new GPUs - Announcements - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community" (in en). 2022-06-28. https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/announcements/posts/gaming-performance-unleashed.
36. ↑ "Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 Defines a New Standard for Premium Smartphones" (in en). https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2022/11/snapdragon-8-gen-2-defines-a-new-standard-for-premium-smartphone.
37. ↑ "New, Snapdragon 8 Gen 2: 8 extraordinary mobile experiences, unveiled" (in en). https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2022/11/new-snapdragon-8-gen-2-8-extraordinary-mobile-experiences-unveiled.
38. ↑ Bonshor, Ryan Smith, Gavin. "The Apple 2023 Fall iPhone Event Live Blog (Starts at 10am PT/17:00 UTC)". https://www.anandtech.com/show/20051/the-apple-2023-fall-iphone-event-live-blog.

## Further reading

* State of the Art in Interactive Ray Tracing Ingo Wald and Philipp Slusallek, Computer Graphics Group, Saarland University, Review article to year 2001

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Graphics processing unit

GPU|

| Desktop|

* Intel
* GT
* Nvidia
* GeForce
* Quadro
* Tesla
* AMD
* Radeon
* Pro
* Instinct
* Matrox
* InfiniteReality
* µPD7220
* Voodoo

|

Mobile|

* Adreno
* Apple
* Mali
* PowerVR
* VideoCore

Architecture|

* Compute kernel
* Fabrication
* CMOS
* FinFET
* MOSFET
* Graphics pipeline
* Geometry
* Vertex
* HDR rendering
* MAC
* Rasterisation
* Shading
* Ray-tracing
* SIMD
* SIMT
* Tessellation
* T&L
* Tiled rendering
* Unified shader model

Components|

* Blitter
* Geometry processor
* Input–output memory management unit
* Render output unit
* Shader unit
* Stream processor
* Tensor unit
* Texture mapping unit
* Video display controller
* Video processing unit

Memory|

* DMA
* Framebuffer
* SGRAM
* GDDR
* GDDR3
* GDDR4
* GDDR5
* GDDR6
* HBM
* Memory bandwidth
* Memory controller
* Shared graphics memory
* Texture memory
* VRAM

Form factor|

* IP core
* Discrete graphics
* Clustering
* Switching
* External graphics
* Integrated graphics
* System on a chip

Performance|

* Clock rate
* Display resolution
* Fillrate
* Pixel/s
* Texel/s
* FLOP/s
* Frame rate
* Performance per watt
* Transistor count

Misc|

* 2D
* Scrolling
* Sprite
* Tile
* 3D
* GI
* Texture
* ASIC
* GPGPU
* Graphics library
* Hardware acceleration
* Image processing
* Compression
* Parallel computing
* Vector processor
* Video coding
* Codec
* VLIW

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