Portable computer

Short description: Lightweight, compact computer with built-in peripherals

Not to be confused with Laptop, a microcomputer of a certain form factor, designed for consumer use.

The Compaq Portable, one of the first IBM PC compatible system

A portable computer is a computer designed to be easily moved[1] from one place to another, as opposed to those designed to remain stationary at a single location such as desktops and workstations. These computers usually include a display and keyboard that are directly connected to the main case, all sharing a single power plug together, much like later desktop computers called all-in-ones (AIO) that integrate the system's internal components into the same case as the display.[2] In modern usage, a portable computer usually refers to a very light and compact personal computer such as a laptop, subnotebook or handheld PC, while touchscreen-based handheld ("palmtop") devices such as tablets, phablets and smartphones are called mobile devices instead.

Early major portables included the 50-pound (23 kg) IBM 5100 (1975), Osborne's 24-pound (11 kg) CP/M-based Osborne 1 (1981) and Compaq's 28-pound (13 kg), advertised as 100% IBM PC compatible Compaq Portable (1983). These luggable computers still required a continuous connection to an external power source;[3] this limitation was later overcome by laptop computers.[4][3] Laptops were followed by lighter models such as netbooks, so that in the 2000s mobile devices and by 2007 smartphones made the term "portable" rather meaningless. The 2010s introduced wearable computers such as smartwatches.[5]

Portable computers, more narrowly defined, are distinct from desktop replacement computers in that they usually were constructed from full-specification desktop components, and often do not incorporate features associated with laptops or mobile devices. A portable computer in this usage, versus a laptop or other mobile computing device, has a standard motherboard or backplane providing plug-in slots for add-in cards. This allows mission-specific cards, such as test, A/D, or communication protocol (IEEE-488, 1553) to be installed. Portable computers also provide for more disk storage by using standard disk drives and provide for multiple drives.

## Contents

* 1 Early history
* 1.1 Berkeley's Simon
* 1.2 Packard-Bell PB-250
* 1.3 Semiconductor Network Computer
* 1.4 Hewlett-Packard 9830A
* 1.5 MCM/70
* 1.6 SCAMP
* 1.7 Xerox NoteTaker
* 1.8 IBM 5100
* 1.9 MIT Suitcase Computer
* 1.10 R2E Micral V
* 1.11 Findex
* 1.12 Micro Star or Small One
* 1.13 Portal R2E CCMC
* 1.14 Osborne 1
* 1.15 Kaypro
* 1.16 Grid Compass
* 2 Post-IBM PC portables
* 2.1 Compaq Portable and competitors
* 2.2 Commodore SX-64
* 2.3 Atari STacy
* 2.4 Apple Macintosh Portable
* 2.5 IBM PS/2 Portable
* 3 Modern portables
* 4 Timeline
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Early history

### Berkeley's Simon

The Simon, developed by Edmund Berkeley with help from a young Ivan Sutherland, was the first digital computer kit introduced to the public in 1951. Between 1949 and 1951, a series of instruction guides published in Radio-Electronics guided the reader in building a Simon at home for about $300, or about $3,810 in 2026. Despite an intention for portability, with assembly instructions suggesting the addition of a handle, the computer used electromechanical relays, and therefore was not an electronic computer in the modern sense.

A 1960 PB-250 computer in a standalone desktop configuration.

### Packard-Bell PB-250

The Packard Bell PB-250 was a very early minicomputer, with the ability to fit on top of a desk and similar dimensions to the 1965 DEC PDP-8, despite preceding the PDP-8 to the commercial market by 5 years. Often used for engineering work and industrial control systems, a pioneering feature of the PB-250 was its ability to run entirely off batteries for several hours, considered a first in the computer industry at the time.[6] The PB-250 was also one of the lightest computers of the early 1960s, weighing in at only 110 pounds, less than half of the PDP-8's weight. By 1962, several van services had been established to provide mobile industrial control and quality assurance, using a PB-250 and accompanying analog computer, as well as various paper tape and punch inputs, to form an entirely functional, and rather mobile multi-purpose computer system in the back of a small van. A July 1962 article claimed that: "Even when the van is moving, the computer can be operated from a standard battery at peak performance."[7]

### Semiconductor Network Computer

A very early experimental transistorized system, termed the Semiconductor Network Computer, was developed at Texas Instruments for use by the United States Air Force in the early 1960s. By 1961, they had shrunk down an entire digital computer to the size of a 10-oz, 6.3-in3 palm-sized package. However, this did not include any form of storage or I/O, and was intended for very specific military aerospace applications.[8]

### Hewlett-Packard 9830A

One of the first contenders for a portable computer is Hewlett Packard's HP-9830A series of systems, introduced in late 1972. Despite often being referred to as "calculators," the December 1972 issue of the Hewlett Packard Journal states "It can be used as a desktop computer or a remote computer terminal, yet it maintains the convenience and user interaction of a programmable calculator," directly suggesting its use as a desktop computer.[9] The unit included a one-line alphanumeric LED display, alphanumeric keyboard, up to 8k of RAM, and a built-in cassette drive. Each system also included BASIC resident in ROM, and an optional carrying handle, facilitating portability. The base 4k RAM model cost $5,795 at launch, or about $11,300 in 2026.[10]

### MCM/70

After about 3 years of development, Micro Computer Machines of Ontario, Canada released the MCM/70 microcomputer in November of 1974, just ahead of the Altair 8800. Despite its weight of only 20 pounds and convenient size compared to other machines of the era, there is no indication it was primarily meant as a portable, unlike the HP-9830A and similar systems which were specifically marketed as such (and included carrying handles).

### SCAMP

In 1973, the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full-function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\1130.[11] In 1973, APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop-sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL\1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer".[12][13] The engineering prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution.[14]

### Xerox NoteTaker

Xerox NoteTaker, developed in 1976 at Xerox PARC, was a precursor to later portable computers from Osborne Computer Corporation and Compaq, though it remained a prototype and did not enter production.

### IBM 5100

IBM 5100 (1975)

Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the first commercial IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975. The product incorporated an IBM PALM processor, 5-inch (130 mm) CRT, full-function keyboard and the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians and other business problem-solvers. (IBM provided different models of the 5100 supporting only BASIC, only APL, or both selectable by a physical switch on the front panel.)[15][16] IBM referred to its PALM processor as a microprocessor, though they used that term to mean a processor that executes microcode to implement a higher-level instruction set, rather than its conventional definition of a complete processor on a single silicon integrated circuit; the PALM processor was a large circuit board populated with over a dozen chips. In the late 1960s, such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton (0.45 t). In comparison, the IBM 5100 weighed about 53 lb (24 kg), and was very portable for that time.[17]

### MIT Suitcase Computer

The MIT Suitcase Computer, constructed in 1975, was the first known microprocessor-based portable computer. It was based on the Motorola 6800. Constructed in a Samsonite suitcase approximately 20 by 30 by 8 inches (510 mm × 760 mm × 200 mm) and weighing approximately 20 lb (9.1 kg), it had 4K of SRAM, a serial port to accept downloaded software and connect to a modem, a keyboard and a 40-column thermal printer taken from a cash register. Built by student David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory as a thesis project, it never entered production. It is currently in the collection of Dr. Hoo-Min D. Toong.

### R2E Micral V

The French company R2E, often regarded as one of the first microcomputer manufacturers due to its 1973 i8008-based Micral N system, introduced an early portable computer system long before their 1980 Portal CCMC. The Micral V, introduced in 1978, combined an Intel 8080 CPU, up to 64K of RAM, a small alphanumeric printer, a full keyboard, floppy drive, and 480-character Panaplex plasma display into a single suitcase weighing about 40 pounds.[18] Despite its lukewarm market success, the Micral V served as a blueprint for R2E's much more successful CCMC Portal two years later.

### Findex

A Findex system being carried by a businessman, circa 1979.

The Findex, produced by Findex, Inc., was a luggable computer system introduced in January 1979.[19] Similar to the Micral V, and unlike many other luggables of the 1980s, the Findex incorporated a multi-line plasma display, as well as a full alphanumeric printer and keyboard, floppy drive, and a rechargeable battery, another unusual feature for portables of the time. This was all packaged in a custom built all-in-one enclosure with a handle, which altogether weighed only 20 pounds, significantly less than later luggables like the Osborne and Compaq.[20] Another unusual capability of the Findex was its support for optional bubble memory, an obsolete form of non-volatile memory storage also used by other early high-end microcomputers such as the 1977 Q1/Lite. Another similarity to the Q1/Lite was a Findex system's capability to network with other units to form a system of terminals. However, a drawback of these advanced features was its high cost, which was $4,980 for the base System 100, and $8,230 for the System 128 with bubble memory.[21]

### Micro Star or Small One

An early portable computer was introduced in July 1979 by GM Research,[22][23] a small company in Santa Monica, California. The machine, which was designed and patented by James Murez. It was called the Micro Star and later the name was changed to The Small One. Although Xerox claims to have designed the first such system, the machine by Murez predated anything on the market or that had been documented in any publication at the time - hence the patent was issued. As early as 1979, the U.S. Government was contracting to purchase these machines. Other major customers included Sandia Labs, General Dynamics, BBN (featured on the cover of their annual report in 1980 as the C.A.T. system) and several dozen private individuals and companies around the world. In 1979, Adam Osborne viewed the machine along with several hundred other visitors at the first computer show that was sponsored by the IEEE Westec in Los Angeles. Later that year, the machine was also shown at the first COMDEX show.

### Portal R2E CCMC

R2E CCMC Portal laptop in September 1980 at the SICOB show in PARIS

The portable micro computer; the "Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC, officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC, specializing in payroll and accounting. The Portal was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64 KB RAM, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters/sec, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220 V power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of 15–35 °C (59–95 °F), it weighed 12 kilograms (26 lb) and its dimensions were 45 cm × 45 cm × 15 cm (17.7 in × 17.7 in × 5.9 in). It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prolog. A few hundred were sold between 1980 and 1983.

### Osborne 1

Osborne 1 (1981)

The first mass-produced microprocessor-based portable computer released in 1981 was the Osborne 1, developed by Osborne, which owed much to the NoteTaker's design. The company had early success with the design and went public, but later, due to small screen sizes and other devices being released, it found trouble selling the Osborne.[24] The Osborne 1 is about the size and weight of a sewing machine, and was advertised as the only computer that would fit underneath an airline seat.[25]

### Kaypro

Another early portable computer released in 1982 was named the Kaypro II, although it was the company's first commercially available product. Some of the press mocked its design—one magazine described Kaypro Corporation as "producing computers packaged in tin cans".[26] Others raved about its value, as the company advertised the Kaypro II as "the $1,595 computer that sells for $1,595",[27] some noting that the included software bundle had a retail value over $1,000 by itself, and by mid-1983 the company was selling more than 10,000 units a month, briefly making it the fifth-largest computer maker in the world. It managed to correct most of the Osborne 1's deficiencies: the screen was larger and showed more characters at once, the floppy drives stored over twice as much data, the case was more attractive-looking, and it was also much better-built and more reliable.

### Grid Compass

Macintosh Portable (1989) Grid Compass (1982)

The Grid Compass ran its own operating system, GRiD-OS. Its specialized software and high price (US$8,000–10,000) meant that it was limited to specialized applications. The main buyer was the U.S. government. NASA used it on the Space Shuttle during the early 1980s, as it was powerful, lightweight, and compact. The military Special Forces also purchased the machine, as it could be used by paratroopers in combat.[28]

## Post-IBM PC portables

### Compaq Portable and competitors

Although Columbia Data Products' MPC 1600, "Multi Personal Computer" came out in the summer of 1982,[29][30] one of the first extensively IBM PC compatible computers was the Compaq Portable. Eagle Computer then came out with their offering.[31] and Corona Data Systems's PPC-400.,[32] the "portable" Hyperion Computer System.[33] Both Eagle Computer and Columbia were sued by IBM for copyright infringement of its BIOS. They settled and were forced to halt production. Neither the Columbia nor the Eagle were nearly as IBM PC DOS compatible as Compaq's offerings.

### Commodore SX-64

The first full-color portable computer was the Commodore SX-64 in January 1984.

### Atari STacy

Originally announced in 1987, the Atari STacy was released to the public in December 1989 and was one of the first laptop-like portables.[34][35]

### Apple Macintosh Portable

Apple Inc. introduced and released the Macintosh Portable in 1989, though this device came with a battery, which added to its substantial weight. The Portable has features similar to the Atari STacy, including an integrated trackball and a clamshell case.

### IBM PS/2 Portable

After release of IBM PC Convertible in 1986, IBM still produced classic portable computers, include released in 1989 PS/2 P70 (with upgrade in 1990 to P75), and IBM produce portables for up to release of PS/2 Note and PS/55note notebook lines.

## Modern portables

Freelance journalist David Kline wrote in 1983 that portable computers like his Osborne 1 had "radically transformed my work [and] begun to radically reshape the entire field of journalism", but predicted that such luggables ("Like Neanderthal man ... a species without a future") would be replaced by laptops.[36] Corey Sandler of PC agreed, stating in his review of the Compaq Portable "I will reserve awarding a certificate of full mobility to any computer until it fits in my briefcase".[37] In today's world of laptops, smart phones, and tablets, portable computers have evolved and are now mostly used for industrial, commercial or military applications.[38][39][40][41]

## Timeline

Year | Price | CPU | CPU clock rate (MHz) | Computer name | Comment

|
|
|
|
|

1951  | $300 (equivalent to about $3,810 in 2026)  | Electromechanical relays  | ? (2-bit ALU, 2-bit register)  | Simon (The Tiny Giant Electric Brain)  | First ever computer kit. Sold in the form of schematics which would build a fully working programmable digital computer.
1954  |  | Vacuum tube: Diode gates, tube amplifiers and electrical delay lines | 1  | DYSEAC | For the military, movable by truck.
1955  | ~US$86,074 (equivalent to $1,010,327 in 2024)  | Custom vacuum tube CPU  | 0.01  | Monrobot V  | For the military, movable by truck. Used for surveying and mapmaking.
1957  | ~US$70,500 (equivalent to $789,283 in 2024) RECOMP II  | Transistorized: Printed circuit cards | ?  | RECOMP I CP-266  | For the military, movable by two men.
1959  | ~US$1,600,000 (equivalent to $17,258,447 in 2024) MOBIDIC A  | Custom transistor CPU (inverter logic)  | 1 MOBIDIC B  | MOBIDIC | Truck-based for the military, five were built and deployed. Sylvania later offered a commercial version as the S 9400.

Clock speed is unknown but ADD instructions are documented as taking 16μs, i.e., ~62k ADD/s.

1960  | ~US$6,900,000 (equivalent to $73,338,695 in 2024) (development)[42] | Modular circuit boards  | 0.448  | FADAC  | For the military, movable by two men.
1960  | ~US$125,600 (equivalent to $1,321,597 in 2024) | Standard Modular System with complementary diode–transistor logic | 0.087 | IBM 1401 | Truck-based for military,[43][44] also touring Datamobile[45] for demos.
1960[46] | ~US$40,500 (equivalent to $426,152 in 2024)[47] | Plug-in circuit modules | 2[48] | PB 250 | Portable as the control computer for commercial mobile (by van) data systems. Can operate entirely from a battery.
1961  | ~US$500,000 (equivalent to $5,261,136 in 2024)  | Custom transistor CPU  | 1  | BASICPAC  | For the military, movable by truck.
1962  | ~US$40,000 (equivalent to $415,798 in 2024)  | Circuit modules (micromodular)[49] | ?  | L-2010 | For the military.
1967  |  | Integrated circuit | ?  | CDC 449  | For the military.[50][51][52]
1972  | $5,975  | Custom TTL CPU  | 8  | Hewlett-PackardHP-9830A  | Advertised as an advanced "calculator," despite having BASIC resident.
1975  | US$8,975 | IBM PALM processor | 1.9  | IBM 5100 Portable Computer[53] | 64K = US$17,975.
1975  | US$4,000 | Motorola 6800  | 1  | MIT Suitcase Computer  | 4K SRAM, approx. 20 lbs. Built by David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory as a thesis project. Currently in the collection of Dr. Hoo-Min D. Toong.
1976  | US$50,000 | Intel 8080 | 1  | Xerox NoteTaker | Integrated GUI, mouse, and touchscreen.
1977  | US$2,495 | Z80  | ?  | Versatile 2[54][55] |
1978  |  | Intel 8080 | 2  | R2E Micral V  | Plasma display and printer.
1978  | US$10,225 | IBM PALM processor | 1.9  | IBM 5110[56] |
1979  | $4,980  | Z80  | 2.5  | Findex  | Multi-line plasma display, printer, and optional bubble memory built in.
1979  | US$375 | 6502, 1K  | 1  | Rockwell AIM-65 | 20-character alphanumeric display.[54][57][58]
1979  | US$3,250 | Custom HP 8-bit  | 0.613  | Hewlett-Packard Model 85[59] |
1980  |  | ?  | ?  | PA512 | Made in Serbia.
1980  | US$230 | SC43177, SC43178  | TRS-80 Pocket Computer[60] |
1980  |  | Intel 8085  | 2.0  | Portal R2E CCMC |
1981  | US$1,795 | Z80  | 4.0  | Osborne 1 |
1981  | US$795 | 2× Hitachi 6301  | 0.614  | Epson HX-20[61] |
1981  |  | Z80 compatible  | ?  | Husky (computer)[62] |
1982  |  | 8088  | 4.77  | Columbia Data Products |
1982  |  | Z80A  | 4  | Grundy NewBrain |
1982  |  | Z80  | 2.5  | Kaypro |
1982  | US$8,000[63] | 8086  | ?  | Grid Compass 1100  | NASA laptop
1982  |  | Z80  | 4.0  | Osborne Executive |
1983  |  | x86 | ?  | Hyperion (computer) |
1983  |  | x86 | ?  | Compaq Portable |
1983  | US$1,099 | 80C85  | 2.4  | TRS-80 Model 100 | 40 × 8 LCD
1983  |  | Z80A, 8086, 128K  | ?  | Seequa Chameleon[54] |
1983  |  | Z80A  | 3.4  | Sord IS-11 |
1983  | US$1,595 | Z80A  | 4  | Zorba |
1984  | US$4,225 | 8088  | 4.77  | IBM 5155[64] |
1984  |  | Z80  | ?  | Actrix (computer) |
~1984  |  | 8088  | 4.77  | Bondwell-8 |
1984  | US$995 | Z80  | 2.45  | Epson PX-8 Geneva[65] |
1984  |  | 6502  | 1.02  | Commodore SX-64 | First portable with color display
1984  | US$2,895 | Harris 80C86  | 4  | Data General-One | First true IBM PC-compatible (mostly) laptop; CGA (640x200) monochrome LCD
1984  |  | Z80  | 4.0  | Osborne Vixen |
1984  |  | 80C88  | ?  | ZP-150 |
1984  | US$595 | ?  | ?  | HP-71B  | Calculator programmable in BASIC
1984  | US$2,995 | Harris 80C86  | 5.33  | HP 110 | 80 × 16 LCD, 300-baud modem
1984  | yes|yes|GB|}}£1,965 | 8086  | 4.77  | Apricot Portable | First portable computer with 25-line LCD. Included speech recognition, wireless keyboard, and optional wireless mouse
1985  | US$995 | Z80  | 4  | Bondwell-2 |
1985  |  | Harris 80C86  | 5.33  | HP 110 Plus | 80 × 25 LCD, 1200-baud modem
1985  | US$1,899 | Toshiba T1100 80C88  | 4.77  | Toshiba T1100 | 80 × 25 LCD
1986  |  | 8088  | 4.77  | IBM 5140  |
1986  |  | Intel 80286 | 8  | Compaq Portable II |
1986  |  | ?  | ?  | LPA512 |
1987  |  | Z80  | ?  | Cambridge Z88 |
1988  |  | Intel 8088 | ?  | NEC UltraLite |
1988  | US$2,299 [66] | 68HC000 | 8  | Atari STacy |
1989  |  | Intel 8088 | 4.9152  | Atari Portfolio |
1989  | US$2,000 | Intel 80C88  | 7  | Poqet PC (Classic)  |
1989  |  | 8086  | 9.55  | Compaq LTE |
1989  |  | Motorola 68000 | 16  | Macintosh Portable |
1989  |  | Motorola 68000 | 15  | Outbound Laptop  |
1991  |  | Motorola 68000 | 8  | ST BOOK[67][68] |
1991  |  | NEC V20  | 5.37  | HP 95LX
1991  | US$2,300 | Motorola 68000 | 16  | Apple PowerBook 100 |
1992  |  | IBM 486SLC  | 25  | IBM ThinkPad 700  | The first ThinkPad
1992  |  | Z80, 64K  | ?  | Amstrad NC100 |
1992  | US$4,950 | CY601 \+ CY604  | 25  | SPARCbook1  | Unix with SunOS
1993  |  | Intel "Hornet" 80186  | 7.91  | HP 100LX |
1993  |  | ?  | ?  | AlphaSmart |
1994  |  | Intel "Hornet" 80186  | 7.91  | HP 200LX |
1995  |  | Intel 80486DX4  | 75  | IBM ThinkPad Butterfly keyboard | IBM ThinkPad 701c and 701Cs, famous for their "Butterfly Keyboard" which slides into place when opening the lid
1996  |  | Intel Pentium  | 133  | Panasonic Toughbook CF-25 | The first Toughbook, an example of a ruggedized laptop
1997  |  | Intel Pentium  | 150  | IBM ThinkPad 380  | An average late-1990s notebook
2001  |  | SA-1110 | 206  | SIMpad |
2001  |  | Intel Mobile Pentium III-M  | 1200  | Dell Precision M40 | One of the world's first mobile workstation notebooks
2002  |  | Intel Pentium 4  | 2400  | Alienware Area 51-M | An early example of a gaming laptop: high performance desktop components in a notebook
2003  |  | Intel Pentium M  | 1700  | IBM ThinkPad R50p  | Notable for its ultra high resolution 2048x1536 (QXGA) display option

## See also

* Bobst Graphic Scrib Portable
* DYSEAC, 1954, housed in a truck
* Handheld PC (palmtop)
* Laptop
* Mobile computing
* Mobile device
* Netbook
* Personal computer
* Personal digital assistant (PDA)
* Portal laptop computer

## References

1. ↑ As contrasted with DYSEAC and MOBIDIC, 1950s era military systems which were truck-based/"movable by truck".
2. ↑ "How to Buy an All-in-One PC". 28 January 2015. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2409554,00.asp.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shanna Freeman (19 September 2012). "What was the first portable computer?". https://computer.howstuffworks.com/first-portable-computer.htm.
4. ↑ "and plug in instead of relying on battery power."
5. ↑ Petre, Reza Rawassizadeh, Blaine A Price, Marian (January 2015). "Wearables: Has the Age of Smartwatches Finally Arrived? | January 2015 | Communications of the ACM". https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2015/1/181635-wearables/abstract.
6. ↑ "Battery Operated Computer." Computers and Automation, February 2, 1961, page 1B.
7. ↑ "On-Call Data Vans for Hire." Computers and Automation, July 1962, page 28.
8. ↑ "The first microcomputer: The transfluxor-powered Arma Micro Computer from 1962". http://www.righto.com/2024/02/the-first-microcomputer-transfluxor.html.
9. ↑ "Hewlett-Packard Journal". Hewlett-Packard Journal. December 1972. https://hparchive.com/Journals/HPJ-1972-12.pdf.
10. ↑ "Hewlett-Packard HP-9830A computer". http://oldcomputers.net/hp-9830a.html.
11. ↑ Freeman, Shanna (2012-09-19). "HowStuffWorks "What was the first portable computer?"". Computer.howstuffworks.com. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/first-portable-computer.htm.
12. ↑ PC Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, ‘’SCAMP: The Missing Like in the PC's Past?‘’
13. ↑ "IBM Archives: IBM 5100 Portable Computer". 03.ibm.com. 23 January 2003. http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_2.html.
14. ↑ "IBM SCAMP, National Museum of American History". Smithsonian Institution. http://www.si.edu/object/nmah_334628.
15. ↑ This author learned this from an original IBM document for operators of the 5100 but does not recall the title of the document.
16. ↑ "Daves Old Computers- IBM 5100". http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/ibm5100/index.htm.
17. ↑ "Industrial Portable Computers". Advantech. http://www.advantech.com/products/Portable-Computers/sub_1-2JKOHS.aspx.
18. ↑ Micral V Portable Microcomputer System Operator's Manual. R2E of America. December 1978. pp. 6. https://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/r2e/MICRAL_V_Portable_Microcomputer_System_Dec78.pdf.
19. ↑ Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (1979-01-17) (in en). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.. https://books.google.com/books?id=ET4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=findex&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=findex&f=false.
20. ↑ Findex Brochure. Findex Corporation. c. 1979. https://oldcomputers.net/findex.pdf.
21. ↑ "Findex computer". https://oldcomputers.net/findex-computer.html.
22. ↑ "Computer History Museum". http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/X1243.96.
23. ↑ Creative Computing (better Scan) 1979 07. 1979-07-01. http://archive.org/details/CreativeComputingbetterScan197907.
24. ↑ "Osborne 1". OldComputers.net. http://oldcomputers.net/osborne.html.
25. ↑ Fallows, James (July 1982). "Living With a Computer". Atlantic Magazine. https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198207/fallows-computer/2.
26. ↑ Dickinson, John (July 1986). "Kaypro 2000". PC: pp. 116. https://books.google.com/books?id=5hdeC0k_JHwC&pg=PA116.
27. ↑ "The $1,595 Computer That Sells for $1,595.". BYTE: pp. 390. January 1984. https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-01/BYTE-1984-01#page/n395/mode/2up.$1,595+Computer+That+Sells+for+$1,595.&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.date=January+1984&rft.pages=pp. 390&rft_id=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-01/BYTE-1984-01#page/n395/mode/2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Portable_computer">
28. ↑ didyouknowwebsite (2020-06-14). "The Space Age Best Inventions We use Today" (in en-US). https://didyouknowwebsite.com/2020/06/14/the-space-age-best-inventions-we-use-today/.
29. ↑ "Aboard the Columbia", By Bill Machrone, Page 451, Jun 1983, PC Mag
30. ↑ "Columbia personal computer - CHM Revolution". https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/302/1188.
31. ↑ "Eagle personal computer - CHM Revolution". https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/302/1186.
32. ↑ Caruso, Denise (1984-02-27). "IBM wins disputes over PC copyrights". InfoWorld: pp. 15. https://books.google.com/books?id=gy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15.
33. ↑ "Hyperion computer system - CHM Revolution". https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/302/1189.
34. ↑ "Atari Stacy 2 - Computer - Computing History". http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/43435/Atari-Stacy-2/.
35. ↑ ausretrogamer (2016-04-06). "The Lovely Atari STacy | AUSRETROGAMER" (in en-AU). https://ausretrogamer.com/the-lovely-atari-stacy/.
36. ↑ Kline, David (1983-08-15). "Portables revolutionize free-lance journalism". InfoWorld 5 (33): 32–35. https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32. Retrieved 2025-04-27.
37. ↑ Sandler, Corey (June 1983). "Compaq: Have Computer Will Travel". PC Magazine: pp. 186. https://books.google.com/books?id=14Kfbrc6cbAC&pg=PA186. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
38. ↑ Liu, Zhiye (2020-08-06). "Take This Portable Threadripper 3990X Workstation Wherever You Go" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/take-this-portable-threadripper-3990x-workstation-wherever-you-go.
39. ↑ Faulkner, Cameron (2021-02-08). "This laptop has seven times the average number of screens" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/8/22273056/expanscape-aurora-7-seven-screen-laptop.
40. ↑ Shilov, Anton (2021-02-19). "Seven-Screen Aurora A7 Laptop Costs Up to $20,000" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/expanscape-aurora-multi-screen-laptops-prices.
41. ↑ "Scs". https://www.theportablepc.com/.
42. ↑ United States. (1969). "Field Artillery Digital Automatic Computer (FADAC) - TOTAL FADAC COSTS". Hearings Cong. 91 Sess. 1 Appropriations V. 9 1969. 9: 645. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.35112202783561?urlappend=;seq=651.
43. ↑ "IBM 1401: The Mainframe". 7 March 2012. https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/mainframe/.
44. ↑ "Columbia University Computing History: IBM 1401". http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/1401.html.
45. ↑ "IBM 1401: Cultural Impacts". 7 March 2012. https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/mainframe/impacts/.
46. ↑ Beck, Robert Mark (30 December 1960). "PB-250 – A High Speed Serial General Purpose Computer Using Magnetostrictive Delay Line Storage" (in en). Managing Requirements Knowledge, International Workshop on (AFIPS): 284–285, 287. doi:10.1109/afips.1960.58. "The first production computer was delivered in October 1960.".
47. ↑ Weik, Martin H. (Mar 1961). "PACKARD BELL 250". http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-p.html#PACKARD-BELL-250.
48. ↑ "The PB-250". https://www.cca.org/tech/rcs/pb250.html.
49. ↑ "The RCA Micromodule" (in en). http://www.chipsetc.com/the-rca-micromodule.html.
50. ↑ "Across the Editor's Desk: CONTROL DATA 449 COMPUTER". Computers and Automation 16 (11): 56. Nov 1967. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_11670370/page/n55?q="CONTROL+DATA+449+COMPUTER".
51. ↑ Used in translocation backpack system (prototype) and as an onboard computer for Grumman planes
* "Translocation Backpack Systems". APL Technical Digest 9 (6): 10. July–August 1970. https://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/views/prior_issues.html#1970.
* Rochester, Jack; Gantz, John (1983-11-28). "The Industry: Book excerpt: The Naked Computer - The smallest computer" (in en). InfoWorld (InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.) 5 (48): 162. https://books.google.com/books?id=sy8EAAAAMBAJ&q="cdc+449"&pg=PA162.
52. ↑ "Control Data 449 Computer Reference Manual". Oct 1967. http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/Tom_Hunter_Scans/CDC449_Computer_RM_Oct67.pdf.
53. ↑ "IBM 5100 computer". http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5100.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "MicrocomputerChronology". http://is2.lse.ac.uk/History/MicrocomputerChronology.htm. 090508 is2.lse.ac.uk
55. ↑ "old-computers.com : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/computer.asp?c=345&st=1. 090508 old-computers.com
56. ↑ "IBM 5110 computer". http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5110.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
57. ↑ "Weird World of Hardware". http://www.trygve.com/hardweird.html. 090508 trygve.com
58. ↑ "Rockwell AIM-65 computer". http://oldcomputers.net/AIM-65.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
59. ↑ "Old Computers – rare, vintage, and obsolete computers". http://oldcomputers.net/index.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
60. ↑ "Radio Shack TRS-80 Pocket Computer". http://oldcomputers.net/trs80pc1.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
61. ↑ "Epson HX-20 computer". http://oldcomputers.net/hx-20.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
62. ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=285. 090508 old-computers.com
63. ↑ "World's first laptop. Osborne 1 GRiD Compass 1101.". http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/first407.html.
64. ↑ "IBM 5155 portable computer". http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5155.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
65. ↑ "Epson PX-8 computer". http://oldcomputers.net/px-8.html. 090508 oldcomputers.net
66. ↑ "Atari STacy computer". http://ftp.pigwa.net/stuff/mirror/www.atari-explorer.com/stacy.html. ftp.pigwa.net
67. ↑ "Planet Irata: Atari ST Book Notebook Computer". http://www.geocities.com/~irata/stbook.html. 090508 geocities.com
68. ↑ "Chips in ATARI-Computern mit TOS-Betriebssystem". http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/oth/atari.txt. 090508 xs4all.nl

## External links

* v
* t
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Computer sizes

Classes of computers

Microcomputer,
personal
computer|

| Stationary|

* Workstation
* Desktop
* Home
* Personal supercomputer
* Portable
* Tabletop
* Smart TV
* Interactive kiosk
* Game arcade cabinet
* System board
* Home console
* Microconsole
* SFF
* Nettop
* Plug
* Smart speaker

|

Mobile|

| Laptop|

* Desktop replacement
* 2-in-1
* Subnotebook
* Netbook
* Smartbook
* Ultrabook
* Ultra-mobile PC

|

Tablet|

* Ultra-mobile PC
* 2-in-1
* Phablet
* Tabletop

Handheld|

* Handheld PC
* Palmtop PC
* Pocket computer
* PDA
* Electronic organizer
* Mobile phone
* Feature phone
* Smartphone
* Phablet
* PMP
* E-reader
* Handheld game console
* Portable/Mobile data terminal

Calculator|

* Scientific
* Programmable
* Graphing

Wearable|

* Digital wristwatch
* Calculator watch
* Smartwatch
* Smartglasses
* Smart ring

Midrange|

* Server
* Minicomputer
* Supermini

Large|

* Super
* Mainframe
* Minisuper

Others|

* Microcontroller
* Nanocomputer
* Single-board computer
* Smartdust
* Wireless sensor network

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