Javanese numerals

Short description: Set of numerals used in javanese script

Numeral systems

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Positional systems by base

* 2
* 3
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Non-standard positional numeral systems

* Bijective numeration (1)
* Signed-digit representation (Balanced ternary)
* factorial
* negative
* Complex-base system (2i)
* Non-integer representation (φ)
* mixed
* Asymmetric numeral systems

List of numeral systems

* v
* t
* e

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Javanese numerals (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦗꦮ, romanized: Wilangan Jawa; Old Javanese: 𑼮𑼶𑼭𑼁, romanized: wilaṁ) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Javanese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Javanese numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.

Javanese is rich in numerical expressions. What is written here is the form in standard written Javanese. Spoken Javanese or dialects can take different forms.

## Contents

* 1 Numerals
* 1.1 Basic numerals
* 1.2 Teen, tween, and thirty numerals
* 1.3 Powers of 10
* 1.4 "Minus half" numerals
* 1.5 Fractions
* 1.6 Special numerals
* 2 Examples
* 3 Old Javanese numerals
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 6.1 Sources
* 6.2 Further reading

## Numerals

### Basic numerals

The numerals 0–9 have independent and modifier forms. The modifiers are used to form powers of 10 or modify the sum of objects. In some cases, there is more than one word for a numeral reflecting the Javanese register system of ngoko (low-register) and krama (high-register), as well as words from a literary form of Javanese called kawi and derived from Old Javanese.

Numeral  | Independent  | Modifier

|
|

Javanese  | Latin  | Ngoko | Krama | Kawi | Ngoko | Krama
꧐  | 0  | ꦢꦱ꧀, das[1] | - | - | - | -
꧑  | 1  | ꦱꦶꦗꦶ, siji[2] | ꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀, satunggal[2] | ꦲꦺꦏ, éka[3] | ꦱ, sa- | -
꧒  | 2  | ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ, loro[4] | ꦏꦭꦶꦃ, kalih[4] | ꦢ꧀ꦮꦶ, dwi[5] | ꦫꦺꦴꦁ, rong[6] | ꦏꦭꦶꦃ, kalih[4]
꧓  | 3  | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ, telu[7] | ꦠꦶꦒ, tiga[7] | ꦠꦿꦶ, tri; ꦠꦿꦶꦤꦶ, trini[8] | ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦁ, telung[7] | ꦠꦶꦒꦁ, tigang[7]
꧔  | 4  | ꦥꦥꦠ꧀, papat[9] | ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀, sekawan[9] | ꦕꦠꦸꦂ, catur[10] | ꦥꦠꦁ, patang[11] | ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀, sekawan[9]
꧕  | 5  | ꦭꦶꦩ, lima[12] | ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀, gangsal[12] | ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕ, panca[13] | ꦭꦶꦩꦁ, limang[12] | ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀, gangsal[12]
꧖  | 6  | ꦤꦼꦩ꧀, nem[14] | - | ꦱꦢ꧀, sad[15] | ꦤꦼꦩ꧀, nem[14] | -
꧗  | 7  | ꦥꦶꦠꦸ, pitu[16] | - | ꦱꦥ꧀ꦠ, sapta[17] | ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦁ, pitung[18] | -
꧘  | 8  | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ, wolu[19] | - | ꦲꦱ꧀ꦛ, astha[20] | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦁ, wolung[19] | -
꧙  | 9  | ꦱꦔ, sanga[21] | - | ꦤꦮ, nawa[14] | ꦱꦔꦁ, sangang[21] | -

### Teen, tween, and thirty numerals

Like English, Javanese has compound forms for the teens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root wĕlas and the tweens on likur.

Especially for numerals between 30 and 40, there are two formats: proper form and shortened form (wancahan).

Numeral  | Teen  | Numeral  | Tween  | Numeral  | Thirty

|
|
|
|
|

Ngoko | Krama | Ngoko | Krama | Proper  | Shortened
11  | sawĕlas | - | 21  | salikur | - | 31  | tĕlung puluh siji | beh-ji
12  | ro wĕlas | kalih wĕlas | 22  | ro likur | kalih likur | 32  | tĕlung puluh (lo)ro | beh-ro
13  | tĕlu wĕlas | tiga wĕlas | 23  | tĕlu likur | tiga likur | 33  | tĕlung puluh tĕlu | beh-lu
14  | pat wĕlas | sakawan wĕlas | 24  | pat likur | sakawan likur | 34  | tĕlung puluh (pa)pat | beh-pat
15  | lima wĕlas | gangsal wĕlas | 25  | salawe | salangkung | 35  | salapan | beh-ma
16  | ĕnĕm wĕlas | - | 26  | ĕnĕm likur | - | 36  | tĕlung puluh ĕnĕm | beh-nĕm
17  | pitu wĕlas | - | 27  | pitu likur | - | 37  | tĕlung puluh pitu | beh-tu
18  | wolu wĕlas | - | 28  | wolu likur | - | 38  | tĕlung puluh wolu | beh-wo
19  | sanga wĕlas | - | 29  | sanga likur | - | 39  | tĕlung puluh sanga | beh-nga

### Powers of 10

When basic numbers are combined with powers of 10, the modifier is applied. The table below uses the modifier of one (sa-) as an example.

Power

notation

| Name  | International notation[lower-alpha 1] | Short scale Western

(long scale Western)

|
|
|

Javanese  | Latin
100 | ꦱꦶꦗꦶ  | siji | 1 | One
101 | ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ  | sapuluh | 10 | TenSI prefix: deca-
102 | ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀  | saatus | 100 | One hundred

SI prefix: hecto-

103 | ꦱꦲꦶꦮꦸ  | saiwu | 1,000 | One thousand

SI prefix: kilo-

104 | ꦱꦊꦏ꧀ꦱ  | salĕksa | 10,000 | Ten thousand
105 | ꦱꦏꦼꦛꦶ  | sakĕthi | 100,000 | One hundred thousand
106 | ꦱꦪꦸꦠ  | sayuta | 1,000,000 | One million

SI prefix: mega-

107 | ꦱꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ  | sawĕndra | 10,000,000 | Ten million
108 | ꦱꦧꦫ  | sabara | 100,000,000 | One hundred million
109 | ꦱꦒꦸꦭ꧀ꦩ  | sagulma | 1,000,000,000 | One billion

(one milliard) SI prefix: giga-

1010 | ꦱꦕꦩꦸ  | sacamu | 10,000,000,000 | Ten billion

(ten milliard)

1011 | ꦱꦮꦸꦂꦝ  | sawurdha | 100,000,000,000 | One hundred billion

(one hundred milliard)

1012 | ꦱꦏꦶꦂꦤ  | sakirna | 1,000,000,000,000 | One trillion

(one billion) SI prefix: tera-

1013 | ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦏꦶꦂꦤ  | sapuluh kirna | 10,000,000,000,000 | Ten trillion

(ten billion)

1014 | ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦏꦶꦂꦤ  | saatus kirna | 100,000,000,000,000 | One hundred trillion

(one hundred billion)

1015 | ꦱꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ  | satutsma | 1,000,000,000,000,000 | One quadrillion

(one billiard) SI prefix: peta-

1016 | ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ  | sapuluh tutsma | 10,000,000,000,000,000 | Ten quadrillion

(ten billiard)

1017 | ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩ  | saatus tutsma | 100,000,000,000,000,000 | One hundred quadrillion

(one hundred billiard)

1018 | ꦱꦠꦒ  | sataga | 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 | One quintillion

(one trillion) SI prefix: exa-

### "Minus half" numerals

There are 3 words that mean "minus half of" some number. Tĕngah means minus half of 1, sasur means minus half of 10, and bĕlah means minus half of 100.

The format is ka\- + basic numeral + minus half numeral. The basic numeral’s place value is decided by the minus half numeral, so the lima ("five") in kalima tĕngah (​4 1⁄2) means five, while the lima in kalima sasur (45) means fifty.

For place values over 100, compounds containing bĕlah are used. Minus half of 1000 is bĕlah iwu. Minus half of 10,000 is bĕlah lĕksa.

Tĕngah  | Sasur  | Bĕlah

|
|

Arabic Numeral  | Javanese Name  | Arabic Numeral  | Javanese Name  | Arabic Numeral  | Javanese Name
​1⁄2 | satĕngah | 35  | kapat sasur | 150  | karo bĕlah
​1 1⁄2 | karo tĕngah | 45  | kalima sasur | 250  | katĕlu bĕlah
​2 1⁄2 | katĕlu tĕngah | 55  | kaĕnĕm sasur | 350  | kapat bĕlah
​3 1⁄2 | kapat tĕngah | 65  | kapitu sasur | 450  | kalima bĕlah
​4 1⁄2 | kalima tĕngah | 75  | kawolu sasur | 550  | kaĕnĕm bĕlah
​5 1⁄2 | kaĕnĕm tĕngah | 85  | kasanga sasur | 650  | kapitu bĕlah
​6 1⁄2 | kapitu tĕngah | 95  | kasapuluh sasur | 750  | kawolu bĕlah
​7 1⁄2 | kawolu tĕngah |  |  | 850  | kasanga bĕlah
​8 1⁄2 | kasanga tĕngah |  |  | 950  | kasapuluh bĕlah
​9 1⁄2 | kasapuluh tĕngah |  |  | 1,500  | karo bĕlah iwu
​99 1⁄2 | kasaatus tĕngah |  |  | 45,000  | kapat bĕlah lĕksa
and so on...

Sasur is only used for thirty and above.

### Fractions

Fractions are made up of numerator (modifier form) + pra- \+ denominator. Below is the example:

Numeral  | Numerator  | Denominator  | Name

|
|
|

​3⁄4 | tĕlu | pat | tĕlung prapat
​1⁄3 | siji | tĕlu | sapratĕlu
​4⁄5 | pat | lima | patang pralima

### Special numerals

There are several forms of numbering that do not follow the pattern above. These special numerals can be combined with the powers of 10.

Numeral  | Name

|

Ngoko | Krama
25  | salawe | salangkung
35  | salapan | -
50  | saikĕt | -
60  | sawidak | -
75  | tĕlung lawe | -
400  | samas | -
800  | dhomas | -

## Examples

Numeral  | Javanese  | English

|
|

Literal  | Transcription
​351 1⁄2 | Kapat bĕlah karo tĕngah | Four hundred minus fifty and two minus one-half  | Three hundred fifty-one and a half
500,075  | Limang kĕthi kawolu sasur | Five kĕthi and eighty minus five  | Five hundred thousand and seventy five
123,456,789  | Sabahara rong wĕndra tĕlung yuta kalima belah kĕthi ĕnĕm iwu pitung atus wolung puluh sanga | One bahara two wĕndra three million five hundred minus fifty thousand and six thousand seven hundred eighty-nine  | One hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine
17,000,000,000  | Sacamu pitung gulma | One camu seven gulma | Seventeen billion (short scale)
6,789,000,000,000,000  | Ĕnĕm tutsma pitung atus wolung puluh sanga kirna | Six tutsma seven hundred eighty nine kirna | Six quadrillion seven hundred and eighty-nine trillion

## Old Javanese numerals

Old Javanese numerals have two sets of names: native names (from Austronesian) and loan names (from Sanskrit).

Old

Javanese

| Western
Arabic  | Old Javanese

|
|

Native  | Sanskrit
𑽐 | 0 | \-  | śūnya (𑼯𑼹𑼥𑽂𑼫)
𑽑 | 1 | siji (𑼱𑼶𑼙𑼶)  | eka (𑼎𑼒𑼃)
𑽒 | 2 | rwa (𑼬𑽂𑼮)

* * *

ro (𑼬𑼾𑼴)  | dwi (𑼣𑽂𑼮𑼶)
𑽓 | 3 | tĕlu (𑼡𑽀𑼭𑼸)

* * *

tiga (𑼡𑼶𑼔)  | tri (𑼡𑽂𑼬𑼶𑼠𑼶)
𑽔 | 4 | pat (𑼦𑼡𑽁)

* * *

pāt (𑼦𑼵𑼡𑽁)  | catur (𑼗𑼡𑽂𑼮𑼴𑼬𑼷)
𑽕 | 5 | lima (𑼭𑼶𑼪)

* * *

gaṅsal (𑼔𑼁𑼱𑼭𑽁)  | pañca (𑼦𑼛𑽂𑼗)
𑽖 | 6 | nĕm (𑼥𑽀𑼪𑽁)  | ṣaṭ (𑼰𑼜𑽁)
𑽗 | 7 | pitu (𑼦𑼶𑼡𑼸)  | sapta (𑼱𑼦𑽂𑼡)
𑽘 | 8 | wwalu (𑼮𑽂𑼮𑼭𑼸)

* * *

wolu (𑼮𑼾𑼵𑼭𑼸)

* * *

dwalapan (𑼣𑽂𑼮𑼭𑼦𑼥𑽁)  | aṣṭa (𑼄𑼰𑽂𑼜)
𑽙 | 9 | saṅa (𑼱𑼖)

* * *

salapan (𑼱𑼭𑼦𑼥𑽁)  | nawa (𑼥𑼮)
𑽑𑽐 | 10 | sapuluh (𑼱𑼦𑼸𑼭𑼸𑼃)  | daśa (𑼣𑼯)

The word śūnya for zero was calqued into Arabic as صفر sifr, meaning 'nothing', which became the term "zero" in many European languages via Medieval Latin zephirum.[22]

## See also

* Balinese numerals, a related but yet more complex numeral system.

## Notes

1. ↑ Use of separator in digit grouping here follows customs in most English-speaking countries. For international standards and details, see decimal mark.

## References

1. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 174.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 679.
3. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 206.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 453.
5. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 204.
6. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 634.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 732.
8. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 760.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 542.
10. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 136.
11. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 546.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 445–446.
13. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 537.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 505.
15. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 641.
16. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 574–575.
17. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 651.
18. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 575.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 815.
20. ↑ Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 56.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Robson & Wibisono 2002, pp. 649.
22. ↑ "zero - Origin and meaning of zero by Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=zero.

### Sources

* Robson, Stuart; Wibisono, Singgih (2002). Javanese English Dictionary. Periplus Editions. ISBN 0-7946-0000-X.

### Further reading

* Poerwadarminta, W.J.S. (1939) (in jv). Baoesastra Djawa. Groningen, Batavia: J.B. Wolters' Uitgeversmaatschappij N.V..
* Uhlenbeck, E.M. (1978) (in en). Studies In Javanese Morphology. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 195–228.
* Zoetmulder, P.J. (1982) (in en). Old Javanese-English Dictionary. Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.

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Javanese language

Overviews|

* Language
* History
* Script

Development|

* Old Javanese
* Middle Javanese
* New Javanese
* Modern Javanese

Scripts|

* Pegon
* Aksara
* Latin

Notable variant|

| Standardized|

* Mataraman
* Modern Javanese

|

Regional dialects|

* Suriname
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* Arekan
* Pekalongan
* Banten
* Blora
* Cirebon
* Kedu
* Madiunan
* Semarangan
* Pesisir-Lor Kulon
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Related|

* Literature
* Names
* Numerals
* Javanese Language Congress
* Javanese historical texts
* Javanese poetry

Letters of the Aksara Jawa

Nglegena
consonants|

* Ha (ꦲ)
* Na (ꦤ)
* Ca (ꦕ)
* Ra (ꦫ)
* Ka (ꦏ)
* Da (ꦢ)
* Ta (ꦠ)
* Sa (ꦱ)
* Wa (ꦮ)
* La (ꦭ)
* Pa (ꦥ)
* Dha (ꦢ)
* Ja (ꦗ)
* Ya (ꦪ)
* Nya (ꦚ)
* Ma (ꦩ)
* Ga (ꦒ)
* Ba (ꦧ)
* Tha (ꦛ)
* Nga (ꦔ)

Murda
consonants|

* Ka murda (ꦑ)
* Ga murda (ꦓ)
* Na murda (ꦟ)
* Ta murda (ꦡ)
* Pa murda (ꦦ)
* Ba murda (ꦨ)
* Sa murda (ꦯ)
* Seldom used: Ca murda (ꦖ)
* Nya murda (ꦘ)

Extended
consonants|

* Often used: Pa cerek (ꦉ)
* Nga lelet (ꦊ)
* Seldom used: Nga lelet Raswadi (ꦋ)
* Ra agung (ꦬ)
* Ka sasak (ꦐ)
* Ja mahaprana (ꦙ)
* Tha mahaprana (ꦜ)
* Dha mahaprana (ꦞ)
* Da mahaprana (ꦣ)
* Sa mahaprana (ꦰ)

Final and Medial
Consonants|

* Cecak (ꦁ)
* Layar (ꦂ)
* Wignyan/visarga (ꦃ)
* Cakra (ꦿ)
* Cakra keret (ꦽ)
* Pengkal (ꦾ)
* Pangkon/virama (꧀)

Vowels|

* Wulu (ꦶ)
* Suku (ꦸ)
* Pepet (ꦼ)
* Taling (ꦺ)
* Tarung (ꦴ)
* Tolong (ꦵ)
* Dirga mure (ꦻ)
* Wulu melik (ꦷ)
* Suku mendut (ꦹ)
* Foreign: A (ꦄ)
* I (ꦆ)
* U (ꦈ)
* E (ꦌ)
* Ai (ꦍ)
* O (ꦎ)

Numbers|

* 0 (꧐)
* 1 (꧑)
* 2 (꧒)
* 3 (꧓)
* 4 (꧔)
* 5 (꧕)
* 6 (꧖)
* 7 (꧗)
* 8 (꧘)
* 9 (꧙)
* Pada pangkat (꧇)

Punctuations|

* Pada lingsa (꧈)
* Pada lungsi (꧉)
* Pada adeg (꧊)
* Pada adeg-adeg (꧋)
* Pada piseleh (꧌ and ꧍)
* Pada luhur (꧅)
* Pada madya (꧄)
* Pada andhap (꧃)
* Pada tirta tumetes (꧞)
* Pada isen-isen (꧟)
* Pada windu (꧆)
* Pangrangkep (ꧏ)
* Cecak telu (꦳)
* Panyangga (ꦀ)
* Rerenggan (꧁ and ꧂)

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