Organizational metacognition

Organizational metacognition is knowing what an organization knows,[1] a concept related to metacognition, organizational learning, the learning organization and sensemaking. It is used to describe how organizations and teams develop an awareness of their own thinking,[2] learning how to learn,[3][4][5] where awareness of ignorance can motivate learning.[6] The organizational deutero-learning concept identified by Argyris and Schon[7][8] defines when organizations learn how to carry out single-loop and double-loop learning. It has also been described as learning how to learn[9] through a process of collaborative inquiry and reflection (evaluative inquiry).

"When an organization engages in deutero-learning its members learn about the previous context for learning. They reflect on and inquire into previous episodes of organizational learning, or failure to learn. They discover what they did that facilitated or inhibited learning, they invent new strategies for learning, they produce these strategies, and they evaluate and generalize what they have produced" [8]

Learning what facilitates and inhibits learning enables organizations to develop new strategies to develop their knowledge. For example, identification of a gap between perceived performance (such as satisfaction) and actual performance (outcomes) creates an awareness that makes the organization understand that learning needs to occur, driving appropriate changes to the environment and processes.[10]

## Contents

* 1 Learning prototypes
* 2 Terminological ambiguities
* 3 Significance
* 4 Examples in practice
* 5 References

## Learning prototypes

Wijnhoven (2001) grouped four learning prototypes that best meet learning needs, the match between these needs and learning norms dictating an organization's learning capabilities; deutero-learning is the acquisition of these capabilities.[11]

1. knowledge gap analysis[12]
2. classification of problems to select operationally required knowledge and skills[13]
3. coping with organizational tremors and jolts by anticipation, response and adjustments of behavioural repertoires[14]
4. decisional uncertainty measurement[15]

## Terminological ambiguities

Organizational metacognition and organizational deutero-learning have both been described as the concept or phenomenon where organizations learn how to learn.[3][9] Argyris and Schon (1978) place deutero-learning into their cognitive theory of action framework, neglecting aspects of adaptive behaviour and context core to Bateson's (1972) original definitions. In order to resolve terminological ambiguities, Visser (2007) reviewed and reformulated the concept of deutero-learning as, "the behavioral adaptation to patterns of conditioning in relationships in organizational contexts, distinguishing it from meta-learning and planned learning" (pg. 659).[16]

## Significance

Organizational metacognition is considered a key norm to the prescriptive concept of the learning organization.[17][18] Its significance has been recognized by industry, the military[1] and in disaster response.[19]

## Examples in practice

Examples of poor metacognition (deutero-learning) have been described in knowledge network environments,

"Knowledge networking is important to most competitive enterprises today. Enterprise knowledge is becoming ever more specialized in nature, so no single person or organization can know everything in detail. Hence addressing complex, multidisciplinary problems requires developing and accessing a network of knowledgeable people and organizations. The problem is, many otherwise knowledgeable people and organizations are not fully aware of their knowledge networks, and even more problematic, they are not aware that they are not aware. This focuses our attention toward organizational metacognition." [1]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Looney, J.P.; Nissen, Mark E. (2007-01-01). "Organizational Metacognition: The Importance of Knowing the Knowledge Network". 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'07). pp. 190c. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2007.419.
2. ↑ Riding, R. J. (2000-01-01). Cognitive Styles. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9781567504590. https://books.google.com/books?id=QAYIra8zB34C.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 McCarthy, Alma; Garavan, Thomas N. (2008-06-19). "Team Learning and Metacognition: A Neglected Area of HRD Research and Practice". Advances in Developing Human Resources 10 (4): 509–524. doi:10.1177/1523422308320496. ISSN 1523-4223.
4. ↑ Briñol, Pablo; DeMarree, Kenneth (2012-04-27). Social Metacognition. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135234096. https://books.google.com/books?id=rqvFUfbSbXYC.
5. ↑ "Kellogg School of Management | Northwestern University". http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/?sc_itemid=%7B36AABF14-E6F3-4AD9-8C14-F09EDA58765C%7D. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
6. ↑ Nevis, Edwin C.; Dibella, Anthony J.; Gould, Janet M. (15 January 1995). "Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems". MIT Sloan Management Review. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/understanding-organizations-as-learning-systems/. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
7. ↑ Schon, Donald A. (1975-01-01). "Deutero-learning in organizations: Learning for". Organizational Dynamics 4 (1): 2–16. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(75)90001-7.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Argyris, Chris; Schon, Donald A. (1978-05-18). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective: 001. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co. ISBN 9780201001747. https://archive.org/details/organizationalle00chri.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Preskill, Hallie (1998-10-20). PRESKILL: EVALUATIVE INQUIRY FOR. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, Incorporated. ISBN 9780761904540.
10. ↑ "Organizational Learning - Knowledge Center". http://www.12manage.com/methods_organizational_learning.html. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
11. ↑ Wijnhoven, Fons (2001-06-01). "Acquiring Organizational Learning Norms A Contingency Approach for Understanding Deutero Learning". Management Learning 32 (2): 181–200. doi:10.1177/1350507601322002. ISSN 1350-5076. https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/231972457/Wijnhoven2001acquiring.pdf.
12. ↑ Simonin, Bernard L.; Helleloid, Duane (1993-08-01). "Do Organizations Learn? an Empirical Test of Organizational Learning in International Strategic Alliances.". Academy of Management Proceedings 1993 (1): 222–226. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1993.10316992. ISSN 0065-0668.
13. ↑ Tampoe, Mahen (1994-08-01). "Exploiting the core competences of your organization". Long Range Planning 27 (4): 66–77. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(94)90057-4.
14. ↑ Meyer, John W. "Conclusion: Institutionalization and the rationality of formal organizational structure." Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality (1992): 261-282.
15. ↑ Duncan, R., and A. Weiss. "Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective." MA: Addison-Weslay. Morgan, G. and Ramirez (1979): 1-28.
16. ↑ Visser, Max (2007-04-01). "Deutero-Learning in Organizations: A Review and a Reformulation". Academy of Management Review 32 (2): 659–667. doi:10.5465/AMR.2007.24351883. ISSN 0363-7425.
17. ↑ Senge, Peter M. (2006-04-06). The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization: Second edition (2nd Revised ed.). London: Random House Business. ISBN 9781905211203. https://archive.org/details/fifthdisciplinea0000seng_k2n0.
18. ↑ Weick, Karl E. (1995-07-20). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 9780803971776. https://archive.org/details/trent_0116403577194.
19. ↑ "Business professor receives funds to study disaster response". 2014-12-30. http://news.emory.edu/stories/2014/12/er_goizueta_prof_disaster_study/campus.html. Retrieved 2015-12-15.

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