City University of New York

Short description: Public university system in New York City

For the list of higher education institutions in the City, see List of colleges and universities in New York City.

The City University of New York

Motto| Latin: Eruditio populi liberi spes gentium

Motto in English

| The education of free people is the hope of Mankind[1]
Type| Public university system
Established| 1961; 65 years ago (1961)[2]
Budget| $3.6 billion[3]
Chancellor| Félix V. Matos Rodríguez[4]

Academic staff

| 19,568[5]

Administrative staff

| 33,099[6]
Students| 243,000[7]
Location|

New York City , New York, U.S.

Campus| 25 campuses[8]
Website| www.cuny.edu

The City University of New York (CUNY, spoken /ˈkjuːni/, KYOO-nee) is the public university system of New York City. It is the largest urban university system in the United States, comprising 25 campuses: eleven senior colleges, seven community colleges, and seven professional institutions. In 1960, John R. Everett became the first chancellor of the Municipal College System of New York City, later known as the City University of New York (CUNY). CUNY, established by New York State legislation in 1961 and signed into law by Governor Nelson Rockefeller, was an amalgamation of existing institutions and a new graduate school.

The system was governed by the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York, created in 1926, and later renamed the Board of Trustees of the CUNY in 1979. The institutions merged into CUNY included the Free Academy (later City College of New York), the Female Normal and High School (later Hunter College), Brooklyn College, and Queens College. CUNY has historically provided accessible education, especially to those excluded or unable to afford private universities. The first community college in New York City was established in 1955 with shared funding between the state and the city, but unlike the senior colleges, community college students had to pay tuition.

The integration of CUNY's colleges into a single university system took place in 1961, under a chancellor and with state funding. The Graduate Center, serving as the principal doctorate-granting institution, was also established that year. In 1964, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. extended the senior colleges' free tuition policy to community colleges.The 1960s saw student protests demanding more racial diversity and academic representation in CUNY, leading to the establishment of Medgar Evers College and the implementation of the Open Admissions policy in 1970. This policy dramatically increased student diversity but also introduced challenges like low retention rates. The 1976 fiscal crisis ended the free tuition policy, leading to the introduction of tuition fees for all CUNY colleges. The university enrolls more than 275,000 students and counts thirteen Nobel Prize winners and twenty-four MacArthur Fellows among its alumni.[9]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Founding
* 1.2 Accessible education
* 1.3 Student protests
* 1.4 Open admissions
* 1.5 Financial crisis of 1976
* 1.6 Financial crisis of 1995
* 1.7 2010 onwards
* 2 Enrollment and demographics
* 2.1 CUNY Citizenship Now!
* 3 Academics
* 4 Component institutions
* 5 Management structure
* 6 Faculty
* 6.1 Notable faculty
* 7 Public Safety Department
* 7.1 Antisemitism at CUNY
* 8 City University Television (CUNY TV)
* 9 City University Film Festival (CUNYFF)
* 10 Notable alumni
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links

## History

### Founding

In 1960, John R. Everett became the first chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York, later renamed CUNY, for a salary of $25,000 ($266,000 in current dollar terms).[10][11][12] CUNY was created in 1961,[13] by New York State legislation, signed into law by Governor Nelson Rockefeller. The legislation integrated existing institutions and a new graduate school into a coordinated system of higher education for the city, under the control of the "Board of Higher Education of the City of New York", which had been created by New York State legislation in 1926. By 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the "Board of Trustees of the CUNY".[14]

The institutions that were merged to create CUNY were:[14]

* The Free Academy – Founded in 1847 by Townsend Harris, it was fashioned as "a Free Academy for the purpose of extending the benefits of education gratuitously to persons who have been pupils in the common schools of the city and county of New York." The Free Academy later became the City College of New York.
* The Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College. During the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College.[14]
* Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930.
* Queens College – Founded in 1937.

### Accessible education

CUNY has served a diverse student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high-quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, and the immigrants of New York City who met the grade requirements for matriculated status. During the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY.[15] The City College of New York developed a reputation of being "the Harvard of the proletariat."[16]

As New York City's population and public college enrollment grew during the early 20th century and the city struggled for resources, the municipal colleges slowly began adopting selective tuition, also known as instructional fees, for a handful of courses and programs. During the Great Depression, with funding for public colleges severely constrained, limits were imposed on the size of the colleges' free Day Sessions, and tuition was imposed upon students deemed "competent" but not academically qualified for the day program. Most of these "limited matriculation" students enrolled in the Evening Sessions, and paid tuition.[17] Additionally, as the population of New York grew, CUNY was not able to accommodate the demand for higher education. Higher and higher requirements for admission were imposed; in 1965, a student seeking admission to CUNY needed an average of 92 or A−.[18] This helped to ensure that the student population of CUNY remained largely white and middle-class.[18]

Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, and during the mid-1940s a movement began to create community colleges to provide accessible education and training. In New York City, however, the community college movement was constrained by many factors including "financial problems, narrow perceptions of responsibility, organizational weaknesses, adverse political factors, and other competing priorities."[19]

Community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It was not until 1955, under a shared-funding arrangement with New York State, that New York City established its first community college, on Staten Island. Unlike the day college students attending the city's public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students had to pay tuition fees under the state-city funding formula. Community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years.[19]

Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year ($3,400 in current dollar terms).[20] Undergraduate tuition and other student fees in 1957 comprised 17 percent of the colleges' $46.8 million in revenues, about $7.74 million ($86,650,000 in current dollar terms).[21]

Three community colleges had been established by early 1961 when New York City's public colleges were codified by the state as a single university with a chancellor at the helm and an infusion of state funds. But the city's slowness in creating the community colleges as demand for college seats was intensifying and had resulted in mounting frustration, particularly on the part of minorities, that college opportunities were not available to them.

In 1964, as New York City's Board of Higher Education moved to take full responsibility for the community colleges, city officials extended the senior colleges' free tuition policy to them, a change that was included by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. in his budget plans and took effect with the 1964–65 academic year.[22]

Calls for greater access to public higher education from the black and Puerto Rican communities in New York, especially in Brooklyn, led to the founding of "Community College Number 7," later Medgar Evers College, in 1966–1967.[18] In 1969, a group of black and Puerto Rican students occupied City College and demanded the racial integration of CUNY, which at the time had an overwhelmingly white student body.[19]

### Student protests

Students at some campuses became increasingly frustrated with the university's and Board of Higher Education's handling of university administration. At Baruch College in 1967, over a thousand students protested the plan to make the college an upper-division school limited to junior, senior, and graduate students.[23] At Brooklyn College in 1968, students attempted a sit-in to demand the admission of more black and Puerto Rican students and additional black studies curriculum.[24] Students at Hunter College also demanded a Black studies program.[25] Members of the SEEK program, which provided academic support for underprepared and underprivileged students, staged a building takeover at Queens College in 1969 to protest the decisions of the program's director, who would later be replaced by a black professor.[26][27] Puerto Rican students at Bronx Community College filed a report with the New York State Division of Human Rights in 1970, contending that the intellectual level of the college was inferior and discriminatory.[28] Hunter College was crippled for several days by a protest of 2,000 students who had a list of demands focusing on more student representation in college administration.[29] Across CUNY, students boycotted their campuses in 1970 to protest a rise in student fees and other issues, including the proposed (and later implemented) open admissions plan.[30]

Like many college campuses in 1970, CUNY faced a number of protests and demonstrations after the Kent State massacre and Cambodian Campaign. The Administrative Council of the City University of New York sent U.S. president Richard Nixon a telegram in 1970 stating, "No nation can long endure the alienation of the best of its young people."[31] Some colleges, including John Jay College of Criminal Justice, historically the "college for cops," held teach-ins in addition to student and faculty protests.[32]

### Open admissions

Under pressure from community activists and CUNY Chancellor Albert Bowker, the Board of Higher Education (BHE) approved an Open Admissions plan in 1966, but it was not scheduled to be fully implemented until 1975.[18] However, in 1969, students and faculty across CUNY participated in rallies, student strikes, and class boycotts demanding an end to CUNY's restrictive admissions policies. CUNY administrators and Mayor John Lindsay expressed support for these demands, and the BHE voted to implement the plan immediately in the fall of 1970.[18]

The doors to CUNY were opened wide to all those demanding entrance, assuring all high school graduates entrance to the university without having to fulfill traditional requirements such as exams or grades. This policy was known as open admissions and nearly doubled the number of students enrolling in the CUNY system to 35,000 (compared to 20,000 the year before). With greater numbers came more diversity: Black and Hispanic student enrollment increased threefold.[33] Remedial education, to supplement the training of under-prepared students, became a significant part of CUNY's offerings.[34]

Additionally, ethnic and Black Studies programs and centers were instituted on many CUNY campuses, contributing to the growth of similar programs nationwide.[18]

However, retention of students in CUNY during this period was low, with two-thirds of students enrolled in the early 1970s leaving within four years without graduating.[18] Robert Kibbee was chancellor of the City University of New York, the third-largest university in the United States, from 1971 to 1982.[35]

### Financial crisis of 1976

In fall 1976, during New York City's fiscal crisis, the free tuition policy was discontinued under pressure from the federal government, the financial community that had a role in rescuing the city from bankruptcy, and New York State, which would take over the funding of CUNY's senior colleges.[36] Tuition, which had been in place in the State University of New York system since 1963, was instituted at all CUNY colleges.[37][38]

Meanwhile, CUNY students were added to the state's need-based Tuition Assistance Program (TAP), which had been created to help private colleges.[39] Full-time students who met the income eligibility criteria were permitted to receive TAP, ensuring for the first time that financial hardship would deprive no CUNY student of a college education.[39] Within a few years, the federal government would create its own need-based program, known as Pell Grants, providing the neediest students with a tuition-free college education. Joseph S. Murphy was Chancellor of the City University of New York from 1982 to 1990, when he resigned.[40] CUNY at the time was the third-largest university in the United States, with over 180,000 students.[41]

By 2011, nearly six of ten full-time undergraduates qualified for a tuition-free education at CUNY due in large measure to state, federal and CUNY financial aid programs.[42] CUNY's enrollment dipped after tuition was re-established, and there were further enrollment declines through the 1980s and into the 1990s.[43]

### Financial crisis of 1995

In 1995, CUNY suffered another fiscal crisis when Governor George Pataki proposed a drastic cut in state financing.[44] Faculty cancelled classes and students staged protests. By May, CUNY adopted deep cuts to college budgets and class offerings.[45] By June, to save money spent on remedial programs, CUNY adopted a stricter admissions policy for its senior colleges: students deemed unprepared for college would not be admitted, this a departure from the 1970 Open Admissions program.[46] That year's final state budget cut funding by $102 million, which CUNY absorbed by increasing tuition by $750 and offering a retirement incentive plan for faculty.

In 1999, a task force appointed by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani issued a report that described CUNY as "an institution adrift" and called for an improved, more cohesive university structure and management, as well as more consistent academic standards. Following the report, Matthew Goldstein, a mathematician and City College graduate who had led CUNY's Baruch College and briefly, Adelphi University, was appointed chancellor. CUNY ended its policy of open admissions to its four-year colleges, raised its admissions standards at its most selective four-year colleges (Baruch, Brooklyn, City, Hunter and Queens), and required new enrollees who needed remediation, to begin their studies at a CUNY open-admissions community college.[47]

### 2010 onwards

CUNY's enrollment of degree-credit students reached 220,727 in 2005 and 262,321 in 2010 as the university broadened its academic offerings.[48] The university added more than 2,000 full-time faculty positions, opened new schools and programs, and expanded the university's fundraising efforts to help pay for them.[47] Fundraising increased from $35 million in 2000 to more than $200 million in 2012.[49]

As of Autumn 2013, all CUNY undergraduates are required to take an administration-dictated common core of courses which have been claimed to meet specific "learning outcomes" or standards. Since the courses are accepted university-wide, the administration claims it will be easier for students to transfer course credits between CUNY colleges. It also reduced the number of core courses some CUNY colleges had required, to a level below national norms, particularly in the sciences.[50][51] The program is the target of several lawsuits by students and faculty, and was the subject of a "no confidence" vote by the faculty, who rejected it by an overwhelming 92% margin.[52]

Chancellor Goldstein retired on July 1, 2013, and was replaced on June 1, 2014, by James Milliken, president of the University of Nebraska, and a graduate of the University of Nebraska and New York University School of Law.[53] Milliken retired at the end of the 2018 academic year and moved on to become the chancellor for the University of Texas system.[54][55]

In 2018, CUNY opened its 25th campus, the CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies, named after former president Joseph S. Murphy and combining some forms and functions of the Murphy Institute that were housed at the CUNY School of Professional Studies.[56]

On February 13, 2019, the board of trustees voted to appoint Queens College president Felix V. Matos Rodriguez as the chancellor of the City University of New York.[57] Matos became both the first Latino and minority educator to head the university. He assumed the post May 1.[58]

## Enrollment and demographics

CUNY is the fourth-largest university system in the United States by enrollment, behind the California State University system, the State University of New York (SUNY) system, and the University of California system. More than 271,000-degree-credit students, continuing, and professional education students are enrolled at campuses located in all five New York City boroughs.[59]

The university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from around the world, but mostly from New York City. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, and Asian undergraduates make up 18 percent. Fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older.[60] In the 2017–2018 award year, 144,380 CUNY students received the Federal Pell Grant.[61]

### CUNY Citizenship Now!

Founded in 1997 by immigration lawyer Allan Wernick, CUNY Citizenship Now! is an immigration assistance organization that provides free and confidential immigration law services to help individuals and families on their path to U.S. citizenship.[62][63] In 2021, CUNY launched a College Immigrant Ambassador Program in partnership with the New York City Department of Education.[64][65]

## Academics

University rankings

Global
QS[66] | 701-750

## Component institutions

Grad Center

Law

Journalism

Public Health

Med School

BMCC

Bronx

Guttman

Hostos

Kingsborough

LaGuardia

Queensborough

City College

Hunter

Brooklyn

Baruch

City Tech

John Jay

Lehman College

Macaulay

Medgar Evers

Queens College

College of Staten Island

York College

class=notpageimage|

Location of CUNY campuses within New York City.
Black: Senior Colleges; 8px Red: Graduate and Professional Schools;  Yellow: Community Colleges.

CUNY component institutions  Est.  | Type  | Name

|
|

1847 | Senior College | City College
1870 | Senior College | Hunter College
1919 | Senior College | Baruch College
1930 | Senior College | Brooklyn College
1937 | Senior College | Queens College
1946 | Senior College | New York City College of Technology
1964 | Senior College | John Jay College of Criminal Justice
1966 | Senior College | York College
1968 | Senior College | Lehman College
1970 | Senior College | Medgar Evers College
1976 | Senior College | College of Staten Island
2001 | Honors College | William E. Macaulay Honors College
1957 | Community College | Bronx Community College
1958 | Community College | Queensborough Community College
1963 | Community College | Borough of Manhattan Community College
1963 | Community College | Kingsborough Community College
1968 | Community College | LaGuardia Community College
1970 | Community College | Hostos Community College
2011 | Community College | Guttman Community College
1961 | Graduate / professional | CUNY Graduate Center
1973 | Graduate / professional | CUNY School of Medicine
1983 | Graduate / professional | CUNY School of Law
2006 | Graduate / professional | CUNY Graduate School of Journalism
2006 | Graduate / professional | CUNY School of Professional Studies
2008 | Graduate / professional | CUNY School of Public Health
2018 | Graduate / professional | CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies

## Management structure

Seal of the CUNY Board of Trustees

The forerunner of today's City University of New York was governed by the Board of Education of New York City. Members of the Board of Education, chaired by the president of the board, served as ex officio trustees. For the next four decades, the board members continued to serve as ex officio trustees of the College of the City of New York and the city's other municipal college, the Normal College of the City of New York.

In 1900, the New York State Legislature created separate boards of trustees for the College of the City of New York and the Normal College, which became Hunter College in 1914. In 1926, the legislature established the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York, which assumed supervision of both municipal colleges.

In 1961, the New York State Legislature established the City University of New York, uniting what had become seven municipal colleges at the time: the City College of New York, Hunter College, Brooklyn College, Queens College, Staten Island Community College, Bronx Community College and Queensborough Community College. In 1979, the CUNY Financing and Governance Act was adopted by the State and the Board of Higher Education became the City University of New York Board of Trustees.

Today, the City University is governed by the board of trustees composed of 17 members, ten of whom are appointed by the governor of New York "with the advice and consent of the senate," and five by the mayor of New York City "with the advice and consent of the senate." The final two trustees are ex officio members. One is the chair of the university's student senate, and the other is non-voting and is the chair of the university's faculty senate. Both the mayoral and gubernatorial appointments to the CUNY Board are required to include at least one resident of each of New York City's five boroughs. Trustees serve seven-year terms, which are renewable for another seven years. The chancellor is elected by the board of trustees, and is the "chief educational and administrative officer" of the City University.

The administrative offices are in Midtown Manhattan.[67]

## Faculty

CUNY employs 6,700 full-time faculty members and over 10,000 adjunct faculty members.[68][69] Faculty and staff are represented by the Professional Staff Congress (PSC), a labor union and chapter of the American Federation of Teachers.[70]

### Notable faculty

F. Murray Abraham Hannah Arendt John Ashbery Michael Cunningham Allen Ginsberg Itzhak Perlman Mark Rothko Dr. Ruth Elie Wiesel

* André Aciman, writer, Graduate Center
* Ali Jimale Ahmed, poet and professor of Comparative Literature, Queens College and Graduate Center[71]
* F. Murray Abraham, actor of stage and screen; professor of theater, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor, Brooklyn College
* Chantal Akerman, film director, City College of New York
* Meena Alexander, poet and writer, Graduate Center and Hunter College
* Hannah Arendt, philosopher and political theorist; author of The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958), Brooklyn College
* Talal Asad, anthropologist, Graduate Center
* John Ashbery, poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner, Brooklyn College
* William Bialek, biophysicist, Graduate Center
* Edwin G. Burrows, historian and writer, Pulitzer Prize for History winner for co-writing Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 with Mike Wallace, Brooklyn College
* Ron Carter, jazz bassist, City College
* Joe Chambers, jazz drummer, City College
* Dee L. Clayman, classicist, Graduate Center
* Margaret Clapp, scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, president of Wellesley College, Brooklyn College
* Ta-Nehisi Coates, writer, journalist, and activist, CUNY Graduate School of Journalism
* Billy Collins, poet, U.S. Poet Laureate, Lehman College (retired)
* Blanche Wiesen Cook, historian, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center
* John Corigliano, composer, Graduate Center
* Michael Cunningham, writer, winner of Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for The Hours, Brooklyn College
* Roy DeCarava, artist and photographer, Hunter College[72]
* Carolyn Eisele, mathematician, Hunter College
* Nancy Fraser, philosopher and political scientist, Graduate Center
* Ruth Wilson Gilmore, geographer, Graduate Center
* Allen Ginsberg, beat poet, Brooklyn College
* Aaron Goodelman, sculptor[73]
* Joel Glucksman, Olympic saber fencer, Brooklyn College
* Ralph Goldstein, Olympic épée fencer, Brooklyn College
* Michael Grossman, economist, Graduate Center
* Kimiko Hahn, poet, winner of PEN/Voelcker Award for Poetry, Queens College
* David Harvey, geographer, Graduate Center
* Jimmy Heath, jazz saxophonist, City College
* Bell Hooks, educator, writer and critic, City College of New York[74]
* Karen Brooks Hopkins, president of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Brooklyn College
* John Hospers, first presidential candidate of the US Libertarian Party, Brooklyn College
* Tyehimba Jess, poet, winner of Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, College of Staten Island
* KC Johnson born (1967), Brooklyn College and Graduate Center
* Sheila Jordan, jazz vocalist, City College
* Michio Kaku, physicist, City College
* Jane Katz, Olympian swimmer, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
* Alfred Kazin, writer and critic, Hunter College and Graduate Center
* Saul Kripke, philosopher, Graduate Center
* Irving Kristol, journalist, City College
* Paul Krugman, economist, Graduate Center
* Peter Kwong, journalist, filmmaker, activist, Hunter College and Graduate Center
* Nathan H. Lents, scientist, author, and science communicator, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
* Ben Lerner, writer, MacArthur Fellow, Brooklyn College
* Audre Lorde, poet and activist, City College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
* Cate Marvin, poet, Guggenheim Fellowship winner, College of Staten Island
* Abraham Maslow, psychologist in the school of humanistic psychology, best known for his theory of human motivation which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization, Brooklyn College
* John Matteson, historian and writer, Pulitzer Prize winner, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
* Maeve Kennedy McKean, attorney and public health official
* Stanley Milgram, social psychologist, Graduate Center
* Charles W. Mills, philosopher, Graduate Center
* June Nash, anthropologist, Graduate Center
* Ruth O'Brien, political scientist and disability studies writer, Graduate Center
* Denise O'Connor, Olympic foil fencer, Brooklyn College
* John Patitucci, jazz bassist, City College
* Itzhak Perlman, violinist, Brooklyn College[75]
* Frances Fox Piven, political scientist, activist, and educator, Graduate Center
* Roman Popadiuk, US Ambassador to Ukraine, Brooklyn College
* Graham Priest, philosopher, Graduate Center
* Inez Smith Reid, Senior Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Brooklyn College
* Adrienne Rich, poet and activist, City College of New York[76]
* David M. Rosenthal, philosopher, Graduate Center
* Mark Rothko (born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz), influential abstract expressionist painter, Brooklyn College
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., historian and social critic, Graduate Center
* Flora Rheta Schreiber, journalist, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
* Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, literary critic, Graduate Center
* Betty Shabazz, educator and activist, Medgar Evers College
* Mark Strand, United States Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry-winning poet, essayist, and translator, Brooklyn College
* Dennis Sullivan, mathematician, Graduate Center
* Harold Syrett (1913–1984), president of Brooklyn College
* Katherine Verdery, anthropologist, Graduate Center
* Michele Wallace, women's studies and film studies, City College and Graduate Center
* Mike Wallace, historian and writer, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center
* Ruth Westheimer (better known as Dr. Ruth; born Karola Ruth Siegel), sex therapist, media personality, author, radio, television talk show host, and Holocaust survivor, Brooklyn College
* Elie Wiesel, novelist, political activist, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and Congressional Gold Medal, City College
* C. K. Williams, poet, won Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, Brooklyn College
* Andrea Alu, engineer and physicist, Graduate Center
* Robert Alfano, physicist, discovered the supercontinuum, City College
* Branko Milanović, economist most known for his work on income distribution and inequality; a visiting presidential professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, an affiliated senior scholar at the Luxembourg Income Study and former lead economist in the World Bank's research department.
* Simi Linton, arts consultant, author, filmmaker, and activist. Focuses on disability in the arts, disability studies, and ways that disability rights and disability justice perspectives can be brought to bear on the arts.

## Public Safety Department

Patch of the CUNY Public Safety Department

CUNY has a unified public safety department, the City University of New York Public Safety Department, with branches at each of the 26 CUNY campuses.[77] The New York City Police Department is the primary policing and investigation agency within the New York City as per the NYC Charter, which includes all CUNY campuses and facilities.

The Public Safety Department came under heavy criticism from student groups, after several students protesting tuition increases tried to occupy the lobby of the Baruch College. The occupiers were forcibly removed from the area and several were arrested on November 21, 2011.[78]

### Antisemitism at CUNY

Antisemitism has been a problem on CUNY campuses for many years. In recent years, there have been a number of antisemitic incidents on CUNY campuses, including:

* In March 2014, Brooklyn College settled the Title VI complaint that the Zionist Organization of America ("ZOA") had filed against its antisemitic discrimination [79]
* In 2017, a CUNY admin was recorded saying that there were too many Jews on campus.[80]
* In 2020, a CUNY student was arrested for spray-painting antisemitic graffiti on a campus building.
* In 2021, a survey found that nearly one in four CUNY students had experienced antisemitism on campus. The survey also found that Jewish students were more likely to report feeling unsafe on campus than students of other faiths.[81]
* In May 2021, a student at John Jay posted a picture of Adolf Hitler on Instagram with a message saying "We need another Hitler today." A group of Jewish students met with Karol Mason, the President of the college, who refused to condemn the action publicly.[79]
* The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission cited CUNY in 2021 for failing to protect a Jewish professor after the PSC discriminated against him and subjected him to a hostile work environment on the basis of his Jewish faith.[82]

CUNY has taken steps to address antisemitism on its campuses. In 2020, the university created a task force to combat antisemitism. The task force has developed a number of initiatives, including training for faculty and staff on how to identify and address antisemitism.[83]

## City University Television (CUNY TV)

CUNY also has a broadcast TV service, CUNY TV (channel 75 on Spectrum, digital HD broadcast channel 25.3), which airs telecourses, classic and foreign films, magazine shows, and panel discussions in foreign languages.

## City University Film Festival (CUNYFF)

The City University Film Festival is CUNY's official film festival. The festival was founded in 2009.

## Notable alumni

See also sections in each college's article

CUNY graduates include 13 Nobel laureates, 2 Fields Medalists, 2 U.S. Secretaries of State, a Supreme Court Justice, several New York City mayors, members of Congress, state legislators, scientists, artists, and Olympians.[60][84]

CUNY notable alumni
Name  | Grad.  | College  | Notable for

|
|
|

Kenneth Arrow | 1940 | City | economist and joint winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics
Robert Aumann | 1950 | City | mathematician and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics
Albert Axelrod |  | City | Olympic foil fencer
Herman Badillo | 1951 | City | civil rights activist and first Puerto Rican elected to the U.S. Congress
Daniel Bukantz |  | City | Olympic foil fencer
Abram Cohen |  | City | Olympic foil, épée, and sabre fencer
Arlene Davila | 1996 | City | author and Anthropology and American Studies professor at New York University
Rubén Díaz Jr. | 2005 | Lehman | Bronx Borough President
Rubén Díaz Sr. | 1976 | Lehman | NYC Council Member, Pastor
Jeffrey Dinowitz | 1975 | Lehman | NYS Assembly Member
Jesse Douglas | 1916 | City | mathematician and winner of one of the first two Fields Medals
Eliot Engel | 1969 | Lehman | Member of the US House of Representatives, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
Abraham Foxman |  | City | national director, Anti-Defamation League
Felix Frankfurter | 1902 | City | U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Denise Galloway | 1975  | City  | Cancer researcher and medical academic
Harold Goldsmith | 1952 | City | Olympic foil and épée fencer
Andy Grove | 1960 | City | Chairman and CEO, Intel Corporation
Herbert A. Hauptman | 1937 | City | mathematician and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Letitia James | 1982 | Lehman | NYS Attorney General
Jane Katz | 1963 | City | Olympic swimmer
Henry Kissinger |  | City | U.S. Secretary of State and National Security Advisor
Leonard Kleinrock | 1957 | City | computer scientist, Internet pioneer
Guillermo Linares | 1975 | City | New York City Council member, first Dominican-American City Council member and Commissioner of the Mayor's Office of Immigrant Affairs
Nathaniel Lubell | 1936 | City | Olympic foil, saber, and épée fencer
Samuel Lubell |  | City | pollster, journalist, and National Book Award for Nonfiction finalist
Lisa Nakamura | 1993 1996 | City | Director and Professor of the Asian American Studies Program at the Institute of Communication Research at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Charles Neider |  | City | Author, Scholar
Barnett Newman | 1927 | City | abstract expressionist artist
John O'Keefe |  | City | 2014 Nobel laureate in Medicine
Colin Powell | 1958 | City | Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State
Mario Puzo |  | City | novelist, Oscar-winning screenwriter for Best Adapted Screenplay (1972, 1974).
Faith Ringgold | 1955 | City | feminist, writer and artist
Saul Rogovin |  | City
BMCC | Professional baseball player
A. M. Rosenthal | 1949 | City | executive editor of The New York Times who championed the publication of the Pentagon Papers; Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist expelled from Poland in 1959 for his reporting on the nation's government and society
Rochelle Saidel |  | City | author, founder of the Remember the Women Institute
Jonas Salk | 1934 | City | developed the first polio vaccine
Daniel Schorr | 1939 | City | Emmy award winning broadcast journalist for CBS-TV and National Public Radio
Elliott Fitch Shepard | 1855 | City | lawyer, banker, and a founder of the New York State Bar Association
James Strauch |  | City | Olympic épée fencer
Bernard Weinraub |  | City | journalist and playwright
Henry Wittenberg |  | City | Olympic champion wrestler
Egemen Bağış |  | Baruch | Turkish politician, government minister
Abraham Beame | 1928 | Baruch | born Abraham Birnbaum; mayor of New York City
Robin Byrd |  | Baruch | host of public access program The Robin Byrd Show (dropped out)[85]
Barbara A. Cornblatt | 1977 | Baruch | professor of psychiatry and molecular medicine at Hofstra University School of Medicine
Fernando Ferrer |  | Baruch | New York City mayoral candidate in 2001 and 2005
Sidney Harman | 1939 | Baruch | founder and executive chairman of Harman Kardon
Marcia A. Karrow |  | Baruch | member of New Jersey General Assembly
James Lam | 1983 | Baruch | author, risk management consultant
Ralph Lauren |  | Baruch | born Ralph Lifshitz; chairman and CEO of Polo Ralph Lauren (dropped out)
Dolly Lenz |  | Baruch | New York City real estate agent
Dennis Levine |  | Baruch | prominent player in the Wall Street insider trading scandals of the mid-1980s
Jennifer Lopez |  | Baruch | actress, singer, dancer (dropped out)
Craig A. Stanley |  | Baruch | member of New Jersey General Assembly since 1996.[86]
Tarkan |  | Baruch | Turkish language singer
Bella Abzug | 1942 | Hunter | born Bella Savitzky; feminist; political activist; U.S. Representative, 1971–1977
Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick | 1963 | Hunter | first Hispanic woman named to the New York State Court of Appeals
Robert R. Davila | 1965 | Hunter | president of Gallaudet University and advocate for the rights of the hearing impaired
Ruby Dee | 1945 | Hunter | Emmy-nominated actress and civil rights activist
Martin Garbus | 1955 | Hunter | First amendment attorney
Florence Howe | 1950 | Hunter | founder of women's studies and founder/publisher of the Feminist Press/CUNY
Audre Lorde | 1959 | Hunter | African-American lesbian poet, essayist, educator and activist
Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou | 1991 | Hunter | Foreign Minister of Mauritania and professor of international history at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva
Soia Mentschikoff | 1934 | Hunter | first woman partner of a major law firm; first woman elected president of the Association of American Law Schools
Thomas J. Murphy Jr. | 1973 | Hunter | three-term mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1994–2006
Pauli Murray | 1933 | Hunter | first African-American woman named an Episcopal priest; human rights activist; lawyer and co-founder of N.O.W
Edward Thomas Brady |  | John Jay | (MA), trial attorney and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina
Jennings Michael Burch |  | John Jay | author of the 1984 best-selling memoir They Cage the Animals at Night
Marcos Crespo |  | John Jay | (BA), New York State Assemblyman representing district 85[87]
Edward A. Flynn |  | John Jay | Chief of the Milwaukee Police Department
Petri Hawkins-Byrd | 1989 | John Jay | Judge Judy bailiff
Henry Lee | 1972 | John Jay | forensic scientist and founder of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science
Miguel Martinez |  | John Jay | (BS), member of the New York City Council representing the 10th District in upper Manhattan's Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill areas until his resignation on July 14, 2009
Eva Norvind |  | John Jay | (MA), actor and director
Pauley Perrette |  | John Jay | actor best known for her role as Abby Scuito on NCIS
Ronald Rice |  | John Jay | New Jersey State Senator
Ariel Rios |  | John Jay | undercover special agent for the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), killed in the line of duty
Imette St. Guillen |  | John Jay | criminal justice graduate student murdered in February 2006. A scholarship was created in her name
Scott Stringer |  | John Jay | Comptroller, Borough president of Manhattan, and member of the New York State Assembly
Dorothy Uhnak |  | John Jay | (BA), novelist and detective for the New York City Transit Police Department
Bill Baird | 1955 | Brooklyn | reproductive rights activist and co-director of the Pro Choice League
Barbara Aronstein Black | 1953 | Brooklyn | Dean of Columbia Law School
Barbara Levy Boxer | 1962 | Brooklyn | anti-war activist, environmentalist, U.S. representative, 1982–1993, and U.S. senator
Mel Brooks | 1956 | Brooklyn | born Melvin Kaminsky; Academy, Emmy, and Tony Award-winning director, writer, and actor
Shirley Chisholm | 1946 | Brooklyn | first African-American U.S. Congresswoman, 1968–1982. Candidate for U.S. president, 1972
Bruce Chizen | 1978 | Brooklyn | president & CEO, Adobe Systems
Manuel F. Cohen | 1933 | Brooklyn | Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman
Paul Cohen | 1953 | Brooklyn | Fields Medal-winning mathematician
Stanley Cohen | 1943 | Brooklyn | biochemist and Nobel laureate (Physiology or Medicine), 1986
Robert A. Daly |  | Brooklyn | CEO of Warner Bros. and Los Angeles Dodgers
Alan M. Dershowitz | 1959 | Brooklyn | Harvard Law School professor and author
Jerry Della Femina | 1957 | Brooklyn | Chairman & CEO, Della Femina, Jeary and Partners
Dan DiDio | 1983 | Brooklyn | comic book editor and executive for DC Comics
Benjamin Eisenstadt | 1954 | Brooklyn | creator of Sweet'N Low and founder of Cumberland Packing Corporation
Sandra Feldman | 1960 | Brooklyn | president, American Federation of Teachers
James Franco |  | Brooklyn | Golden Globe Award-winning actor
Nikki Franke | 1972 | Brooklyn | Olympic foil fencer
Ralph Goldstein |  | Brooklyn | Olympic épée fencer
Sterling Johnson Jr. | 1963 | Brooklyn | Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Gata Kamsky | 1999 | Brooklyn | chess grandmaster and five-time US chess champion
Saul Katz | 1960 | Brooklyn | president of the New York Mets
Edward R. Korman | 1963 | Brooklyn | Senior United States District Judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Marvin Kratter | 1937 | Brooklyn | owner of the Boston Celtics
Don Lemon | 1996 | Brooklyn | reporter, CNN
Leonard Lopate | 1967 | Brooklyn | host of the public radio talk show The Leonard Lopate Show, broadcast on WNYC
Michael Lynne | 1961 | Brooklyn | CEO of New Line Cinema
Marjorie Magner | 1969 | Brooklyn | Chairman of Gannett
Marty Markowitz | 1970 | Brooklyn | New York State Senator; Brooklyn Borough President
Paul Mazursky | 1951 | Brooklyn | film director, writer, producer; actor
Frank McCourt | 1967 | Brooklyn | Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Angela's Ashes and 'Tis
Stanley Milgram | 1954 | Brooklyn | social psychologist
Jerry Moss | 1957 | Brooklyn | co-founder of A&M Records
Barry Munitz | 1963 | Brooklyn | Chancellor of California State University
Gloria Naylor | 1981 | Brooklyn | novelist; Winner National Book Award
Peter Nero | 1956 | Brooklyn | born Bernard Nierow; pianist and pops conductor; Grammy Award winner
Harvey Pitt | 1965 | Brooklyn | Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
Rosemary S. Pooler | 1959 | Brooklyn | United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jason K. Pulliam | 1995; 1997 | Brooklyn | United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
Barry Salzberg | 1974 | Brooklyn | CEO of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
Bernie Sanders |  | Brooklyn | US senator representing Vermont
Steve Schirripa | 1980 | Brooklyn | actor known for his role as Bobby Baccalieri on the HBO TV series The Sopranos
Irwin Shaw | 1934 | Brooklyn | born Irwin Shamforoff; O. Henry Award-winning author
Timothy Shortell | 1992 | Brooklyn | Writer, critic of religion
Joel Harvey Slomsky | 1967 | Brooklyn | Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Jimmy Smits | 1980 | Brooklyn | Emmy Award-winning actor; NYPD Blue and L.A. Law
Maynard Solomon | 1950 | Brooklyn | co-founder of Vanguard Records
Lisa Staiano-Coico | 1976 | Brooklyn | president of City College of New York
Frank Tarloff |  | Brooklyn | Academy Award-winning screenwriter
Benjamin Ward | 1960 | Brooklyn | first black New York City Police Commissioner, 1983–1989
Iris Weinshall | 1975 | Brooklyn | Vice Chancellor at the City University of New York and Commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation
Jack B. Weinstein | 1943 | Brooklyn | Senior Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Walter Yetnikoff | 1953 | Brooklyn | CEO of CBS Records
Philip Zimbardo | 1954 | Brooklyn | social psychologist
Joy Behar | 1964 | Queens | comedian, television personality
Jerry Colonna |  | Queens | venture capitalist and entrepreneur coach
Joseph Crowley |  | Queens | member of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1999–2019
Alan Hevesi |  | Queens | New York State Comptroller, New York State Assemblyman, Queens College professor
Cheryl Lehman | 1975 | Queens | Professor of Accounting, Hofstra University
Helen Marshall |  | Queens | Queens Borough President
Donna Orender |  | Queens | WNBA president
Jerry Seinfeld | 1976 | Queens | actor and comedian
Charles Wang |  | Queens | founder of Computer Associates, owner of the New York Islanders
Carl Andrews |  | Medgar Evers | New York state senator
Yvette Clarke |  | Medgar Evers | Congresswoman, member of the United States House of Representatives from New York's 11th and 9th congressional districts
Richard Carmona | 1973 | Bronx | Surgeon General of the United States
Kid Chaos | 1991 | Bronx | British rock Bassist and Guitarist who played in incarnations of hard rock bands such as The Cult
The Kid Mero |  | Bronx | Co-host of Desus & Mero
Annabel Palma | 1991 | Bronx | NYC Council member, 2004–2017
Cardi B |  | BMCC | Rapper
Queen Latifah |  | BMCC | Singer-songwriter, rapper, actress, and producer
Adam Saleh |  | BMCC | YouTuber and boxer
Mirko Savone |  | BMCC | Italian voiceover actor
Assata Shakur |  | BMCC | Former member of Black Liberation Army, 1970-1981
Gabourey Sidibe |  | BMCC | American actress
Michael K. Williams |  | BMCC | American actor
Riddick Bowe |  | Kingsborough | Professional boxer, 1989-2008
Mauriel Carty |  | Kingsborough | Anguillan sprinter
Andrew Dice Clay |  | Kingsborough | Stand-up comedian, actor, musician and producer
Pete Falcone |  | Kingsborough | Professional baseball pitcher
Jeff Koinange | 1989 | Kingsborough | Journalist and host of Jeff Koinange Live
Phillipe Nover |  | Kingsborough | Mixed martial artist
Larry Seabrook | 1972 | Kingsborough | NYC Council member, 2002-2012
Aesha Waks |  | Kingsborough | Actress
Khandi Alexander |  | Queensborough | Dancer, choreographer, and actress
Sandra "Pepa" Denton |  | Queensborough | Rapper and songwriter, member of Salt-N-Pepa
Cheryl "Salt" James |  | Queensborough | Rapper and songwriter, member of Salt-N-Pepa
Nayan Padrai |  | Queensborough | Screenwriter, producer and director
Joe Santagato |  | Queensborough | YouTuber, comedian and podcaster
Elly Gross | 1993 | LaGuardia | A holocaust survivor and author of several Holocaust related books of poetry and prose
DJ JP |  | LaGuardia | The official DJ to Pop Smoke
Reby Sky |  | LaGuardia | Professional wrestler and model
Elliot Wilson |  | LaGuardia | Journalist, television producer, and magazine editor

## See also

* City University of New York Athletic Conference
* CUNY Academic Commons
* Education in New York City
* Guide Association
* State University of New York (SUNY) system.
* The William E. Macaualay Honors College

## References

1. ↑ "History of the Board". City University of New York. http://www2.cuny.edu/about/trustees/history/.
2. ↑ The forerunner of today's City University of New York was founded in 1847, but the actual system was established in 1961.
3. ↑ "University Budget Office Budget & Finance – CUNY". https://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/budget-and-finance/.
4. ↑ "CUNY Appoints Its First Minority Chancellor" (in en). https://www.nbcnewyork.com/on-air/as-seen-on/CUNY-Appoints-Its-First-Minority-Chancellor_New-York-508336732.html.
5. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/media-assets/Fall-2019-Staff-Facts.pdf.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/media-assets/Fall-2019-Staff-Facts.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:City_University_of_New_York">
6. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/media-assets/Fall-2019-Staff-Facts.pdf.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/media-assets/Fall-2019-Staff-Facts.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:City_University_of_New_York">
7. ↑ "About – The City University of New York". https://www.cuny.edu/about/.
8. ↑ "Colleges & Schools – The City University of New York". http://www2.cuny.edu/about/colleges-schools/.
9. ↑ "Appointment of Interim President". https://www.gc.cuny.edu/News/All-News/Detail?id=46717.
10. ↑ Seitz-Wald, Alex (June 26, 2018). "High-ranking Democrat ousted in stunning primary loss to newcomer Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/rep-joe-crowley-loses-28-year-old-newcomer-alexandria-ocasio-n886851.
11. ↑ "Everett, John R. (1918–1992)". https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Everett_John_R_1918-1992#start_entry.
12. ↑ Barron, James (January 22, 1992). "John Everett, CUNY Chancellor And New School Head, Dies at 73". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/22/obituaries/john-everett-cuny-chancellor-and-new-school-head-dies-at-73.html.
13. ↑ [https://cdha.cuny.edu/items/show/6902 "Amendment to New York State Education Law (1961)

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Life timeline

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-2500 --

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Single-celled
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Eukaryotes

Multicellular
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white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

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Earth (−4540)

Earliest water

Earliest life

Earliest oxygen

Atmospheric oxygen

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Sexual reproduction

Earliest plants

Ediacara biota

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* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}} CUNY Digital History Archive"]. https://cdha.cuny.edu/items/show/6902.[[File:Edit-clear.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=]]

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This+box:+[[Template:Template:Life+timeline|view]] * [[Template+talk:Template:Life+timeline|talk]] * [https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Template:Life_timeline&action;=edit+edit]

-4500 --

-4000 --

-3500 --

-3000 --

-2500 --

-2000 --

-1500 --

-1000 --

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'''''[[Chemistry:Water|white;">water]]'''''

'''[[Biology:Unicellular+organism|Single-celledlife]]'''

'''''[[Biology:Evolution+of+photosynthesis|green;">photosynthesis]]'''''

'''[[Biology:Eukaryote|Eukaryote]]s'''

'''[[Biology:Multicellular+organism|Multicellularlife]]'''

[[Biology:Arthropod|white;">Arthropods]]+ + +[[Biology:Mollusca|white;">Molluscs<]]/span>]]

'''[[Biology:Evolutionary+history+of+plants|white;">Plants]]'''

'''[[Biology:Dinosaur|Dinosaurs]]'''

'''[[Biology:Mammal|Mammals]]'''

'''[[Biology:Flowering+plant#Evolution|Flowers]]'''

'''[[Biology:Aves|Birds]]'''

'''[[Biology:Primate|Primates]]'''

[[Earth:History+of+Earth|Earth]]+([[Earth:Age+of+the+Earth|−4540]])

[[Earth:Origin+of+water+on+Earth#Water+in+the+development+of+Earth|Earliest+water]]

[[Earliest+known+life+forms|Earliest+life]]

[[Earth:Geological+history+of+oxygen|Earliest+oxygen]]

[[Earth:Geological+history+of+oxygen|Atmospheric+oxygen]]

[[Earth:Great+Oxidation+Event|Oxygen+crisis]]

[[Biology:Evolution+of+sexual+reproduction#Origin+of+sexual+reproduction|Sexual+reproduction]]

[[Biology:Evolutionary+history+of+plants#Colonization+of+land|Earliest+plants]]

[[Earth:Ediacaran+biota|Ediacara+biota]]

[[Earth:Cambrian+explosion|Cambrian+explosion]]

[[Tetrapoda|Tetrapoda]]

[[Biology:Ape|Earliest+apes]]

[[Earth:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic]]

[[Earth:Proterozoic|Proterozoic]]

[[Earth:Archean|Archean]]

[[Earth:Hadean|Hadean]]

[[Earth:Mesoarchean|black;">Pongola]]

[[Earth:Huronian+glaciation|black;">Huronian]]

[[Earth:Cryogenian|black;">Cryogenian]]

[[Earth:Andean-Saharan+glaciation|black;">Andean]]

[[Earth:Karoo+Ice+Age|black;">Karoo]]

[[Earth:Quaternary+glaciation|black;">Quaternary]]

[[Earth:Timeline+of+glaciation|black;">'''Ice+Ages''']]

[[Clickable]]

([[Physics:Mya+(unit)|million+years+ago]])

[[File:interactive+icon.svg|18px|link=|The+image+above+contains+clickable+links|alt=The+image+above+contains+clickable+links]](See+also:+[[Template:Human+timeline|Human+timeline]],+and+[[Template:Nature+timeline|Nature+timeline]].)

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[[w:Robert+Chambers+(publisher+born+1802)+|Chambers, Robert]]; Thomson, Thomas+Napier (1857). "[[s:A+biographical+dictionary+of+eminent+Scotsmen/|]]". ''A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Eminent+Scotsmen''. Glasgow Blackie+and+Son. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry={{{1}}}+{{{1}}}]Polish+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Polish|[{{{1}}}]]]Malagasy+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Malagasy|[{{{1}}}]]]Japanese+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Japanese|[{{{1}}}]]]Armenian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Armenian|[{{{1}}}]]]Czech+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Czech|[{{{1}}}]]]∶Manx+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Manx|[{{{1}}}]]]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0+Alemannic+German+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Alemannic+German|[{{{1}}}]]]Tagalog+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Tagalog|[{{{1}}}]]]Egyptian+Arabic+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Egyptian+Arabic|[{{{1}}}]]]French+pronunciation: ​[[Help:IPA/French|[{{{1}}}]]]Error:+Invalid+time.[[Image:OOjs+UI+icon+reload-progressive.svg|18px|alt=In+progress|link=]]'''+In+progress'''Palomares,+M.+L.+D.+and+Pauly,+D.,+eds.+(2011).+[http://www.sealifebase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname={{{1}}}&speciesname;={{{2}}}"''{{{1}}}+{{{2}}}''"]+in+''SeaLifeBase''.+April+2011+version.Turkish+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Turkish|[{{{1}}}]]]Finnish+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Finnish|[{{{1}}}]]]Froese,+Rainer+and+Pauly,+Daniel,+eds.+(2006).+[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname={{{1}}}&speciesname;={{{2}}}"''{{{1}}}+{{{2}}}''"]+in+[[Biology:FishBase|FishBase]].+April+2006+version. |- |+'''...''' |+— |+— |+— |+— |+— |+— |-Old+Norse+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[{{{1}}}]]]Salish+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[{{{1}}}]]]Basque+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Basque|[{{{1}}}]]][https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:{{{1}}}+{{{1}}}]data-sort-value=""+style="background:+#ececec;+color:+#2C2C2C;+vertical-align:+middle;+font-size:+smaller;+text-align:+center;+"+class="table-na"+|+UnreleasedNorwegian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Norwegian|[{{{1}}}]]]Expression+error:+Unrecognized+punctuation+character+"{".,+{{{year}}}+(aged {{{4}}})Hungarian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hungarian|[{{{1}}}]]]Quechua+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Quechua|[{{{1}}}]]]Arabic+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[{{{1}}}]]]Punjabi+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Punjabi|[{{{1}}}]]]Afrikaans+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Afrikaans|[{{{1}}}]]]Romanian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Romanian|[{{{1}}}]]]Hebrew+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hebrew|[{{{1}}}]]][INVALID+OR+MISSING+PARAMETER+IN+TEMPLATE+City+University+of+New+York]Uto-Aztecan+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[{{{1}}}]]]Tamil+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Tamil|[{{{1}}}]]]Hindustani+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi+and+Urdu|[{{{1}}}]]]Swedish+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Swedish|[{{{1}}}]]]Kazakh+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Kazakh|[{{{1}}}]]]

[[Template:Microsoft+Security+Products|v]]
[[Template+talk:Microsoft+Security+Products|t]]
[https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Microsoft_Security_Products&action;=edite]

[[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]]+security+products

Numbers+in+brackets+are+the+years+of+the+initial+release+of+the+product.

For+Windows *[[Software:Windows+Firewall|Windows+Firewall]]+[2001] *[[Software:Microsoft+Baseline+Security+Analyzer|Baseline+Security+Analyzer]]+[2004] *[[Malicious+Software+Removal+Tool]]+[2005] *[[Software:Windows+Defender|Windows+Defender]]+[2006] *[[Microsoft+SmartScreen]]+[2006] *[[Software:Microsoft+Security+Essentials|Microsoft+Security+Essentials]]+[2009] *[[Microsoft+Safety+Scanner]]+[2011]

For+[[Windows+Server]] *[[Software:Exchange+Online+Protection|Exchange+Online+Protection]]+[2007] *[[System+Center+Data+Protection+Manager]]+[2007] *[[Software:Forefront+Identity+Manager|Identity+Manager]]+[2010]

Discontinued *[[Software:MSAV|MSAV]]+[1993] *[[Software:Microsoft+Forefront+Threat+Management+Gateway|Threat+Management+Gateway]]+[1997] *[[Software:Windows+Live+OneCare+Safety+Scanner|OneCare+Safety+Scanner]]+[2006] *[[Software:Microsoft+Forefront+Unified+Access+Gateway|Unified+Access+Gateway]]+[2007] *[[Software:Windows+Live+OneCare|Windows+Live+OneCare]]+[2006] *[[Software:RootkitRevealer|RootkitRevealer]]+[2006] *[[Software:Enhanced+Mitigation+Experience+Toolkit|Enhanced+Mitigation+Experience+Toolkit]]+[2009]

Related+topics *[[Data+Execution+Prevention]] *[[Kernel+Patch+Protection]] *[[Mandatory+Integrity+Control]] *[[Software:MS+Antivirus+(malware)|MS+Antivirus+(malware)]] *[[User+Account+Control]]

Lao+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Lao|[{{{1}}}]]]Tibetan+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Tibetan|[{{{1}}}]]]Khmer+pronunciation:+[[Help:IPA/Khmer|[{{{1}}}]]]data-sort-value=""+style="vertical-align:middle;+text-align:center"+class="table-na"+|+—{{{1}}}`Welsh+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Welsh|[{{{1}}}]]][[File:Orange+check.svg|18px|alt=Incomplete|link=]]+'''Partially+done'''Athabaskan+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[{{{1}}}]]]Māori+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Māori|[{{{1}}}]]]IPA: [[Help:IPA|[{{{1}}}]]]Bulgarian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Bulgarian|[{{{1}}}]]]Korean+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Korean|[{{{1}}}]]]Icelandic+pronunciation: ​[[Help:IPA/Icelandic|[{{{1}}}]]]Sanskrit+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[{{{1}}}]]]Bengali+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Bengali|[{{{1}}}]]]Indonesian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Malay|[{{{1}}}]]]Serbo-Croatian+pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian|[{{{1}}}]]][http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?⟨=EN&rad;={{{1}}}+CROSBI+{{{1}}}]+CUNY+Digital+History+Archive&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://cdha.cuny.edu/items/show/6902&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:City_University_of_New_York">
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Fitzpatrick, John. "City University of New York" U.S. History Encyclopedia
15. ↑ Oren, Dan A. (1985). Joining the Club: A History of Jews at Yale. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300033304. https://archive.org/details/joiningclubhist00oren.
16. ↑ Fullinwider, Robert K.; Judith Lichtenberg (2004). Leveling the Playing Field: Justice, Politics, and College Admissions. Rowman & Littlefield.
17. ↑ Neumann, Florence Margaret (1984). Access to Free Public Higher Education in New York City: 1847–1961. PhD Dissertation, Graduate Faculty in Sociology, The City University of New York.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Brier, Stephen (May 3, 2017). "Why the History of CUNY Matters: Using the CUNY Digital History Archive to Teach CUNY's Past" (in en). Radical Teacher 108 (1): 28–35. doi:10.5195/rt.2017.357. ISSN 1941-0832. http://radicalteacher.library.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/radicalteacher/article/view/357.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Gordon, Sheila (1975). The Transformation of the City University of New York, 1945–1970. New York: PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.
20. ↑ "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' online inflation calculator". http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
21. ↑ Board of Higher Education of the City of New York (1959), Report of the Chairman, pp. 86–87
22. ↑ Board of Higher Education of the City of New York (April 20, 1964). Board of Higher Education Minutes of Proceedings.
23. ↑ "1,000 C.C.N.Y. Students Protest Division Plan for Baruch School". The New York Times. March 31, 1967.
24. ↑ Farber, M.A. (May 24, 1968). "Brooklyn vs. Columbia: Failure of the Sit-In at One School Laid To Type of Student, Location and Policy". The New York Times.
25. ↑ "Negro Students Press Demands: Ask Stony Brook and Hunter for Black-Studies Program". The New York Times. February 8, 1969.
26. ↑ Lissner, Will (January 11, 1969). "City U. Examines College Dispute: Advisory Unit Weighs SEEK Protests at Queens". The New York Times.
27. ↑ "Negro Chosen Head of SEEK Program at Queens College". The New York Times. September 4, 1969.
28. ↑ "Students Protest College Teaching". The New York Times: p. 36. February 25, 1970.
29. ↑ Fried, Joseph P. (April 3, 1970). "Disruption at Hunter Is Ended After 200 Policemen Are Called". The New York Times: p. 20.
30. ↑ Fosburgh, Lacey (April 30, 1970). "City U. Boycotted by Students Protesting Proposed Fee Rise". The New York Times: p. 36.
31. ↑ Lelyveld, Joseph (May 6, 1970). "Protests on Cambodia and Kent State Are Joined by Many Local Schools". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/06/archives/protests-on-cambodia-and-kent-state-are-joined-by-many-local.html.
32. ↑ Montgomery, Paul L. (May 10, 1970). "John Jay College Gets Protests Too: Activity Unusual at School Attended by Policemen". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/10/archives/john-jay-college-gets-protests-too-activity-unusual-at-school.html.
33. ↑ Fullinwider, Robert K. (1999). "Open Admissions and Remedial Education at CUNY". Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly 19 (1). http://journals.gmu.edu/PPPQ/article/download/310/238.
34. ↑ Suri, Duitch (2010). Open Admissions and Remediation: A Case Study of Policymaking by the City University of New York Board. New York: PhD Dissertation, The City University of New York.
35. ↑ Parmet, Robert D. (2011). Town and Gown: The Fight for Social Justice, Urban Rebirth, and Higher Education. Lexington Books. ISBN 9781611474732. https://books.google.com/books?id=v82lcegLd4kC&q="robert+kibbee"&pg=PA132.
36. ↑ "When Tuition at CUNY Was Free, Sort of, CUNY Matters". CUNY Matters. October 2011. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2011/10/12/when-tuition-at-cuny-was-free-sort-of/. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
37. ↑ Applebome, Peter (July 23, 2010). "The Accidental Giant of Higher Education". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/education/25suny-t.html.
38. ↑ "When CUNY Was Free, Sort Of". CUNY Matters. October 2011. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2011/10/12/when-tuition-at-cuny-was-free-sort-of/. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "When Tuition at CUNY Was Free, Sort of". CUNY Matters. October 2011. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2011/10/12/when-tuition-at-cuny-was-free-sort-of/. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
40. ↑ Collective, Rhr (February 13, 1999). In Memoriam: Joseph S. Murphy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521644709. https://books.google.com/books?id=_gNeCymykIIC&q="joseph+s.+murphy"+cuny&pg=PA227.
41. ↑ "Reynolds May Go From Cal State to Top Job at CUNY". June 1, 1990. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-01-mn-131-story.html.
42. ↑ The City University of New York. "CUNY Value". The City University of New York. http://cuny.edu/about/resources/value.html.
43. ↑ "New York public school enrollment: back to early 1990s, and still falling" (in en). Empire Center. https://www.empirecenter.org/publications/new-york-public-school-enrollment-back-to-early-1990s-and-still-falling/.
44. ↑ Honan, William (February 28, 1995). "CUNY Professors, Fearing Worst, Rush Out Their Resumes: With a financial emergency declared, many on the CUNY faculties could go". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/28/nyregion/cuny-professors-fearing-worst-rush-out-their-resumes.html.
45. ↑ Hevesi, Dennis (May 14, 1995). "CUNY Campuses Prepare to Reduce Faculty and Classes". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/14/nyregion/cuny-campuses-prepare-to-reduce-faculty-and-classes.html.
46. ↑ Jones, Charisse (June 27, 1995). "CUNY Adopts Stricter Policy on Admissions". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/27/nyregion/cuny-adopts-stricter-policy-on-admissions.html.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Kaminer, Ariel (April 13, 2013). "Longtime CUNY Chancellor to Step Down After Pushing Higher Standards". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/education/matthew-goldstein-announces-resignation-as-cuny-chancellor.html.
48. ↑ "CUNY Value". The City University of New York. http://cuny.edu/about/resources/value.html.
49. ↑ "CUNY Mater Plan 2012 – 2016". The City University of New York. pp. 11–12. http://www.cuny.edu/about/masterplan.html.
50. ↑ "CUNY Pathways initiative". The City University of New York. http://www.cuny.edu/academics/initiatives/pathways.html.
51. ↑ "Pathways Open, New Choices". The City University of New York. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/03/06/pathways-open-new-choices/.
52. ↑ "Pathways No Confidence". Professional Staff Congress-CUNY. http://psc-cuny.org/latest-news/92-vote-no-confidence-pathways-cunys-new-curriculum.
53. ↑ "Nationally Prominent Higher Education Leader James B. Milliken Appointed Chancellor of The City University of New York". The City University of New York. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2014/01/15/nationally-prominent-higher-education-leader-james-b-milliken-appointed-chancellor-of-the-city-university-of-new-york/.
54. ↑ "CUNY TRUSTEES LAUNCH SEARCH FOR NEW CHANCELLOR – CUNY Newswire". http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2018/02/07/cuny-trustees-launch-search-for-new-chancellor/.
55. ↑ "James B. Milliken Biography" (in en). University of Texas System. https://www.utsystem.edu/chancellor/biography.
56. ↑ "– AboutCUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies". https://slu.cuny.edu/about/.
57. ↑ Touré, Madina. "CUNY appoints first Latino, and minority, chancellor". https://politi.co/2SRrk75.
58. ↑ "Queens College President Félix V. Matos Rodríguez To Be Named Chancellor Of City University Of New York – CUNY Newswire" (in en). http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2019/02/13/queens-college-president-felix-v-matos-rodriguez-to-be-named-chancellor-of-city-university-of-new-york/.
59. ↑ "Total Enrollment by Undergraduate and Graduate Level". https://www.cuny.edu/irdatabook/rpts2_AY_current/ENRL_0001_UGGR_FTPT.rpt.pdf.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Investing in Our Future, The City University of New York's Master Plan 2012–2016". The City University of New York. http://www.cuny.edu/news/publications/masterplan.pdf.
61. ↑ "Distribution of Federal Pell Grant Program Funds by Institution and Award Year" (in en). February 2, 2020. https://www2.ed.gov/finaid/prof/resources/data/pell-institution.html.
62. ↑ "25 years of new Americans: Citizenship Now! at CUNY is going strong". April 30, 2022. https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-immigration-citizenship-now-congress-cuny-statute-of-liberty-bureaucracy-20220430-o4k3gsgazjd6fga2giqp2jekv4-story.html.
63. ↑ Desk, City (2022-05-09). "CUNY expands support for immigrant students" (in en-US). https://cccnews.info/2022/05/09/cuny-expands-support-for-immigrant-students/.
64. ↑ "CUNY and NYC DOE Launching College Immigrant Ambassador Program" (in en-US). 2021-09-09. https://cunyba.cuny.edu/news/nyc-doe-immigrant-ambassador-program/.
65. ↑ "Giving Back with the NYCDOE/CUNY Immigrant Ambassador Program" (in en). https://www1.cuny.edu/mu/cunyverse/2022/06/14/giving-back-with-the-cuny-immigrant-ambassador-program/.
66. ↑ "QS World University Rankings® 2021". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2020. https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021.
67. ↑ "Administrative Offices ." City University of New York. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
68. ↑ "Alumni, Students & Faculty – The City University of New York" (in en). http://www2.cuny.edu/about/alumni-students-faculty/.
69. ↑ "CUNY adjuncts ask not to be called professors in course syllabuses to highlight working conditions". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/02/06/cuny-adjuncts-ask-not-be-called-professors-course-syllabuses-highlight-working.
70. ↑ "About Us | PSC CUNY" (in en). September 23, 2015. http://www.psc-cuny.org/about-us.
71. ↑ "Queens College, City University of New York". https://www.qc.cuny.edu/Academics/Degrees/DAH/ComparativeLiterature/Pages/AliJimaleAhmed.aspx.
72. ↑ City University of New York (Winter 2010). "Roy DeCarava, Artistic Chronicler of Harlem Life – Winter 2010 – CUNY" (in en). http://www.cuny.edu/news/publications/salute-to-scholars/november09/roy-decarava.html.
73. ↑ SAAM. "Aaron J. Goodelman". Smithsonian American Art Museum. https://americanart.si.edu/artist/aaron-j-goodelman-1865.
74. ↑ "bell hooks." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2010. Gale Literary Sources. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
75. ↑ "On His 70th Birthday, Appraising Itzhak Perlman's Influence | WQXR | New York's Classical Music Radio Station" (in en). WQXR. August 31, 2015. https://www.wqxr.org/story/on-his-70th-birthday-appraising-itzhak-perlmans-influence/.
76. ↑ "Adrienne Rich: Teaching at CUNY, 1968–1974 (Part I & II)". https://www.centerforthehumanities.org/lost-and-found/publications/adrienne-rich-teaching-at-cuny-1968-1974-part-i-ii.
77. ↑ "Campus Public Safety Directory". https://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/publicsafety/campus-public-safety-directory/.
78. ↑ Speri, Alice; Phillips, Anna M. (November 21, 2011). "CUNY Students Protesting Tuition Increase Clash With Police". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/arrests-in-tuition-protest-at-baruch-college/.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 http://media.aclj.org/pdf/1-ACLJ-City-University-of-New-York-Title-VI-Complaint-_Redacted.pdf
80. ↑ "CUNY admin allegedly said there were 'too many Jews' on his staff". February 27, 2017. https://nypost.com/2017/02/27/cuny-admin-allegedly-said-there-were-too-many-jews-on-his-staff/.
81. ↑ "Jewish students, professors allege antisemitism on CUNY campuses - CBS New York". July 21, 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/newyork/news/jewish-students-professors-allege-antisemitism-on-cuny-campuses/.
82. ↑ https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/11/19/jewish-cuny-professor-found-discriminated-against-after-faculty-group-intentionally-held-meetings-on-shabbat/
83. ↑ "CUNY Fights Hatred with Programming Funded by Campus Climate Support Grants". https://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2023/06/26/cuny-fights-hatred-with-programming-funded-by-campus-climate-support-grants/.
84. ↑ "Examples of DISTINGUISHED CUNY ALUMNI'S COMMITMENT TO FREEDOM". Let Freedom Ring. The City University of New York. http://www1.cuny.edu/portal_ur/content/letfreedomring/alumni.php.
85. ↑ Morris, Bob. "Cable's First Lady Of Explicit", The New York Times , June 23, 1996. Retrieved December 3, 2007. "At 17, Ms. Byrd got her graduate equivalency diploma and then pursued advertising design at Baruch College but dropped out in her senior year.
86. ↑ Assemblyman Stanley's Legislative Website . Retrieved August 27, 2007.
87. ↑ "New York State Assemblymember Marcos A. Crespo". New York State Assembly. http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Marcos-A-Crespo/.

## Further reading

* Dunham, E. Alden. Colleges of the Forgotten Americans. A Profile of State Colleges and Regional Universities (McGraw Hill, 1969).
* Freedman, Morris. "CCNY Days." The American Scholar (1980) 49#2 pp. 193–207. online
* Gettleman, Marvin E. "John H. Finley at CCNY—1903–1913." History of Education Quarterly 10.4 (1970): 423–439; on his presidency. online
* Gumport, Patricia J., and Michael N. Bastedo. "Academic stratification and endemic conflict: Remedial education policy at CUNY." Review of Higher Education 24.4 (2001): 333–349. online
* Nelson, Adam R. "Higher Education and Human Capital and in the 'New York Bay Area': Historical Lessons from the City University of New York (CUNY)." in Higher education, innovation and entrepreneurship from comparative perspectives (Springer Nature Singapore, 2022) pp. 17–58. online
* Rudy, S. Willis. The College of the City of New York: A History, 1847–1947 (The City College Press, 1949),
* Van Nort, Sydney C. The City College of New York (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) online.

## External links

* City University of New York in Open NY (data.ny.gov)
* "New York, College of the City of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
* "New York, College of the City of". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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Liberal arts
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* Barnard
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* Nyack
* St. Francis
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* Wagner

Arts and
engineering|

* AADA
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Health and law|

* Brooklyn Law
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Theological|

* ATS
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