Kashmiri language

Short description: Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kashmir

Kashmiri

* Template:Uninastaliq
* कॉशुर
* 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀

The word "Koshur" in Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status), Sharada script (ancient, liturgical) and Devanagari

Native to| India and Pakistan
Region| Kashmir (Kashmir Valley and surrounding areas of Jammu and Kashmir,[1] parts of northern Azad Kashmir)
Ethnicity| Kashmiris

Native speakers

| 7.1 million (2011)e26

Language family

Indo-European

* Indo-Iranian
* Indo-Aryan
* Eastern Dardic
* Kashmiri

Dialects|

* Kishtwari
* Poguli[2][3]

Writing system

| Official: Perso-Arabic script (contemporary)[4]
Others: Devanagari[4] (informally used by some sections within the Kashmiri Pandit community after 1990),[5][6][7]
Sharada script (ancient/liturgical)[4]
Official status

Official language in

| India

* Jammu and Kashmir[8][9]

Language codes
ISO 639-1| `ks`
ISO 639-1| `kas`
ISO 639-3| `kas`
Glottolog| `kash1277`[10]

Kashmiri is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

[11][12][13]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:Contain special characters Kashmiri (English: /kæʃˈmɪəri/ kash-MEER-ee),[14] also known by its endonym Koshur[15] (Kashmiri: Template:Uninastaliq (Perso-Arabic, Official Script), ks),[1] is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region,[16] primarily in the Kashmir Valley and surrounding hills of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory.[17] Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Since 2020, it has been made an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English.[18] Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administrated Azad Kashmir's population.[19]

## Contents

* 1 Geographic distribution and status
* 2 Phonology
* 2.1 Vowels
* 2.2 Consonants
* 2.3 Archaisms
* 2.4 Morphophonology
* 3 Writing system
* 3.1 Perso-Arabic script
* 3.1.1 Consonants
* 3.1.2 Vowels
* 3.2 Devanagari
* 3.2.1 Consonants
* 3.2.2 Vowels
* 3.3 Sharada script
* 3.3.1 Consonants
* 3.3.2 Vowels
* 4 Grammar
* 4.1 Nouns
* 4.1.1 Gender
* 4.1.2 Case
* 4.1.3 Noun morphology
* 4.2 Verbs
* 4.2.1 Tense
* 4.2.2 Aspect
* 4.3 Pronouns
* 4.4 Adjectives
* 4.5 Numerals
* 5 Vocabulary
* 5.1 Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary
* 5.2 First person pronoun
* 5.3 Variations
* 6 Sample text
* 6.1 Perso-Arabic script
* 6.2 Sharada script
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 Bibliography
* 11 External links

## Geographic distribution and status

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.[20] Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other surrounding areas of Jammu and Kashmir.[21] In the Kashmir Valley, Kashmiri speakers form the majority.

The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.[22] It was a part of the Eighth Schedule in the former constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.[23] After Hindi, Kashmiri is the second fastest growing language of India, followed by Meitei (Manipuri) as well as Gujarati in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.[24]

Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.[25][26] In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.[27][28][29] Poguli and Kishtwari are closely related to Kashmiri, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.[19] According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.[30] Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,[31][32] particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).[30] The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.[32] In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.[32] The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.[32] At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.[33][34]

A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local languages such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu.[35][31][36][32] This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.[37][38] There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims of Azad Kashmir have seen as their identity symbol.[39] Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.[39]

## Phonology

Kashmiri has a very large phoneme inventory: 32 vowels and 62 consonants, giving that vowel nasalization and consonant palatalization are phonemic and not phonetic.[40] It has the following phonemes.[41][42]

### Vowels

The oral vowels are as follows:

| Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

High  | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː
Mid  | e eː | ə əː | o oː
Low  |  | a aː | ɔ ɔː

The short high vowels are near-high, and the low vowels apart from /aː/ are near-low.

Nasalization is phonemic. All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts.[43]

### Consonants

| Bilabial  | Dental  | Alveolar  | Retroflex  | Post-alv./
palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m | n |  |  |  |  |
Stop/
affricate  | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | ʈ | t͡ʃ | k |
aspirated | pʰ[lower-alpha 1] | tʰ | t͡sʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ |
voiced | b | d |  | ɖ | d͡ʒ | ɡ |
Fricative  | voiceless |  |  | s |  | ʃ |  | h
voiced |  |  | z |  |  |  |
Approximant  | ʋ | l |  |  | j |  |
Trill  |  | r |  |  |  |  |

1. ↑ [pʰ] is in free variation with [f].[44]

Palatalization is phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.[45]

### Archaisms

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop d). Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.[46]

### Morphophonology

Kashmiri displays several morphophonological changes. These changes are as follows:[47]

* The lowering of the vowels [ə], [əː], and [uː] to [a], [aː], and [oː] respectively in the presence of the plural suffixes -[i] or -[ɨ]
* The raising of the vowels [a], [aː] to [ə] and [əː] respectively in monosyllabic stems in the presence of suffixes beginning with [i]
* The centralizing of the vowels [u], [uː], [o], and [oː] to [ɨ], [ɨː], [ə], and [əː] respectively in the presence of suffixes beginning with -[i] or -[j]
* The second vowel [u] of CVCVC words becoming [a] when forming the plural
* Stem-final retroflex consonants [ʈ], [ʈʰ], and [ɖ] become [t͡ʃ], [t͡ʃʰ], and [d͡ʒ] respectively in the presence of the plural suffix -[i]
* Stem-final dental stops [t̪], [t̪ʰ], and [d̪] become [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], and [z] respectively when forming the feminine form of a word
* [k], [kʰ], and [ɡ] become [t͡ʃ], [t͡ʃʰ], and [d͡ʒ] respectively when forming the feminine form of a word
* [l] becomes [d͡ʒ] when forming the feminine form of a word
* Stem-final aspirated stops become deaspirated in the presence of suffixes beginning with vowels

## Writing system

Kashmiri alphabet

ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ھ ء ؠ ے

* * *

Arabic script

* History
* Transliteration
* Diacritics
* Hamza
* Numerals
* Numeration

* v
* t
* e

There are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language: the Perso-Arabic script, the Devanagari script and the Sharada script. The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.[4]

The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script from the 8th Century AD onwards.[48] Between the 8th and the first quarter of the 20th century AD, Sharada was the primary script of inscriptional and literary production in Kashmir. It was used to write Sanskrit, Kashmiri and other languages of northern South Asia.[49] With increased use of Persian script for writing Kashmiri in the 19th century AD, and the growth of other brahmic scripts such as Devanagari and Takri, the use of Sharada declined.[49] The Sharada script is inadequate for writing modern Kashmiri because it lacks sufficient signs to represent Kashmiri vowels.[49] Modern usage of Sharada is limited to religious ceremonies and rituals of Kashmiri Pandits, and for horoscope-writing by them.[50][49]

Today Kashmiri is primarily written in Perso-Arabic (with some modifications, such as additions of new signs to represent Kashmiri vowels).[51][49] Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.[52]

The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script is recognized as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.[53][54][55][56] The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has been derived from Persian alphabet. The consonant inventory and their corresponding pronunciations of Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script doesn't differ from Perso-Arabic script, with the exception of the letter ژ, which is pronounced as /t͡s/ instead of /ʒ/. However, the vowel inventory of Kashmiri is significantly larger than other Perso-Arabic derived or influenced South Asian Perso-Arabic scripts. There are 17 vowels in Kashmiri, shown with diacritics, letters (alif, waw, ye), or both. In Kashmiri, the convention is that most vowel diacritics are written at all times.

Despite Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims,[57] some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community.[58][59][60]

### Perso-Arabic script

#### Consonants

Name  | Forms  | IPA | Transliteration[61] | Unicode | Example[62]

|
|
|
|
|

Kashmiri  | Isolated  | Final  | Medial  | Initial  | Kashmiri word  | IPA | Meaning
Template:Uninastaliq
ạlif | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /∅/, silent[upper-alpha 1] | – | U+0627  | Template:Uninastaliq
afsānü |  /afsaːnɨ/ | Short story
Template:Uninastaliq
bē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /b/  | b | U+0628  | Template:Uninastaliq
bikhạ̄r' |  /bikʰəːrʲ/ | Beggar
Template:Uninastaliq
pē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /p/  | p | U+067E  | Template:Uninastaliq
pampōsh |  /pampoːʃ/ | Lotus flower
Template:Uninastaliq
pha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /pʰ/  | ph | U+067E
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
phal |  /pʰal/ | Fruit
Template:Uninastaliq
tē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t̪/  | t | U+062A  | Template:Uninastaliq
tajvīz |  /t̪ad͡ʒʋiːz/ | Proposal
Template:Uninastaliq
tha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t̪ʰ/  | th | U+062A
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
thạ̄l' |  /t̪ʰəːlʲ/ | Plate
Template:Uninastaliq
ṭē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ʈ/  | ṭ | U+0679  | Template:Uninastaliq
ṭūp' |  /ʈuːpʲ/ | Cap
Template:Uninastaliq
ṭha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ʈʰ/  | ṭh | U+0679
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
ṭhūl |  /ʈʰuːl/ | Egg
Template:Uninastaliq
sē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /s/  | s | U+062B  | Template:Uninastaliq
sobūth |  /sobuːt̪ʰ/ | Proof
Template:Uninastaliq
jīm | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /d͡ʒ/  | j | U+062C  | Template:Uninastaliq
jāy |  /d͡ʒaːj/ | Place
Template:Uninastaliq
chīm | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t͡ʃ/  | ch, č | U+0686  | Template:Uninastaliq
chạ̄n̂d' |  /t͡ʃə̃ːd̪ʲ/ | Silver
Template:Uninastaliq
chha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t͡ʃʰ/  | chh, čh | U+0686
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
chhān |  /t͡ʃʰaːn/ | Carpenter
Template:Uninastaliq
hay | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /h/  | h | U+062D  | Template:Uninastaliq
ḥājath |  /haːd͡ʒat̪ʰ/ | Need
Template:Uninastaliq
k͟hay | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /x/ ~ /kʰ/  | k͟h, kh | U+062E  | Template:Uninastaliq
k͟hatarnākh |  /xatarnaːkʰ/ | Dangerous
Template:Uninastaliq
dāl | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /d̪/  | d | U+062F  | Template:Uninastaliq
dukān |  /d̪ukaːn/ | Shop
Template:Uninastaliq
ḍāl | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ɖ/  | ḍ | U+0688  | Template:Uninastaliq
ḍọḍ |  /ɖɔɖ/ | One and a half
Template:Uninastaliq
zāl | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /z/  | z | U+0630  | Template:Uninastaliq
zehan |  /zehan/ | Mind
Template:Uninastaliq
rē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /r/ | r | U+0631  | Template:Uninastaliq
rükh
Template:Uninastaliq
khrọkh  |  /rɨkʰ/

/kʰrɔkʰ/ | Line

Snore
Template:Uninastaliq
ṛē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ɽ/  | ṛ | U+0691  | Template:Uninastaliq
lạṛkü |  /ləɽkɨ/ | Boy
Template:Uninastaliq
zē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /z/  | z | U+0632  | Template:Uninastaliq
zāman |  /zaːman/ | Yawn
Template:Uninastaliq
tsē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t͡s/  | ts | U+0698  | Template:Uninastaliq
tsạr |  /t͡sər/ | House sparrow
Template:Uninastaliq
tsha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t͡sʰ/  | tsh | U+0698
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
tshāy |  /t͡sʰaːj/ | Shadow
Template:Uninastaliq
sīn | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /s/  | s | U+0633  | Template:Uninastaliq
sangur |  /sãɡur/ | Mountain
Template:Uninastaliq
shīn | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ʃ/  | sh, š | U+0634  | Template:Uninastaliq
shod |  /ʃod̪/ | Pure, Genuine
Template:Uninastaliq
sọ̄d | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /s/  | s | U+0635  | Template:Uninastaliq
sadqü |  /sad̪qɨ/ | Charity
Template:Uninastaliq
zọ̄d | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /z/  | z | U+0636  | Template:Uninastaliq
zạ̄mīn |  /zəːmiːn/ | Responsible, guarantor
Template:Uninastaliq
tọy | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /t̪/  | t | U+0637  | Template:Uninastaliq
tōtü |  /t̪oːt̪ɨ/ | Parrot
Template:Uninastaliq
zọy | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /z/  | z | U+0638  | Template:Uninastaliq
zạ̄lim |  /zəːlim/ | Cruel
Template:Uninastaliq
ạ̄n | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | /∅/, silent
[upper-alpha 2] | – | U+0639  | Template:Uninastaliq
aqül |  /aqɨl/ | Wisdom
Template:Uninastaliq
ġạ̄n | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ɣ/~/ɡ/  | ġ, g, ğ | U+063A  | Template:Uninastaliq
ġọsü |  /ɣɔsɨ/ | Anger
Template:Uninastaliq
fē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /f/~/pʰ/  | f | U+0641  | Template:Uninastaliq
firin' |  /firinʲ/ | Sweet pudding
Template:Uninastaliq
qāf | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /q/~/k/  | q | U+0642  | Template:Uninastaliq
qāshwü |  /qaːʃʋɨ/ | Spoon
Template:Uninastaliq
kīf | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /k/  | k | U+0643  | Template:Uninastaliq
kọkur |  /kɔkur/ | Chicken
Template:Uninastaliq
kha | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /kʰ/  | kh | U+0643
and
U+06BE  | Template:Uninastaliq
khọr |  /kʰɔr/ | Foot
Template:Uninastaliq
gāf | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ɡ/  | g | U+06AF  | Template:Uninastaliq
gāsh |  /ɡaːʃ/ | Light
Template:Uninastaliq
lām | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /l/  | l | U+0644  | Template:Uninastaliq
lọkchār |  /lɔkt͡ʃaːr/ | Childhood
Template:Uninastaliq
mim | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /m/  | m | U+0645  | Template:Uninastaliq
marüg |  /marɨɡ/ | Meadow
Template:Uninastaliq
nūn | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /n/, /◌̃/, /ŋ/ | n | U+0646  | Template:Uninastaliq
nab |  /nab/ | Sky
Template:Uninastaliq
nūn gọna | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  |  |  /◌̃/ | ñ | U+06BA  | Template:Uninastaliq
dāñ zạmīn |  /d̪ãː zəmiːn/ | Paddy field
Template:Uninastaliq
wāw | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /ʋ/
[upper-alpha 3] | v, w | U+0648  | Template:Uninastaliq
van |  /ʋan/ | Forest
Template:Uninastaliq
hē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /h/
[upper-alpha 4][upper-alpha 5] | h | U+06C1  | Template:Uninastaliq
họpü
Template:Uninastaliq
wạhmü
Template:Uninastaliq
pagāh |  /hɔpɨ/

/ʋəhmɨ/

/paɡaːh/ | Chubby

Fear, anxiety

Tomorrow
Template:Uninastaliq
yē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /j/
[upper-alpha 6] | y | U+06CC  | Template:Uninastaliq
yāl
Template:Uninastaliq
pyālü |  /jaːl/

/pʲaːlɨ/ | Hair of horse

Cup
Template:Uninastaliq
Lọkuṭ yē
Template:Uninastaliq
boḍ yē | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /j/

[upper-alpha 7] | y | U+06D2  | Template:Uninastaliq
ḍāy |  /ɖaːj/ | Two and a half
Template:Uninastaliq
tālür' | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq |  /◌ʲ/  | ',  | U+0620  | Template:Uninastaliq
sǖt' |  /sɨːt̪ʲ/ | With

#### Vowels

Name  | Final vowel glyph
(vowel and
letters bē ب
and rē ر) | Medial vowel glyph
(vowel and
letters bē ب
and rē ر) | Initial vowel glyph  | IPA | Transliteration[63] | Unicode  | Example[62]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Kashmiri  | Kashmiri word  | IPA | Meaning
Template:Uninastaliq
zabar | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [a] | a | U+064E  | Template:Uninastaliq
apuz
Template:Uninastaliq
palav |  /apuz/

/palaʋ/ | Lie

Garments, clothes
Template:Uninastaliq
mad | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [aː] | ā | U+0622
U+0627  | Template:Uninastaliq

Template:Uninastaliq
pān |  /aːb/

/paːn/ | Water

Body
Template:Uninastaliq
amālü | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ə] | ạ, ö, ȧ | U+0623
U+0654  | Template:Uninastaliq
ạchh
Template:Uninastaliq
gạr |  /ət͡ʃʰ/

/ɡər/ | Eye

Clock, watch
Template:Uninastaliq
amālü mad | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [əː] | ạ̄, ȫ, ä | U+0672  | Template:Uninastaliq
ạ̄s
Template:Uninastaliq
dạ̄n |  /əːs/

/d̪əːn/ | Mouth

Pomegranate
Template:Uninastaliq
zēr | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [i] | i, í | U+0650  | Template:Uninastaliq
insān
Template:Uninastaliq
sir |  /insaːn/

/sir/ | Human being

Secret
Template:Uninastaliq
kashi zēr | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [iː] | ī | Initial and Medial:
U+06CC
and
U+0656
Final:
U+06CC  | Template:Uninastaliq
īmān
Template:Uninastaliq
sīr
Template:Uninastaliq
wardī |  /iːmaːn/

/siːr/

/ʋard̪iː/ | Faith

Brick

Uniform
Template:Uninastaliq
sāyi | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ɨ] | ü, ụ, u', ι | Initial:
U+0625
Medial and Final:
U+0655  | Template:Uninastaliq

Template:Uninastaliq
kạdül |  /bɨ/

/kəd̪ɨl/ | I

Bridge
Template:Uninastaliq
sāyi mad | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ɨː] | ǖ, ụ̄, ū'  | Initial:
U+0673
Medial and Final:
U+065F  | Template:Uninastaliq
tǖr
Template:Uninastaliq
k͟hǖmü |  /t̪ɨːr/

/xɨːmɨ/ | Cold

Tent
Template:Uninastaliq
pēsh | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [u] | u | U+064F  | Template:Uninastaliq
puj |  /pud͡ʒ/ | Butcher
Template:Uninastaliq
kashi wāwuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [uː] | ū | U+0648
and
U+0657  | Template:Uninastaliq
pūt |  /puːt̪/ | Chick
Template:Uninastaliq
nīmü wāwuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [o] | o, ó | U+06C6  | Template:Uninastaliq
dob |  /d̪ob/ | Washerman
Template:Uninastaliq
wāwuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [oː] | ō | U+0648  | Template:Uninastaliq
mōr |  /moːr/ | Peacock
Template:Uninastaliq
lạṭ' wāwuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ɔ] | ọ, ŏ | U+06C4  | Template:Uninastaliq
gọlāb |  /ɡɔlaːb/ | Rose
Template:Uninastaliq
lạṭ' wāwuk mad | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ɔː] | ọ̄, ŏa | U+06C4
and
U+0627  | Template:Uninastaliq
sọ̄d |  /sɔːd̪/ | One and a quarter
Template:Uninastaliq
nīmü yāyuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [e] | e, ë | Initial and Medial:
U+06CC
and
U+065A
Final:
U+06D2
and
U+065A  | Template:Uninastaliq
beni
Template:Uninastaliq
me |  /beni/

/me/ | Sister

Me, I
Template:Uninastaliq
yāyuk | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [eː] | ē | Initial and Medial:
U+06CC
Final:
U+06D2  | Template:Uninastaliq
rēsh |  /reːʃ/ | Beard
Template:Uninastaliq
gōl yāyuk | \-  | Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq | Template:Uninastaliq | [ʲa] | ya, ĕ | Initial and Medial:
U+0620  | Template:Uninastaliq
myaqrāz |  /mʲaqraːz/ | Scissors

### Devanagari

#### Consonants

Letter  | IPA | Transliteration

|
|

क | [k] | k
ख | [kʰ] | kh
ग | [g] | g
च | [t͡ʃ] | ch
छ | [t͡ʃʰ] | chh
ज | [d͡ʒ] | j
च़ | [t͡s] | ts
छ़ | [t͡sʰ] | tsh
ज़ | [z] | z
ट | [ʈ] | ṭ
ठ | [ʈʰ] | ṭh
ड | [ɖ] | ḍ
त | [t] | t
थ | [tʰ] | th
द | [d] | d
न | [n] | n
प | [p] | p
फ | [pʰ] | ph
ब | [b] | b
म | [m] | m
य | [j] | y
र | [r] | r
ल | [l] | l
व | [ʋ] | w
श | [ʃ] | sh
स | [s] | s
ह | [h] | h

#### Vowels

There have been a few versions of the Devanagari script for Kashmiri.[64] The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.[65] This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.[66][67] This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] and elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

Letter  | IPA | Transliteration  | Vowel mark indicated on consonant k

|
|
|

अ | [a] | a | क
आ | [aː] | ā | का
ॲ | [ə] | ạ | कॅ
ऑ | [əː] | ạ̄ | कॉ
इ | [i] | i | कि
ई | [iː] | ī | की
ॶ | [ɨ] | ü | कॖ
ॷ | [ɨː] | ǖ | कॗ
उ | [u] | u | कु
ऊ | [uː] | ū | कू
ऎ | [e] | e | कॆ
ए | [eː] | ē | के
ऐ | [əi] | ai | कै
ऒ | [o] | o | कॊ
ओ | [oː] | ō | को
औ | [ɔː] | ọ̄ | कौ
-व | [ɔ] | ọ | क्व or कव
ं | [◌̃] | ˜ | कं

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.[68][69] The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs कऺ / कऻ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] & elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] and a new stand alone vowel ॵ and vowel sign कॏ for the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

Letter  | IPA | Transliteration[70] | Vowel mark indicated on consonant k

|
|
|

अ | [a] | a | क
आ | [aː] | ā | का
ॳ | [ə] | ạ | कऺ
ॴ | [əː] | ạ̄ | कऻ
इ | [i] | i | कि
ई | [iː] | ī | की
ॶ | [ɨ] | ü | कॖ
ॷ | [ɨː] | ǖ | कॗ
उ | [u] | u | कु
ऊ | [uː] | ū | कू
ऎ | [e] | e | कॆ
ए | [eː] | ē | के
ऐ | [əi] | ai | कै
ऒ | [o] | o | कॊ
ओ | [oː] | ō | को
औ | [ɔː] | ọ̄ | कौ
ॵ | [ɔ] | ọ | कॏ
ं | [◌̃] | ˜ | कं

### Sharada script

#### Consonants

Name  | Transliteration  | IPA | Isolated glyph  | Remarks[71][72]

|
|
|
|

𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑 | kōv kạ | ka | [ka] | 𑆑 |
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒 | khvani khạ | kha | [kʰa] | 𑆒 |
𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓 | gagar gạ | ga | [ɡa] | 𑆓 |
𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔 | gāsi ghạ | gha | [ɡʰa] | 𑆔 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕 | nārug ṅạ | ṅa | [ŋa] | 𑆕 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖 | tsāṭuv chạ | cha | [t͡ʃa] | 𑆖 |
𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗 | tshvaṭiñ chhạ | chha | [t͡ʃʰa] | 𑆗 |
𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘 | zayi jạ | ja | [d͡ʒa] | 𑆘 |
𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙 | zashiñ jhạ | jha | [d͡ʒʰa] | 𑆙 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚 | khvana phuṭi ñạ | ña | [ɲa] | 𑆚 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛 | ar mām̐ṭa | ṭa | [ʈa] | 𑆛 |
𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜 | sar mām̐ṭha | ṭha | [ʈʰa] | 𑆜 |
𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝 | ḍuḍ ḍạ | ḍa | [ɖa] | 𑆝 |
𑆝𑆑 𑆞 | ḍaka ḍhạ | ḍha | [ɖʰa] | 𑆞 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟 | nānaguri ṇạ | ṇa | [ɳa] | 𑆟 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠 | tov tạ | ta | [ta] | 𑆠 |
𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡 | thāshi thạ | tha | [tʰa] | 𑆡 |
𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢 | dadav dạ | da | [da] | 𑆢 |
𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣 | dūñ dhạ | dha | [dʰa] | 𑆣 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤 | nastūv nạ | na | [na] | 𑆤 |
𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥 | paḍuri pạ | pa | [pa] | 𑆥 |
𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦 | phariñ phạ | pha | [pʰa] | 𑆦 |
𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧 | bub bạ | ba | [ba] | 𑆧 |
𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨 | bāyi bhạ | bha | [bʰa] | 𑆨 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩 | mōv mạ | ma | [ma] | 𑆩 |
𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪 | yāva yạ | ya | [ja] | 𑆪 |
𑆫𑆑 𑆫 | raka rạ | ra | [ra] | 𑆫 |
𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬 | lāva lạ | la | [la] | 𑆬 |
𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝 | boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ | ḷa | [ɭa] | 𑆭 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮 | vashi vạ | va | [ʋa] | 𑆮 |
𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯 | shakar shạ | sha | [ʃa] | 𑆯 |
𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰 | phāri ṣạ | ṣa | [ʂa] | 𑆰 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this consonant.
𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱 | sus sạ | sa | [sa] | 𑆱 |
𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲 | hala hạ | ha | [ha] | 𑆲 |

#### Vowels

Name  | Transliteration  | IPA | Isolated glyph  | Remarks[71]

|
|
|
|

𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃 | ādau a | a | [a] | 𑆃 |
𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄 | aitav ā | ā | [aː] | 𑆄 |
𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼 | yeyev yē | i | [i] | 𑆅 |
𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆 | yisherav yī | ī | [iː] | 𑆆 |
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾 | vọpal vō | u | [u] | 𑆇 |
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈 | vọpal bā ū | ū | [uː] | 𑆈 |
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉 | r̥enav | r̥ | [r̩] | 𑆉 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this vowel.
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊 | rakhav | r̥̄ | [r̩ː] | 𑆊 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋 | leyev | l̥ | [l̩] | 𑆋 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌 | līsav | l̥̄ | [l̩ː] | 𑆌 | Modern Kashmiri does not possess this vowel.
𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍 | talavya yē | ē | [eː] | 𑆍 |
𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎 | tolī ai | ai | [əi] | 𑆎 |
𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏 | vuṭhō ō | ō | [oː] | 𑆏 |
𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐 | ashidī au | au | [ɔː] | 𑆐 |
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶 | aḍi tsandra phyor | am̐ | [◌̃] | 𑆃𑆀 |
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁 | mas phyori aṃ | aṃ | [n], [m] | 𑆃𑆁 |
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂 | dō phyori aḥ | aḥ | [h] | 𑆃𑆂  |

Vowel mark

Name  | Transliteration  | IPA | Isolated vowel mark  | Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa  | Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants

|
|
|
|
|

𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀 | vahāy | -ā | [aː] | 𑆳  | 𑆥𑆳 | 𑆕 = 𑆕𑆳

𑆘 = 𑆘𑆳

𑆛 = 𑆛𑆳

𑆟 = 𑆟𑆳

𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀 | mūnthar | -i | [i] | 𑆴  | 𑆥𑆴 |
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀 | ar mūnthar | -ī | [iː] | 𑆵  | 𑆥𑆵 |
𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶 | khuru | -u | [u] | 𑆶  | 𑆥𑆶 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆶

𑆓 = 𑆓𑆶

𑆙 = 𑆙𑆶

𑆚 = 𑆚𑆶

𑆝 = 𑆝𑆶

𑆠 = 𑆠𑆶

𑆨 = 𑆨𑆶

𑆫 = 𑆫𑆶

𑆯 = 𑆯𑆶

𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷 | ar khūrū | -ū | [uː] | 𑆷  | 𑆥𑆷 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆷

𑆓 = 𑆓𑆷

𑆙 = 𑆙𑆷

𑆚 = 𑆚𑆷

𑆝 = 𑆝𑆷

𑆠 = 𑆠𑆷

𑆨 = 𑆨𑆷

𑆫 = 𑆫𑆷

𑆯 = 𑆯𑆷

𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉 | r̥enav r̥a | -r̥ | [r̩] | 𑆸  | 𑆥𑆸 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆸
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊 | rakhav ru | -r̥̄ | [r̩ː] | 𑆹  | 𑆥𑆹 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆹
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋 | leyev l̥a | -l̥ | [l̩] | 𑆺  | 𑆥𑆺 |
𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌 | līsav l̥̄a | -l̥̄ | [l̩ː] | 𑆻  | 𑆥𑆻 |
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷 | hvanḍū | -ē | [eː] | 𑆼  | 𑆥𑆼 |
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀 | hvanjōr | -ai | [əi] | 𑆽  | 𑆥𑆽 |
𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶 | oku shyūr | -ō | [oː] | 𑆾  | 𑆥𑆾 |
𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀 | okushi vahāy | -au | [ɔː] | 𑆿  | 𑆥𑆿 |
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶 | aḍi tsandra phyor | -am̐ | [◌̃] | 𑆀  | 𑆥𑆀 |
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁 | mas phyori aṃ | -aṃ | [n], [m] | 𑆁  | 𑆥𑆁 |
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂 | dō phyori aḥ | -aḥ | [h] | 𑆂  | 𑆥𑆂 |

Kashmiri specific vowels for contemporary use with script were added in September 2025 with the release of version 17.0.

They are in the Sharada Supplement block, which is U+11B60–U+11B7F: Template:Unicode chart Sharada Supplement

## Grammar

Kashmiri is a fusional language[73] with verb-second (V2) word order.[74] Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.[75]

### Nouns

Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.[73]

#### Gender

The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.[73] A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.[76] The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:[77]

Process | Masculine | Feminine | Meaning

|
|
|

-en’ suffix  | [d̪ukaːnd̪aːr]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [d̪ukaːnd̪aːrenʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| shopkeeper
-bāy suffix  | [maːʃʈar]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [maːʃʈarbaːj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| teacher
-in’ + vowel change  | [xar]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [xərinʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| donkey
-ür + vowel change  | [pʰot̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [pʰɔt̪ɨr]

Template:Uninastaliq

| basket
Adding of affix  | [huːn]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [huːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| dog/bitch
vowel change | [ɡaɡur]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ɡaɡɨr]

Template:Uninastaliq

| rat
consonant change | [hokʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [hot͡ʃʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| dry
vowel/consonant change | [t̪ot̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ət͡s]

Template:Uninastaliq

| hot
suppletive form | [marɨd̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [zanaːnɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| man/woman
masculine only | [kʲom]

Template:Uninastaliq

| \
 | insect
feminine only | \
 | [mət͡ʃʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| housefly

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.[76]

#### Case

There are five cases in Kashmiri: nominative, dative, ergative, ablative and vocative.[78] Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense.[78] Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked.[78][79][80] However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.[81] Other case distinctions, such as locative, instrumental, genitive, comitative and allative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.[82]

#### Noun morphology

The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.[83][84]

| Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nom.  | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø | -Ø
Erg.  | -[an]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Dat.  | -[as] or -[is]
Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq | -[an]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[an]
Template:Uninastaliq
Abl.  | -[i] or -[ɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Voc.  | -[aː]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq

The plural forms of nouns often involve stem changes. These changes are listed below.[85]

* Masculine plurals:
* In CVC forms, [o] becomes [ə]
* Example: [moːl] Template:Uninastaliq 'father' → [məːlʲ] Template:Uninastaliq 'fathers'
* In CVCVC forms, [u] becomes [ɨ]
* Example: [lat͡sʰul] Template:Uninastaliq 'broom' → [lat͡sʰɨlʲ] Template:Uninastaliq 'brooms'
* In (C)VCVC forms, [u] in the second syllable becomes [a]
* Example: [ɡaɡur] Template:Uninastaliq 'rat' → [ɡaɡar] Template:Uninastaliq 'rats'
* Masculine plurals will use the same form as the singular if the final vowel is [ɨ], in CVC form with a central vowel, or is a loanword from Hindustani or English.
* Example: [at̪ʰɨ] Template:Uninastaliq 'hand' → [at̪ʰɨ] Template:Uninastaliq 'hands'
* Example: [bʲamaːr] Template:Uninastaliq 'sick person' → [bʲamaːr] Template:Uninastaliq 'sick people'
* Feminine plurals:
* In CVC(C) forms, the final vowel becomes lowered unless if it is [u]
* Example: [nər] Template:Uninastaliq 'arm' → [nari] Template:Uninastaliq 'arms'
* Final retroflex consonants become palatal
* Example: [ləʈ] Template:Uninastaliq 'tail' → [lat͡ʃi] Template:Uninastaliq 'tails'
* In CVCVC forms, the final [ɨ] is deleted
* Example: [gɔgɨd͡ʒ] Template:Uninastaliq 'turnip' → [gɔgd͡ʒi] Template:Uninastaliq 'turnips'
* Final [t̪ʰ] becomes [t͡s] along with the preceding vowel raising
* Example: [raːt̪ʰ] Template:Uninastaliq 'night' → [rəːt͡s] Template:Uninastaliq 'nights'
* Some feminine CVC forms use the suffix -[ɨ] Template:Uninastaliq instead of -[i] Template:Uninastaliq
* Example: [kat̪ʰ] Template:Uninastaliq 'story' → [kat̪ʰɨ] Template:Uninastaliq 'stories'
* Some feminine nouns of native origin do not change for plurality
* Example: [ət͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq 'eye' → [ət͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq 'eyes'

### Verbs

Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.[86] Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.[87]

#### Tense

Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):[88]

Present  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

1st person sing.  | [t͡ʃʰus jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰas jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person sing.  | [t͡ʃʰukʰ jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰakʰ jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person sing.  | [t͡ʃʰu jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰe jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq
1st person pl.  | [t͡ʃʰi jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰe jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person pl.  | [t͡ʃʰiʋ jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰaʋ jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person pl.  | [t͡ʃʰi jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡ʃʰe jiʋaːn]
Template:Uninastaliq

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.[89] The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.[90]

As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.[90] Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.[90][91]

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):[92]

Simple past (transitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | [por]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pərʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pər]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pari]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | Non-honorific  | [porut̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pərit̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pərɨt̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [parʲat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Honorific  | [porʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pəriʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pərʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pariʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | [por]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pərʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pər]
Template:Uninastaliq | [pari]
Template:Uninastaliq

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.[93]

Simple past (special intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[us]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[as]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[kʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[kʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -Ø  | -Ø  | -[t͡ʃʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[i]
Template:Uninastaliq

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.[94]

Simple past (intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[jas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[jaːkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[joːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.[95] Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:[96]

Indefinite past (transitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st/3rd person  | -[joːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[joːt̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Remote past (transitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st/3rd person  | -[eːjoːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[eːjoːt̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːjat̪ʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:[97]

Indefinite past (special intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[aːs]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[kʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[kʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[aʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
Remote past (special intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[aːjaːs]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːjas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[aːkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[aːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[eːjoːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːjɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[eːjaːjɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:[98]

Indefinite past (intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[jas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[jaːkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[joːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
Remote past (intransitive)  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | -[jeːjaːs]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjaːs]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[jeːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjiʋɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[jeːjoːʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjaːjɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jeːjɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:[99]

Future (intransitive)  | Singular | Plural

|
|

1st person  | -[mɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[maʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | -[akʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jiʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | -[ji]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[an]
Template:Uninastaliq

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:[100]

Future (transitive)  | Singular object | Plural object

|
|

1st person sing.  | -[an]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[akʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
1st person pl.  | -[ɨhoːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ɨhoːkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person sing.  | -[ɨhǝn]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ɨhǝkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person pl.  | -[ɨhuːn]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ɨhuːkʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person sing.  | -[jas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[jakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person pl.  | -[ɨnas]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[ɨnakʰ]
Template:Uninastaliq

#### Aspect

There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).[101]

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:[101]

Masculine  | Feminine

|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
-[mut̪]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[mɨt̪ʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[mɨt͡s]
Template:Uninastaliq | -[mat͡sɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq

The imperfective (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.[102] A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.[103]

### Pronouns

Pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.[104]

Nominative  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | [bɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ǝsʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [bɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ǝsʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | [t͡sɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ohʲ] or [t̪uhʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡sɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ohʲ] or [t̪uhʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | proximate  | [ji]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jim]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ji]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jimɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote I  | [hu]
Template:Uninastaliq | [hum]
Template:Uninastaliq | [hɔ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote II  | [su]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪im]
Template:Uninastaliq | [sɔ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪imɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Ergative  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | proximate  | [jemʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jimaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jemi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jimaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote I  | [humʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote II  | [t̪ǝmʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪imaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ami]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪imaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Dative  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | proximate  | [jemis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jiman]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jemis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jiman]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote I  | [humis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [human]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [human]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote II  | [t̪ǝmis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪iman]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ǝmis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪iman]
Template:Uninastaliq
Ablative  | Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st person  | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [me]
Template:Uninastaliq | [asi]
Template:Uninastaliq
2nd person  | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t͡se]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ɔhi]
Template:Uninastaliq
3rd person  | proximate  | [jemi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jimaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jemi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [jimaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote I  | [humi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [humaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
remote II  | [t̪ǝmi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪imaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪ǝmi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [t̪imaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.[105]

| Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
1st sing. | [mʲoːn]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [mʲəːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [mʲəːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [mʲaːni]

Template:Uninastaliq

1st pl. | [soːn]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [səːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [səːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [saːni]

Template:Uninastaliq

2nd sing. | [t͡ʃoːn]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡ʃəːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡ʃəːnʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡ʃaːni]

Template:Uninastaliq

2nd pl. | [t̪uhund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪uhɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪uhɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪uhɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd sing. prox. | [jemʲ sund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jemʲ sɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jemʲ sɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jemʲ sɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd pl. prox. | [jihund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jihɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jihɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [jihɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd sing. R I | [humʲ sund]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [humʲ sɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [humʲ sɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [humʲ sɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd pl. R I | [huhund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [huhɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [huhɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [huhɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd sing. R II | [t̪ǝmʲ sund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ǝmʲ sɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ǝmʲ sɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ǝmʲ sɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

3rd pl. R II | [t̪ihund̪]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ihɨnd̪ʲ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ihɨnz]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t̪ihɨnzɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

### Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.[106] Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.[107] The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective Template:Uninastaliq [ʋɔzul] ("red"):[108][109]

| Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

singular | plural  | singular | plural
Nom.  | [ʋɔzul]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzɨlʲ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzɨd͡ʒ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒi]
Template:Uninastaliq
Erg.  | [ʋɔzlɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzlʲaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq
Dat.  | [ʋɔzlis]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzlʲan]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒan]
Template:Uninastaliq
Abl.  | [ʋɔzlɨ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzlʲaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒi]
Template:Uninastaliq | [ʋɔzd͡ʒaʋ]
Template:Uninastaliq

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -[lad̪] or -[ɨ], adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.[108]

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words Template:Uninastaliq [t͡sor] ("more") and Template:Uninastaliq [sʲaʈʰaː] ("most"), respectively.[110]

### Numerals

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers.[111] These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), multiplicative (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.[111]

| Cardinal | Ordinal | Aggregative | Multiplicative | Emphatic

|
|
|
|
|

Suffix |  | -[jum] for masculine

-[im] for feminine

| -[ʋaj] | -[ɡun] or -[ɡon] for masculine

-[ɡɨn] for feminine

|  -[j]
0. | [sifar]

Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |  |
1. | [akʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ǝkʲum] or [ǝkim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  [oɡun] or [oɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [akuj]

Template:Uninastaliq

2. | [zɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dojum] or [dojim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dɔʃʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [doɡun] or [doɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [zɨj]

Template:Uninastaliq

3. | [tre]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [trejum] or [trejim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [treʃʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [troɡun] or [troɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [trej]

Template:Uninastaliq

4. | [t͡soːr]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡suːrʲum] or [t͡suːrim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sɔʃʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡soɡun] or [t͡soɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡soːraj]

Template:Uninastaliq

5. | [pãːt͡sʰ] or [pə̃ːt͡sʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pɨ̃:t͡sjum] or [pɨ̃:t͡sim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pãːt͡sɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [pãːt͡sɨɡun] or [pãːt͡sɨɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pãːt͡saj]

Template:Uninastaliq

6. | [ʃe]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃejum] or [ʃejim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃenɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃuɡun] or [ʃuɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃej]

Template:Uninastaliq

7. | [satʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [sətjum] or [sətim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨɡun] or [satɨɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [sataj]

Template:Uninastaliq

8. | [əːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ɨːʈʰjum] or [uːʈʰjum]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

[ɨːʈʰim] or [uːʈʰim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [əːʈʰɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [əːʈʰɨɡun] or [əːʈʰɨɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [əːʈʰaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

9. | [naʋ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [nəʋjum] or [nəʋim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [naʋɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [naʋɨɡun] or [naʋɨɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [naʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

10. | [dəh] or [daːh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəhjum] or [dəhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəhɨʋaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəhɨɡon] or [dəhɨɡɨn]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəhaj]

Template:Uninastaliq

11. | [kah] or [kaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [kəhjum] or [kəhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
12. | [bah] or [baːh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [bəhjum] or [bəhim]

بٔہیُٛم or بٔہِم

|  |  |
13. | [truʋaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [truʋəːhjum] or [truʋəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
14. | [t͡sɔdaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sɔdəːhjum] or [t͡sɔdəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
15. | [pandaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [pandəːhjum] or [pandəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
16. | [ʃuraːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃurəːhjum] or [ʃurəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
17. | [sadaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [sadəːhjum] or [sadəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
18. | [arɨdaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨdəːhjum] or [arɨdəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
19. | [kunɨʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨʋuhjum] or [kunɨʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
20. | [ʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʋuhjum] or [ʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
21. | [akɨʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨʋuhjum] or [akɨʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
22. | [zɨtoːʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [zɨtoːʋuhjum] or [zɨtoːʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
23. | [troʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [troʋuhjum] or [troʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
24. | [t͡soʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡soʋuhjum] or [t͡soʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
25. | [pɨnt͡sɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [pɨnt͡sɨhjum] or [pɨnt͡sɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
26. | [ʃatɨʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃatɨʋuhjum] or [ʃatɨʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
27. | [satoːʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satoːʋuhjum] or [satoːʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
28. | [aʈʰoːʋuh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [aʈʰoːʋuhjum] or [aʈʰoːʋuhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
29. | [kunɨtrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨtrɨhjum] or [kunɨtrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
30. | [trɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [trɨhjum] or [trɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
31. | [akɨtrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨtrɨhjum] or [akɨtrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
32. | [dɔjitrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dɔjitrɨhjum] or [dɔjitrɨhjim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
33. | [tejitrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [tejitrɨhjum] or [tejitrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
34. | [t͡sɔjitrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sɔjitrɨhjum] or [t͡sɔjitrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
35. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
36. | [ʃejitrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃejitrɨhjum] or [ʃejitrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
37. | [satɨtrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨtrɨhjum] or [satɨtrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
38. | [arɨtrɨh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨtrɨhjum] or [arɨtrɨhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
39. | [kunɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
40. | [t͡satd͡ʒih] or [t͡satd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡satd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡satd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
41. | [akɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
42. | [dɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
43. | [tejitəːd͡ʒih] or [tejitəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [tejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [tejitəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
44. | [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
45. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
46. | [ʃejitəːd͡ʒih] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
47. | [satɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
48. | [arɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒiː]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒihim]

Template:Uninastaliq or اَرٕتٲجِہِم

|  |  |
49. | [kunɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨʋanzəːhjum] or [kunɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
50. | [pant͡saːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [pant͡səːhjum] or [pant͡səːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
51. | [akɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨʋanzəːhjum] or [akɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
52. | [duʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [duʋanzəːhjum] or [duʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
53. | [truʋanzaːh] or [trɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [truʋanzəːhjum] or [truʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

[trɨʋanzəːhjum] or [trɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
54. | [t͡suʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡suʋanzəːhjum] or [t͡suʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
55. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨʋanzaːh] or [pãːt͡sɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨʋanzəːhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨʋanzəːhjum]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

[pə̃ːt͡sɨʋanzəːhim] or [pãːt͡sɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
56. | [ʃuʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃuʋanzəːhjum] or [ʃuʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
57. | [satɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨʋanzəːhjum] or [satɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
58. | [arɨʋanzaːh]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨʋanzəːhjum] or [arɨʋanzəːhim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
59. | [kunɨhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨhəːʈʰjum] or [kunɨhəːʈʰim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
60. | [ʃeːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃeːʈʰjum] or [ʃeːʈʰim]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

|  |  |
61. | [akɨhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨhəːʈʰjum] or [akɨhəːʈʰim]

اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
62. | [duhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [duhəːʈʰjum] or [duhəːʈʰim]

دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم or دُ ہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
63. | [truhəːʈʰ] or [trɨhəːʈʰ]

ترُٛہٲٹھ or ترٕٛہٲٹھ

| [truhəːʈʰjum] or [truhəːʈʰim]

ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترُٛہٲٹھِم

[trɨhəːʈʰjum] or [trɨhəːʈʰim]

ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترٕٛہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
64. | [t͡suhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡suhəːʈʰjum] or [t͡suhəːʈʰim]

ژُہٲٹھیُٛم or ژُہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
65. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ]

پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum]

پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم

[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim]

پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
66. | [ʃuhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃuhəːʈʰjum] or [ʃuhəːʈʰim]

شُہٲٹھیُٛم or شُہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
67. | [satɨhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨhəːʈʰjum] or [satɨhəːʈʰim]

سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
68. | [arɨhəːʈʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨhəːʈʰjum] or [arɨhəːʈʰim]

اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم or اَرٕہٲٹھِم

|  |  |
69. | [kunɨsatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨsatatyum] or [kunɨsatatim]

کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ سَتَتِم

|  |  |
70. | [satatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satatjum] or [satatim]

سَتَتیُٛم or سَتَتِم

|  |  |
71. | [akɨsatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨsatatjum] or [akɨsatatim]

اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ سَتَتِم

|  |  |
72. | [dusatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dusatatjum] or [dusatatim]

دُسَتَتیُٛم or دُسَتَتِم

|  |  |
73. | [trusatatʰ] or [trɨsatatʰ]

ترُٛسَتَتھ or ترٕٛسَتَتھ

| [trusatatjum] or [trusatatim]

ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترُٛسَتَتِم

[trɨsatatjum] or [trɨsatatim]

ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترٕٛسَتَتِم

|  |  |
74. | [t͡susatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡susatatjum] or [t͡susatatim]

ژُسَتَتیُٛم or ژُسَتَتِم

|  |  |
75. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ]

پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ or پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatjum]

پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم

[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatim]

پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم

|  |  |
76. | [ʃusatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃusatatjum] or [ʃusatatim]

شُسَتَتیُٛم or شُسَتَتِم

|  |  |
77. | [satɨsatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨsatatjum] or [satɨsatatim]

سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ سَتَتِم

|  |  |
78. | [arɨsatatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨsatatjum] or [arɨsatatim]

اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم or اَرٕسَتَتِم

|  |  |
79. | [kunɨʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨʃiːtjum] or [kunɨʃiːtim]

کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or کُنہٕ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
80. | [ʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃiːtjum] or [ʃiːtjim]

شيٖتیُٛم or شيٖتِم

|  |  |
81. | [akɨʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨʃiːtjum] or [akɨʃiːtim]

اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or اَکہٕ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
82. | [dɔjiʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dɔjiʃiːtjum] or [dɔjiʃiːtjum]

دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or دۄیہِ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
83. | [trejiʃiːtʰ]

ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ

| [trejiʃiːtjum] or [trejiʃiːtim]

ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
84. | [t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum] or [t͡sɔjiʃiːtim]

ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
85. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ]

پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ or پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum]

پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم

[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim]

پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
86. | [ʃejiʃiːtʰ]

شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ

| [ʃejiʃiːtjum] or [ʃejiʃiːtim]

شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
87. | [satɨʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨʃiːtjum] or [satɨʃiːtim]

سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or سَتہٕ شيٖتِم

|  |  |
88. | [arɨʃiːtʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨʃiːtjum] or [arɨʃiːtim]

اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم or اَرٕشيٖتِم

|  |  |
89. | [kunɨnamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kunɨnamatjum] or [kunɨnamatim]

کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ نَمَتِم

|  |  |
90. | [namatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [namatjum] or [namatim]

نَمَتیُٛم or نَمَتِم

|  |  |
91. | [akɨnamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akɨnamatjum] or [akɨnamatim]

اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ نَمَتِم

|  |  |
92. | [dunamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [dunamatjum] or [dunamatim]

دُنَمَتیُٛم or دُنَمَتِم

|  |  |
93. | [trunamatʰ] or [trɨnamatʰ]

ترُٛنَمَتھ or ترٕٛنَمَتھ

| [trunamatjum] or [trunamatim]

ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترُٛنَمَتِم

[trɨnamatjum] or [trɨnamatim]

ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترٕٛنَمَتِم

|  |  |
94. | [t͡sunamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡sunamatjum] or [t͡sunamatim]

ژُنَمَتیُٛم or ژُنَمَتِم

|  |  |
95. | [pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ]

پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ or پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatjum]

پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم

[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatim]

پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم

|  |  |
96. | [ʃunamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃunamatjum] or [ʃunamatim]

شُنَمَتیُٛم or شُنَمَتِم

|  |  |
97. | [satɨnamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [satɨnamatjum] or [satɨnamatim]

سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ نَمَتِم

|  |  |
98. | [arɨnamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arɨnamatjum] or [arɨnamatjim]

اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم or اَرٕنَمَتِم

|  |  |
99. | [namɨnamatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [namɨnamatjum] or [namɨnamatim]

نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or نَمہٕ نَمَتِم

|  |  |
100. | [hatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [hatyum] or [hatim]

ہَتیُٛم or ہَتِم

|  |  |
101. | [akʰ hatʰ tɨ akʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkjum] or [akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkim]

اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم

|  |  |
102. | [akʰ hatʰ tɨ zɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojum] or [akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojim]

اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم

|  |  |
200. | [zɨ hatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [du hatyum] or [duhatim]

دُہَتیُٛم or دُہَتِم

|  |  |
300. | [tre hatʰ]

ترٛےٚ ہَتھ

| [trɨ hatyum] or [trɨ hatim]

ترٕٛہَتیُٛم or ترٕٛہَتِم

|  |  |
400. | [t͡soːr hatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [t͡su hatyum] or [t͡su hatim]

ژُہَتیُٛم or ژُہَتِم

|  |  |
500. | [pə̃ːt͡sʰ hatʰ] or [pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ]

پٲنٛژھ ہَتھ or پانٛژھ ہَتھ

| [pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatyum] or [pãːt͡sɨ hatyum]

پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم

[pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatim] or [pãːt͡sɨ hatim]

پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِم or پانٛژٕ ہَتِم

|  |  |
600. | [ʃe hatʰ]

شےٚ ہَتھ

| [ʃe hatyum] or [ʃe hatim]

شےٚ ہَتیُٛم or شےٚ ہَتِم

|  |  |
700. | [satʰ hatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [ʃatɨ hatyum] or [ʃatɨ hatim]

سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہَتِم

|  |  |
800. | [əːʈʰ ʃatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [əːʈʰ ʃatjum] or [əːʈʰ ʃatim]

ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم or ٲٹھ شَتِم

|  |  |
900. | [naʋ ʃatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [naʋ ʃatjum] or [naʋ ʃatim]

نَو شَتیُٛم or نَو شَتِم

|  |  |
1000. | [saːs]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [səːsjum] or [səːsim]

سٲسیُٛم or سٲسِم

|  |  |
1001. | [akʰ saːs akʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akʰ saːs ǝkjum] or [akʰ saːs ǝkim]

اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم or اَکھ ساس أکِم

|  |  |
1002. | [akʰ saːs zɨ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [akʰ saːs dojum] or [akʰ saːs dojim]

اَکھ ساس دۆیُم or اَکھ ساس دۆیِم

|  |  |
1100. | [akʰ saːs hatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

[kah ʃatʰ] or [kaːh ʃatʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [akʰ saːs hatjum] or [akʰ saːs hatim]

اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس ہَتِم

[kah ʃatjum] or [kaːh ʃatjum]

کَہہ شَتیُٛم or کاہ شَتیُٛم

[kah ʃatim] or [kaːh ʃatim]

کَہہ شَتِم or کاہ شَتِم

|  |  |
1500. | [akʰ saːs pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ]

اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ

[pandaːh ʃatʰ]

پَنٛداہ شَتھ

| [akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatjum] or [akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatim]

اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم

[pandaːh ʃatjum] or [pandaːh ʃatim]

پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم or پَنٛداہ شَتِم

|  |  |
10,000. | [dəh saːs] or [daːh saːs]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəh səːsjum] or [daːh səːsjum]

دٔہ سٲسیُٛم or داہ سٲسیُٛم

[dəh səːsim] or [daːh səːsim]

دٔہ سٲسِم or داہ سٲسِم

|  |  |
Hundred thousand | [lat͡ʃʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [lat͡ʃʰjum] or [lat͡ʃʰim]

لَچھیُٛم or لَچھِم

|  |  |
Million | [dəh lat͡ʃʰ] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰ]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [dəh lat͡ʃʰjum] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰjum]

دٔہ لَچھیُٛم or داہ لَچھیُٛم

[dəh lat͡ʃʰim] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰim]

دٔہ لَچھِم or داہ لَچھِم

|  |  |
Ten million | [kɔroːr] or [karoːr]

Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq

| [kɔroːrjum] or [karoːrjum]

کۄروریُٛم or کَروریُٛم

[kɔroːrim] or [karoːrim]

کۄرورِم or کَرورِم

|  |  |
Billion | [arab]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [arabjum] or [arabim]

اَرَبیُٛم or اَرَبِم

|  |  |
Hundred billion | [kʰarab]

Template:Uninastaliq

| [kʰarabjum] or [kʰarabim]

کھَرَبیُٛم or کھَرَبِم

|  |  |

The ordinal number "1st" which is [ǝkʲum] Template:Uninastaliq for its masculine gender and [ǝkim] Template:Uninastaliq for its feminine gender is also known as [ɡɔɖnʲuk] Template:Uninastaliq and [ɡɔɖnit͡ʃ] Template:Uninastaliq respectively.[112]

## Vocabulary

Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language and was heavily influenced by Sanskrit, especially early on.Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; refs with no name must have contentCite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag In modern times, Kashmiri vocabulary has imported words from English, Hindustani and Punjabi.[113]

### Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary

Kashmiri retains several features of Old Indo-Aryan that have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.[46] Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from the Vedic Sanskrit era and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-form yodvai (meaning if), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the word yadi instead.[46]

### First person pronoun

Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ("I") used in the nominative (subject) case. The Indo-European root for this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit as aham and in Avestan Persian as azam. This contrasts with the m- form ("me", "my") that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such as ma(-m). However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced with m- in words such as ma-n and mai. However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' is ba/bi/bo in various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the other me terms. 'Mine' is myon in Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature include Dogri (aun vs me-), Gujarati (hu-n vs ma-ri), Konkani (hā̃v vs mhazo), and Braj (hau-M vs mai-M). The Iranian Pashto preserves it too (za vs. maa), as well as Nuristani languages, such as Askunu (âi vs iũ).[114]

### Variations

There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.[115] For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the word Template:Uninastaliq [oɡun] while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic word Template:Uninastaliq [naːr].[116]

## Sample text

### Perso-Arabic script

Art. 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Template:Uninastaliq[117]

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

### Sharada script

Verses by Lalleshwari:[118]

𑆏𑆩𑆶𑆅 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪𑇀 𑆃𑆗𑆶𑆫𑇀 𑆥𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆫𑆾𑆛𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆮𑆶𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆘𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆑𑆤𑆴 𑆥𑇀𑆪𑆜 𑆓𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆖𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆃𑆱𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱𑇀 𑆠 𑆱𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆪𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆾𑆤𑇀𑇆

"I kept reciting the unique divine word "Om" and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."

𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪𑇀 𑆏𑆀𑆑𑆳𑆫𑇀 𑆪𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆤𑆳𑆨𑆴 𑆣𑆫𑆼 𑆑𑆶𑆩𑇀𑆧𑆼 𑆧𑇀𑆫𑆲𑇀𑆩𑆳𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆓𑆫𑆼 𑆃𑆒𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆪𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆖𑇀𑆪𑆠𑆱𑇀 𑆑𑆫𑆼 𑆠𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆑𑇀𑆪𑆳𑆲𑇀 𑆑𑆫𑆼𑇆

"One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others."

## See also

* Kashmir Valley
* Literature of Kashmir
* Kashmiri Wikipedia
* List of Kashmiri poets
* List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”
* Shina language
* States of India by Kashmiri speakers
* Zero-width non-joiner

## Notes

1. ↑ At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics Template:Uninastaliq can be omitted in writing. Other diacritics (i.e. Template:Uninastaliq) are never omitted. For example, Template:Uninastaliq "akhbār" is often written as Template:Uninastaliq, whereas Template:Uninastaliq " ȧchh" is never written as Template:Uninastaliq.
2. ↑ Used mainly for Arabic loanwords.
3. ↑ The letter wāw can either represent consonant ([ʋ]) or vowel ([oː]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels Template:Uninastaliq (uː], [o], [ɔ]). At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter wāw will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter wāw needs to be preceded by an ạlif, Template:Uninastaliq.
4. ↑ This letter differs from do-chashmi hē (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,do-chashmi hē (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of digraphs for representing aspirated consonants.
5. ↑ In initial and medial position, the letter hē always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter hē can either represent consonant ([h]) or vowel ([a]). In final position, only in its attached form, and not in isolated form, it can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels Template:Uninastaliq ([ə], [ɨ]). For example, whereas a final "-rạ" is written as Template:Uninastaliq, a final "-gạ" is written as Template:Uninastaliq.
6. ↑ The letter yē can either represent consonant ("y" [j]) or vowel ("ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː]). The letter yē can represent [j] in initial or medial position, or it can represent "ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː] in medial positions, or "ī" [iː] in final position. In combination with specific diacritics, the letter yē in its medial position, can represent "ī" [iː], "e" [e], "ĕ" [ʲa], or ' [◌ʲ] as well. To represent the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː] in final position, the letter boḍ yē (ے) is used. The letter boḍ yē (ے), in combination with specific diacritics, can represent "e" [e] in final position.
7. ↑ The letter boḍ yē only occurs in final position. The letter boḍ yē represents the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː]. With specific diacritics, vowel "e" [e] is also shown with the letter boḍ yē.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `e26`
2. ↑ Mahapatra, B. P. (1989) (in en). Constitutional languages. Presses Université Laval. p. 270. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&dq=dialects+of+kashmiri+language&pg=PA269.
3. ↑ Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Sociolinguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. 1977. ISBN 9789027977229. https://archive.org/details/issuesinsociolin0000unse. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
5. ↑ "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari" (in en). The Indian Express. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth-switch-to-devnagari/472872/.
6. ↑ "There's a new Hindu-Muslim conflict in Kashmir—this time over one language, two scripts". The Print. 21 May 2022. https://theprint.in/feature/theres-a-new-hindu-muslim-conflict-in-kashmir-this-time-over-one-language-two-scripts/964116/.
7. ↑ Taru (2016-10-22). "Pandits want official status for Kashmiri written in Devanagari script" (in en-US). https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/7044-pandits-want-official-status-kashmiri-written-devanagari-script.
8. ↑ "Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh: Ethno-linguistic areas". koshur.org. http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.
9. ↑ The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020. 26 September 2020. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/15512?view_type=search&sam_handle=123456789/1362.
10. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kashmiri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1277.
11. ↑ "US Library of Congress Steps in to Save Dying Kashmiri Language". 21 February 2025. https://www.onlykashmir.in/26781/us-library-of-congress-steps-in-to-save-dying-kashmiri-language/#:~:text=As per UNESCO, Kashmiri is,its survival for future generations..
12. ↑ Mustafa, Sheikh (13 April 2025). "Digital Guardians: Young Kashmiris Reviving Their Language". https://kashmirtimes.com/features/young-kashmiris-reviving-their-language.
13. ↑ Hadi, Lone (13 April 2025). "Losing Our Tongue: The Silent Shift from Kashmiri to English in Youth Spaces". Medium. https://medium.com/@lonehadi/title-losing-our-tongue-the-silent-shift-from-kashmiri-to-english-in-youth-spaces-ecce0b43ce7a.
14. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
15. ↑ Bhat, M. Ashraf (1989) (in en). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9781443862608. https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ. ""Koshur, the language of Kashmiris, is said to be a Prakrit of the pure and original Sanskrit”, remarks Lawrence""
16. ↑ "Kashmiri language | Kashmiri language | Indo-Aryan, Dialects, Poetry | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kashmiri-language.
17. ↑ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26) (in en). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 895. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT895.
18. ↑ "Parliament passes Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 23 September 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parliament-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020/article32677107.ece.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece.
20. ↑ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf. The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).
21. ↑ "Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.
22. ↑ "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm.
23. ↑ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India)". General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India). http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf.
24. ↑ —"What census data reveals about use of Indian languages" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html.
—"Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language" (in en). 2018-06-28. https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/.
—"Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers". https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html.
—"Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate" (in en). 11 April 2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11.
25. ↑ Weber, Siegfried (1 May 2012). "kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration". https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration.
26. ↑ Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 75. ISBN 9781443862608. https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+....
27. ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020". The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf.
28. ↑ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020.
29. ↑ ANI. "BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020" (in en). http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir. https://www.academia.edu/6485567. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Kachru, Braj B. (3 July 2002). "The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640. "Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.".
33. ↑ Kiani, Khaleeq (2018-05-28). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447.
34. ↑ Snedden, Christopher (2015-09-15) (in en). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33.
35. ↑ Kaw, M. K. (2004) (in en). Kashmir and It's [sic People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society]. APH Publishing. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA328. "In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), “there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere...” Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government."
36. ↑ Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (2016-05-24) (in en). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 811. ISBN 978-3-11-042338-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=0iFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT811. "In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)"
37. ↑ "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. 4 June 2015. https://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites. "He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying."
38. ↑ Khan, Zafar Ali (20 February 2016). "Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1051223/lack-of-preservation-causing-regional-languages-to-die-a-slow-death. "Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad..."
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
40. ↑ Farooq Ahamad Mir, Imtiaz Hansnain, Azzizudin Khan (2018). "Kashmiri: A Phonological Sketch". East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5 (2): 32–41. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2583186. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331520997. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
41. ↑ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html.
42. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 9–16.
43. ↑ Wali & Koul 1997, pp. 299.
44. ↑ Wali & Koul 1997, pp. 295.
45. ↑ Wali & Koul, pp. 297. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaliKoul (help)
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 K.L. Kalla (1985), The Literary Heritage of Kashmir, Mittal Publications, https://books.google.com/books?id=mzozRa9wJ9kC, "... Kashmiri alone of all the modern Indian languages preserves the dvi (Kashmiri du) of Sanskrit, in numbers such as dusatath (Sanskrit dvisaptati), dunamat (Sanskrit dvanavatih)... the latter (Yodvai) is archaic and is to be come across mainly in the Vedas..."
47. ↑ Wali & Koul 1997, pp. 308–311.
48. ↑ "Sarada". Lawrence. http://www.ancientscripts.com/sarada.html.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Pandey, Anshuman (2022-02-18). "N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646". Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf.
50. ↑ "The Sharada Script: Origin and Development". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html.
51. ↑ "Kashmiri (कॉशुर / كٲشُر)". Omniglot. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm.
52. ↑ Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. pp. 753–754.
53. ↑ Kaw, M.K (2004). Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9788176485371. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1.
54. ↑ Mahapatra, B.P (1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use: India: Book 1 Constitutional Languages. Presses Université Laval. pp. 270. ISBN 9782763771861. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC.
55. ↑ "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.
56. ↑ "Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html.
57. ↑ "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.
58. ↑ "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari". Indian Express. 8 June 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872/.
59. ↑ "Devnagari Script for Kashmiri: A Study in its Necessity, Feasibility and Practicality". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/devan1.html.
60. ↑ "Nastaliq to Devanagari: After Language, Kashmir Watching Script Campaign". MENAFN. 2020. https://menafn.com/1100894861/Nastaliq-to-Devanagari-After-Language-Kashmir-Watching-Script-Campaign.
61. ↑ https://kashmiridictionary.org/zȧri-achar-_-consonants/
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Koul, O. N., Raina, S. N., & Bhat, R. (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
63. ↑ https://kashmiridictionary.org/ȧrⁱ-achar-_-vowels/
64. ↑ "Kashmiri (deva)". https://r12a.github.io/scripts/deva/ks.html.
65. ↑ Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS.
66. ↑ "Project ZAAN: Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language". http://www.koausa.org/Reader/intro.html.
67. ↑ Raina, M. K. (2020-05-04). "One Page Primer on Kashmiri Language" (in en-US). http://mkraina.com/one-page-kashmiri-primer/.
68. ↑ Government of India. (2009). Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script.
69. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri.
70. ↑ The central vowels are typically transcribed ⟨ạ⟩ and ⟨u’⟩ when transliterating Arabic script, ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ when transliterating Nagari.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646.
72. ↑ Grierson, George (1916). On the Sarada Alphabet. pp. 8–12. https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n7/mode/1up.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 25.
74. ↑ Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri (2002). Kashmir News Network, pp.80.
75. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. ii.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 28.
77. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 26–28.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 31.
79. ↑ Wade 1888, p. 16.
80. ↑ Bhatt, Rajesh (2007)."Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages", MIT Ergativity Seminar, pp.6.
81. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 32.
82. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 39.
83. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 151.
84. ↑ Wade 1888, pp. 10–15.
85. ↑ Wali & Koul 1997, pp. 190–192.
86. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 83–84.
87. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 119.
88. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 84.
89. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 86.
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 87.
91. ↑ Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.
92. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 89–90.
93. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 91–92.
94. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 93.
95. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 94.
96. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 94–95.
97. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96–97.
98. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96–99.
99. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 100–101.
100. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 103.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 105.
102. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 107.
103. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 108.
104. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 53.
105. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 52.
106. ↑ Koshur 2002, pp.79.
107. ↑ Wade 1888, p. 19.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Wade 1888, p. 20.
109. ↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 59.
110. ↑ Wade 1888, p. 21.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 64.
112. ↑ Toushikhani S. k, Koul J. lal. Kashir Dictionary Vol 1. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168.
113. ↑ (in en) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. "Kashmiri vocabulary can be broadly categorized into Kashmiri/Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi/Urdu, Persian, and Arabic origins."
114. ↑ John D. Bengtson, Harold Crane Fleming (2008), In hot pursuit of language in prehistory: essays in the four fields of anthropology, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C, "... However, Gujarati as well as a Dardic language like Kashmiri still preserve the root alternation between subject and non-subject forms (but they replaced the derivative of the Sanskrit subject form ahám by new forms)..."
115. ↑ Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (6 April 2010), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC, "... Kashmiri occupies a special position in the Dardic group, being probably the only dardic language that has a written literature dating back to the early 13th century..."
116. ↑ Krishna, Gopi (1967). Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man. Boston: Shambhala. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-57062-280-9. https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
117. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashmiri Language". https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf.
118. ↑ "Lal Vakh in Sharada script". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lalvakh.png.

## Bibliography

* Chopra, R. M (2013). "Indo-Persian Literature in Kashmir" (in en). The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House. OCLC 909254259.
* Wali, Kashi; Koul, Omkar N. (1997). Kashmiri: A cognitive-descriptive grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05868-6.
* Koul, Omkar N; Wali, Kashi (2006) (in en). Modern Kashmiri Grammar. Springfield: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 1-931546-07-X. http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernKashmiriGrammar.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
* Wade, TR (1888). A Grammar of the Kashmiri Language. SPCK.

## External links

|  कॉशुर / کٲشُر edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

|

| Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kashmiri.

|

* Bhat, Roop Krishen (1982). Kashir Kitab level 1: (state level school reader in Kashmiri for non-Kashmiri speaking students). Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0270/mode/2up.
* Bhat, Roop Krishen (1988). Urdu Kashmiri Reader. JK Press. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0907/mode/2up.
* Ganjoo, Triloki Nath (1979). Kạ̄shur-Hindi Reader. Kạ̄shur Department, University of Kashmir. https://archive.org/details/kashurhindireadertrilokinathganjoopostgraddeptofkashmiriuniversityofkashmirsrinagar/mode/1up.
* Grierson, George Abraham (1932). A dictionary of the Kashmiri language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/grierson/. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
* Handoo, Jawaharlal; Handoo, Lalita (1975). Hindi-Kashmiri Common Words. Central Institute of Indian languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2232.
* Handoo, Jawaharlal (1973). Kashmiri Phonetic Reader. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1685/mode/1up.
* Hassan, Sheeba. "A pronouncing dictionary of Kashmiri language". https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hassan/.
* Hindi-Kashmiri Conversational Guide. Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India. 1990. https://archive.org/details/HindiKashmiriVartalaapaPustikaCentralHindiDirectorate.
* Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 1. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b82/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR0Tf3Mz3UVKON4u83WZg7D7xQXMrhVmfEiypcWHXuwGkWRfDVYfKvitba8.
* Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 2. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b20/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR1W_jDPl_NHKVvAhasqpCf8uj1NHro7HCO-I8Ler-MAhhTFmW_yi_H-eZY.
* Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 3. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b21/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR2fPSVeXv1UqdzPVJ6noV8eTXB3MWC_Su7bm2JQFKdb0PsK1kfc6FYY7nQ.
* Hinton, James Knowles (1885). A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs & Sayings: Explained and Illustrated From the Rich and Interesting Folklore of the Valley. Bombay: Education Society's Press. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41962/page/n3/mode/2up.
* Hook, Peter E. 1976\. Is Kashmiri an SVO language? Indian Linguistics 37: 133–142.
* "Indo Wordnet: A wordnet of Indian languages". https://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/indowordnet/.
* Kamil, Amin (1966). Achar Zan. Walidarul Kitabat. https://archive.org/details/achcharzankashmiriainkamil_202003.
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class1
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 2
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 3
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 6
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 8
* Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 10
* Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
* Koul, Ashok K (2008). Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies. ISBN 9788186323298.
* Koul, Omkar Nath (1985). An Intensive Course in Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 9780781801768. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2240.
* Koul, Omkar Nath (1995). An intermediate course in Kashmiri Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 8173420270. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2241/mode/2up.
* Koul, Omkar Nath (1992). A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies. ISBN 9788186323212. http://koshur.org/pdf/proverbs.pdf.
* Koul, Omkar Nath (2000). kəːʃir dəpitʲ dikʃənəriː (A dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs). Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0070/mode/2up.
* Koul, Omkar Nath; Talashi, Rattan Lal (1999). Punjabi Kashmiri Kosh. Bhasha Vibhag Punjab. http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5806&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=.
* Koul, Omkar Nath; Kumari, B Syamala (1996). Nursery Rhymes in Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2244.
* Koul, Omkar N; Bhat, Roop Krishen; Betab, Brij Nath (2010). English – Kashmiri Administrative Terminology. New Delhi: Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology. https://www.academia.edu/7725620. * Koul, Omkar N; Raina, S.N.; Bhat, Roop Krishen (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/kasmirienglishdictionaryomkarkauln.rainas.n.roopkrishenbhatuniversityofmysore_202003_790_b.
* Library and Information Science Glossary (English-Hindi-Kashmiri). Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. 2018. http://www.csttpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/Library_and_Information_Science_English-Hindi-Kashmiri/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR16gZHxNoSt7f_zrzKoEbKXV_nyafIMkvKwfkd7aLpwDyJI6i_c7uTdpl0.
* "Neab", Kashmiri Language Literary Magazine
* Raina, Soom Nath (2011). An advance course in Kashmiri. Central institute of Indian languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2242/mode/2up.
* "Sangarmal", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
* Shauq, Shafi (2017). Kaesher Lugaat (A dictionary of the Kashmiri Language). Srinagar: Ali Mohammad and Sons.
* "Soan Meeraas", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
* Subbiah, Pon (2000). Tests of Language Proficiency: Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1968/mode/2up.
* Tickoo, Jawahir Lal (2006). Kashmiri-English Dictionary. Indian Institute of Language Studies.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 1. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168/mode/2up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 2. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510170/mode/2up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 3. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241981/mode/1up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 4. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241982/mode/1up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 5. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241983/mode/2up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 6. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241984/mode/2up.
* Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 7. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510171/mode/2up.
* the word koshur (𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀) written on New Testament in Kashmiri (manuscript)

Template:Languages of Kashmir

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Languages of India

Official
languages|

| Union-level|

* Hindi
* English

|

8th schedule to the
Constitution of India|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* Bodo
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Kannada
* Kashmiri
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Malayalam
* Meitei (Manipuri)
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sanskrit
* Sindhi
* Santali
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu

State-level only|

* Garo
* Gurung
* Kamatapuri
* Khasi
* Kokborok
* Kurmali
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Magar
* Mizo
* Newari
* Rai
* Rajbangshi
* Sherpa
* Sikkimese
* Sunwar
* Tamang

Major
unofficial
languages|

| Over 1 million
speakers|

* Angika
* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Bagri
* Bajjika
* Bhili
* Bhojpuri
* Bundeli
* Chhattisgarhi
* Dhundhari
* Garhwali
* Gondi
* Harauti
* Haryanvi
* Ho
* Kangri
* Khandeshi
* Khortha
* Kumaoni
* Kurukh
* Lambadi
* Magahi
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewari
* Mundari
* Nimadi
* Rajasthani
* Sadri
* Surjapuri
* Tulu
* Wagdi
* Varhadi

|

100,000 – 1 million
speakers|

* Adi
* Angami
* Ao
* Badaga
* Dimasa
* Halbi
* Karbi
* Kharia
* Kodava
* Kolami
* Konyak
* Korku
* Koya
* Kui
* Kuvi
* Ladakhi
* Lotha
* Malto
* Mising
* Nishi
* Phom
* Rabha
* Sema
* Sora
* Tangkhul
* Thadou

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Languages of Pakistan

Official languages|

* Urdu
* English

Other languages
(by administrative unit)|

| Azad Kashmir|

* Dogri
* Gujari
* Kashmiri
* Kundal Shahi
* Pahari-Pothwari

|

Balochistan|

* Balochi
* Brahui
* Dehwari
* Hazaragi
* Jadgali
* Khetrani
* Pashto
* Wanetsi

Gilgit-Baltistan|

* Balti
* Burushaski
* Domaaki
* Khowar
* Purgi
* Shina
* Wakhi

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|

* Burushaski
* Badeshi
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Gowro
* Hindko
* Indus Kohistani
* Kalami
* Kalasha-mun
* Kalkoti
* Kamviri
* Khowar
* Mankiyali
* Munji
* Ormuri
* Palula
* Pashto
* Torwali
* Ushoji
* Wazir
* Yidgha

Punjab|

* Bagri
* Dogri
* Pahari-Pothwari
* Punjabi
* dialects
* Saraiki
* Rajasthani

Sindh|

* Aer
* Bagri
* Bengali
* Bhaya
* Dhatki
* Goaria
* Gujarati
* Jandavra
* Jogi
* Koli
* Parkari
* Kutchi
* Loarki
* Marwari
* Memoni
* Mewari
* Od
* Rajasthani
* Sindhi
* Urdu
* Vaghri

Related topics|

* Indo-Aryan languages
* Dardic languages
* Iranic languages
* Pakistani Sign Language
* Arabic
* Persian
* Pakistani Hindi (Hindi)
* Persian and Urdu
* Chagatai

Template:Arabic script Template:Dardic languages

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