Hydra (operating system)

HydraDeveloper| Carnegie-Mellon University

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Written in| BLISS
OS family| Capability-based
Working state| Discontinued
Initial release| 1971; 55 years ago (1971)
Yes|Final release|Latest release}}| Final / 1975; 51 years ago (1975)
Marketing target| Research
Available in| English
Update method| Compile from source code
Kernel type| Microkernel
Default user interface| Command-line interface

Hydra (stylized as HYDRA) is an early, discontinued, capability-based, object-oriented microkernel designed to support a wide range of possible operating systems to run on it.[1] Hydra was created as part of the C.mmp project at Carnegie-Mellon University in 1971.[2]

The name is based on the ancient Greek mythological creature the hydra.

Hydra was designed to be modular and secure, and intended to be flexible enough for easy experimentation.[3] The system was implemented in the programming language BLISS.[4]

## References

1. ↑ Wulf 74 pp. 337–345
2. ↑ Computer Structures: Principles and Examples. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. 1982. http://research.microsoft.com/users/gbell/Computer_Structures_Principles_and_Examples/csp0366.htm.
3. ↑ Levy, Henry M. (1984). Capability-Based Computer Systems. Digital Press. http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/levy/capabook/Chapter6.pdf.
4. ↑ Wulf, William A.; Harbison, Samual P.. ﻿Reflections in a pool of processors: An experience report on C.mmp/Hydra﻿ (Report). p. 945. http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/compsci703s1c/resources/WulfHarbison.pdf.

* Levin, R.; Cohen, E.; Corwin, W.; Pollack, F.; Wulf, William (November 1, 1975). "Policy/mechanism separation in Hydra". Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on operating systems principles. pp. 132–140. doi:10.1145/800213.806531.
* Wulf, William; Cohen, E.; Corwin, W.; Jones, A.; Levin, R.; Pierson, C.; Pollack, F. (June 1974). Hydra: The Kernel of a Multiprocessor Operating System. 17. pp. 337–345. doi:10.1145/355616.364017. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355616.364017.

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Object-capability security

Concepts|

* Principle of least authority (POLA)
* Confused deputy problem
* Ambient authority
* File descriptor
* C-list
* Object-capability model
* Capability-based security
* Capability-based addressing
* Zooko's triangle
* Petnames

OS kernels|

* Hydra
* NLTSS
* KeyKOS
* EROS
* CapROS
* iMAX 432
* Midori
* seL4
* Genode
* Fuchsia

Programming languages|

* Joule
* E
* Joe-E
* Cajita

Filesystems|

* Tahoe-LAFS

Specialised hardware|

* Plessey System 250
* Cambridge CAP
* IBM System/38
* Intel iAPX 432

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Microkernels-nanokernels

Kernels|

* ADEOS
* EPOC
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* Eumel
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* L3
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* Little Kernel
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* Mach
* GNU Mach
* MicroEmpix
* µ-velOSity
* nucleus
* NuKernel
* Off++
* Opus
* PowerUP
* Quark
* TI-RTOS kernel
* Vanguard
* WarpOS
* Zircon

Operating
systems|

* AmigaOS
* Amoeba
* AROS
* AspireOS
* Broadway
* Icaros Desktop
* ARX
* BeRTOS
* ChibiOS/RT
* ChorusOS
* Copland
* Cosmos
* EROS
* FreeRTOS
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* Hydra
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* Symbian
* Taligent OS
* ThreadX
* TI-RTOS
* Tinix
* UNICOS
* V
* Verve
* VRTX
* VSTa
* Wombat OS
* Workplace OS
* Zephyr

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