Betaproteobacteria

Short description: Class of bacteria

Betaproteobacteria

Colonies of Burkholderia pseudomallei, one of many pathogenic Betaproteobacteria.
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Bacteria
Phylum:  | Pseudomonadota
Class:  | Betaproteobacteria
Orders

Burkholderiales
Ferritrophicales
Ferrovales
Neisseriales
Nitrosomonadales
Procabacteriales
Rhodocyclales

Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria).[1]

The Betaproteobacteria are a class comprising over 75 genera and 400 species of bacteria.[2] Together, the Betaproteobacteria represent a broad variety of metabolic strategies and occupy diverse environments from obligate pathogens living within host organisms to oligotrophic groundwater ecosystems. Whilst most members of the Betaproteobacteria are heterotrophic, deriving both their carbon and electrons from organocarbon sources, some are photoheterotrophic, deriving energy from light and carbon from organocarbon sources. Other genera are autotrophic, deriving their carbon from bicarbonate or carbon dioxide and their electrons from reduced inorganic ions such as nitrite, ammonium, thiosulfate or sulfide[1] — many of these chemolithoautotrophic. Betaproteobacteria are economically important, with roles in maintaining soil pH and in elementary cycling. Other economically important members of the Betaproteobacteria are able to use nitrate as their terminal electron acceptor and can be used industrially to remove nitrate from wastewater by denitrification. A number of Betaproteobacteria are diazotrophs, meaning that they can fix molecular nitrogen from the air as their nitrogen source for growth - this is important to the farming industry as it is a primary means of ammonium levels in soils rising without the presence of leguminous plants.

## Contents

* 1 Phylogeny
* 2 Role in disease
* 3 Economic Importance
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Phylogeny

The Betaproteobacteria are one of the eight classes that make up the "Proteobacteria". The Betaproteobacteria are most closely related to the Gammaproteobacteria, Acidithiobacillia and Hydrogenophilalia, and together they make up a taxon which has previously been called "Chromatibacteria".[2] Four orders of Betaproteobacteria are currently recognised — the Burkholderiales, the Neisseriales, the Nitrosomonadales and the Rhodocyclales.[3] The name "Procabacteriales" was also proposed for an order of endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba, but since they cannot be grown in culture and studies have been limited, the name has never been validly or effectively published, and thus is no more than a nickname without any standing in nomenclature.[4][5] An extensive reclassification of families and orders of the class based on a polyphasic analysis (including 16S rRNA gene analyses and 53-protein ribosomal protein concatamer analyses using the rMLST Multilocus sequence typing system) was published in 2017, that removed the order Hydrogenophilales from the class and into a novel class of the "Pseudomonadota", the Hydrogenophilalia.[3] The same study also merged the former order Methylophilales into the Nitrosomonadales.[3]

The four orders of the Betaproteobacteria are sub-divided into families:

* Burkholderiales (type order) comprises the families Burkholderiacae (type family), Alcaliginaceae, Comamonadaceae, Oxalobacteraceae and Sutterellaceae. The order Burkholderiales comprises a range of morphologies, including rods, curved rods, cocci, spirillae and multicellular 'tablets'. Both heterotrophs and photoheterotrophs are found along with some facultative autotrophs.[3]
* Neisseriales comprises the families Neisseriaceae (type family) and Chromobacteriaceae. The order Neisseriales comprises morphologies including cocci, curved rods, spirillae, rods, multicellular ribbons and filaments. Most organisms are heterotrophs with some facultative methylotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs.[3]
* Nitrosomonadales comprises the families Nitrosomonadaceae (type family), Methylophilacae, Thiobacillaceae, Sterolibacteriacae, Spirillaceae and Gallionellaceae. The order comprises morphologies including rods, spirillae and curved rods. Most organisms are chemolithoautotrophs with some methylotrophs and heterotrophs[3]
* Rhodocyclales comprises the families Rhodocyclaceae (type family), Azonexaceae and Zoogloeaceae. Morphologies include rods, curved rods, rings, spirillae and cocci. Most species in this order are heterotrophs with some photoheterotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs.[3]

## Role in disease

Some members of the Betaproteobacteria can cause disease in various eukaryotic organisms, including in humans, such as members of the genus Neisseria: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis being primary examples, which cause gonorrhea and meningitis respectively, as well as Bordetella pertussis which causes whooping cough. Other members of the class can infect plants, such as Ralstonia solanacearum which causes bacterial wilt disease of over 250 plant species, Burkholderia cepacia which causes bulb rot in onions as well as Xylophilus ampelinus which causes necrosis of grapevines.[6] Betaproteobacteria is known to play an important role in denitrification, removal of phosphorus and xenobiotic degradation from the waste [7]

## Economic Importance

Various human activities, such as fertilizer production and chemical plant usage, release significant amounts of ammonium ions into rivers and oceans.[8] Ammonium buildup in aquatic environments is potentially dangerous because high ammonium content can lead to eutrophication.[8] Biological wastewater treatment systems, as well as other biological ammonium-removing methods, depend on the metabolism of various Bacteria including members of the Nitrosomonadales of the Betaproteobacteria that undergo nitrification and a wide range of organisms capable of denitrification to remove excessive ammonia from wastewater by first oxidation into nitrate and then nitrite and then reduction into molecular nitrogen gas, which leaves the ecosystem and is carried into the atmosphere.[9]

## See also

* Acidithiobacillia
* Gammaproteobacteria
* Hydrogenophilalia

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Microbiology: An Evolving Science (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 2014. pp. 742–3. ISBN 9780393123678.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Prokaryotes, Volume 5 - Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses (3rd ed.). Springer. 2006. pp. 15–18. doi:10.1007/0-387-30745-1. ISBN 9780387254951.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the Proteobacteria, and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales.". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67 (5): 1191–1205. 2017. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001927. PMID 28581923.
4. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Betaproteobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). http://www.bacterio.net/-classifphyla.html#betaproteobacteria.
5. ↑ "Obligate bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba spp. related to the beta-Proteobacteria: proposal of " Candidatus Procabacter acanthamoebae" gen. nov., sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (2): 599–605. 2002. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-599. PMID 11931173.
6. ↑ The Prokaryotes, Volume 5 - Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses (3rd ed.). Springer. 2006. p. 11. doi:10.1007/0-387-30745-1. ISBN 9780387254951.
7. ↑ Marathe, Nachiket P.; Shetty, Sudarshan A.; Shouche, Yogesh S.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim (2016-11-03). "Limited Bacterial Diversity within a Treatment Plant Receiving Antibiotic-Containing Waste from Bulk Drug Production". PLOS ONE 11 (11): e0165914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165914. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 27812209.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bonnet, C.; Volat, B.; Bardin, R.; Degranges, V.; Montuelle, B. (March 1997). "Use of immunofluorescence technique for studying a Nitrobacter population from wastewater treatment plant following discharge in river sediments: First experimental data". Water Research 31 (3): 661–664. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00094-2.
9. ↑ Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka; Zielińska, Magdalena (Mar 2016). "Bacterial communities in full-scale wastewater treatment systems". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32 (66): 66. doi:10.1007/s11274-016-2012-9. PMID 26931606.

## External links

* Betaproteobacteria at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

* v
* t
* e

Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)

Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta

Animal
Fungi)

G-/
OM|

| Terra-/
Glidobacteria
(BV1)|

| Eobacteria|

* Deinococcus–Thermus
* Deinococcales
* Thermales
* Chloroflexi
* Anaerolineales
* Caldilineales
* Chloroflexales
* Herpetosiphonales
* Dehalococcoidales
* Ktedonobacterales
* Thermogemmatisporales
* Thermomicrobiales
* Sphaerobacterales

|

other glidobacteria|

* Thermodesulfobacteria
* thermophiles
* Aquificae
* Thermotogae
* Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria
(BV2)|

| Alpha|

* Caulobacterales
* Kiloniellales
* Kordiimonadales
* Magnetococcales
* Parvularculales
* Rhizobiales
* Rhodobacterales
* Rhodospirillales
* Rickettsiales
* Sneathiellales
* Sphingomonadales

|

Beta|

* Burkholderiales
* Hydrogenophilales
* Methylophilales
* Neisseriales
* Nitrosomonadales
* Procabacteriales
* Rhodocyclales

Gamma|

* Acidithiobacillales
* Aeromonadales
* Alteromonadales
* Cardiobacteriales
* Chromatiales
* Enterobacterales
* Legionellales
* Methylococcales
* Oceanospirillales
* Orbales
* Pasteurellales
* Pseudomonadales
* Salinisphaerales
* Thiotrichales
* Vibrionales
* Xanthomonadales

Delta|

* Bdellovibrionales
* Desulfarculales
* Desulfobacterales
* Desulfovibrionales
* Desulfurellales
* Desulfuromonadales
* Myxococcales
* Syntrophobacterales
* Syntrophorhabdales

Epsilon|

* Campylobacterales
* Nautiliales

Zeta|

* Mariprofundales

BV4|

| Spirochaetes|

* Spirochaetes

|

Sphingobacteria
(FCB group)|

* Fibrobacteres
* Chlorobi
* Chlorobiales
* Ignavibacteriales
* Bacteroidetes
* Bacteroidales
* Cytophagales
* Flavobacteriales
* Sphingobacteriales

Planctobacteria/
(PVC group)|

* Chlamydiae
* Lentisphaerae
* Lentisphaerales
* Oligosphaerales
* Victivallales
* Planctomycetes
* Phycisphaerales
* Planctomycetales
* Verrucomicrobia
* Puniceicoccales
* Opitutales
* Chthoniobacterales
* Verrucomicrobiales
* "Poribacteria"

Other GN|

* Acidobacteria
* Acidobacteriales
* Acanthopleuribacterales
* Holophagales
* Solibacterales
* Armatimonadetes
* Armatimonadales
* Chthonomonadales
* Fimbriimonadales
* Caldiserica
* Chrysiogenetes
* Deferribacteres
* Dictyoglomi
* Elusimicrobia
* Fusobacteria
* Gemmatimonadetes
* Nitrospirae
* Synergistetes

G+/
no OM|

| Firmicutes
(BV3)|

| Bacilli|

* Bacillales
* Lactobacillales
* Aphragmobacteria
* Erysipelotrichia
* Erysipelotrichiales
* Mollicutes
* Mycoplasmatales
* Entomoplasmatales
* Anaeroplasmatales
* Acholeplasmatales
* Haloplasmatales

|

Clostridia|

* Clostridiales
* Halanaerobiales
* Thermoanaerobacteriales
* Natranaerobiales
* Negativicutes
* Selenomonadales

Thermolithobacteria|

* Thermolithobacterales

Actinobacteria
(BV5)|

| Actinobacteria|

* Actinomycetales
* Bifidobacteriales

|

Acidimicrobiia|

* Acidimicrobiales

Coriobacteriia|

* Coriobacteriales

Nitriliruptoria|

* Euzebyales
* Nitriliruptorales

Rubrobacteria|

* Gaiellales
* Rubrobacterales
* Thermoleophilales
* Solirubrobacterales

Incertae
sedis|

* †Archaeosphaeroides
* †Eobacterium
* †Leptotrichites

Source: Bergey's Manual (2001–2012). Alternative views: Wikispecies.

* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Bacterial disease: ProteobacterialG−]]
* primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109

| Rickettsiales|

| Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)|

| Typhus|

* Rickettsia typhi
* Murine typhus
* Rickettsia prowazekii
* Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus

|

Spotted
fever|

| Tick-borne|

* Rickettsia rickettsii
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever
* Rickettsia conorii
* Boutonneuse fever
* Rickettsia japonica
* Japanese spotted fever
* Rickettsia sibirica
* North Asian tick typhus
* Rickettsia australis
* Queensland tick typhus
* Rickettsia honei
* Flinders Island spotted fever
* Rickettsia africae
* African tick bite fever
* Rickettsia parkeri
* American tick bite fever
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection

|

Mite-borne|

* Rickettsia akari
* Rickettsialpox
* Orientia tsutsugamushi
* Scrub typhus

Flea-borne|

* Rickettsia felis
* Flea-borne spotted fever

Anaplasmataceae|

* Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
* Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
* Ehrlichia chaffeensis
* Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
* Ehrlichia ewingii
* Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection

Rhizobiales|

| Brucellaceae|

* Brucella abortus
* Brucellosis

|

Bartonellaceae|

* Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
* Cat-scratch disease
* Bartonella quintana
* Trench fever
* Either B. henselae or B. quintana
* Bacillary angiomatosis
* Bartonella bacilliformis
* Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana

| Neisseriales|

| M+|

* Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
* Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome]], Meningococcal septicaemia

|

M−|

* Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
* Gonorrhea

ungrouped:|

* Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
* HACEK
* Chromobacterium violaceum
* Chromobacteriosis infection

Burkholderiales|

* Burkholderia pseudomallei
* Melioidosis
* Burkholderia mallei
* Glanders
* Burkholderia cepacia complex
* Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
* Pertussis

| Enterobacteriales
(OX−)|

| Lac+|

* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia
* Klebsiella granulomatis
* Granuloma inguinale
* Klebsiella oxytoca

* Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
* Enteroinvasive
* Enterohemorrhagic
* O157:H7
* O104:H4
* Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

* Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae

|

Slow/weak|

* Serratia marcescens
* Serratia infection
* Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii

Lac−|

| H2S+|

* Salmonella enterica
* Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis

|

H2S−|

* Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri]]/boydii
* Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
* Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
* Yersinia pestis
* Plague/Bubonic plague
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Yersiniosis
* Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
* Far East scarlet-like fever

Pasteurellales|

| Haemophilus:|

* H. influenzae
* Haemophilus meningitis
* Brazilian purpuric fever
* H. ducreyi
* Chancroid
* H. parainfluenzae
* HACEK

|

Pasteurella multocida|

* Pasteurellosis
* Actinobacillus
* Actinobacillosis

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans|

* HACEK

Legionellales|

* Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
* Legionnaires' disease
* Coxiella burnetii
* Q fever

Thiotrichales|

* Francisella tularensis
* Tularemia

Vibrionaceae|

* Vibrio cholerae
* Cholera
* Vibrio vulnificus
* Vibrio parahaemolyticus
* Vibrio alginolyticus
* Plesiomonas shigelloides

Pseudomonadales|

* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Pseudomonas infection
* Moraxella catarrhalis
* Acinetobacter baumannii

Xanthomonadaceae|

* Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Cardiobacteriaceae|

* Cardiobacterium hominis
* HACEK

Aeromonadales|

* Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
* Aeromonas infection

| Campylobacterales|

* Campylobacter jejuni
* Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
* Helicobacter pylori
* Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
* Helicobacter cinaedi
* Helicobacter cellulitis

|

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