Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport

The COVID-19 pandemic had a large impact on public transport. Many countries advised that public transport should only be used when essential; passenger numbers fell drastically, and services were reduced. Provision of a reasonable service for the much smaller number of fare-paying passengers incurred large financial losses.

Protective measures such as obligatory mask-wearing and spacing of passengers where possible were introduced, and ventilation and sanitation (disinfection) implemented. Protection required passengers and operators to make many changes to the way they operated and behaved.

## Contents

* 1 The risks
* 2 COVID-19 protective measures
* 3 Research and development
* 4 Asia
* 4.1 China
* 4.2 India
* 4.3 Indonesia
* 4.4 Philippines
* 4.5 Turkey
* 5 Europe
* 5.1 Denmark
* 5.2 France
* 5.3 Germany
* 5.4 Ireland
* 5.5 United Kingdom
* 6 North America
* 6.1 Canada
* 6.2 United States
* 6.2.1 California
* 6.2.2 New York
* 6.2.3 Oregon
* 7 Oceania
* 7.1 Australia
* 7.1.1 New South Wales
* 7.1.2 Victoria
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## The risks[edit | edit source]

Red stickers placed every other seat in a Moscow Metro train encourage social distancing

It was suggested in March 2021 that the use of public transport had led to the spread of COVID-19.[1] There has been little evidence that mass transit poses a risk of covid infection.[2] According to Santé publique France (Public Health France) in June 2020, none of 150 clusters of infection studied were due to public transport; it was suggested that this was helped by spacing passengers out, mask wearing, and disinfection of surfaces. Also, people talk and move little, especially when travelling alone.[3]

By October 2020 according to the Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) there was evidence that, when appropriate measures are implemented, the risk of catching COVID-19 in public transport is very low. The UITP article said that analysis in the UK by the industry-funded Rail Research and Safety Board (RSSB) found that the probability of catching covid on a rail journey was 1 in 11,000 journeys. Later figures have not been released, but are believed to be significantly higher, and expected to increase with relaxation of covid restrictions in July 2021 (see United Kingdom section).

Modelling at the US University of Colorado Boulder in North America found that the risk of being infected in a well-ventilated metro, or a bus, with minimal talking and movement is 0% after 70 minutes.[4]

## COVID-19 protective measures[edit | edit source]

Further information: Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued guidance documents on COVID-19 protective measures for passengers and operators of public transportation and hire cars with drivers, updated from time to time.[5][6][7] Much of the CDC advice is of general applicability in non-US jurisdictions. Non-essential travel is to be avoided. Drivers and passengers should (or in some jurisdictions must) wear face coverings, avoid frequently touched surfaces, and sit at least six feet apart if possible. To protect bus drivers, passenger can enter and exit through a door far from the driver. Avoid handling cash or payment cards. Frequently touched surfaces should be routinely cleaned. Signage and other visual cues such as decals and tape can alert passengers on appropriate COVID-19 precautions and seat designations. Travelers are encouraged to carry hand sanitizer and disinfectant wipes with them. Necessary travel is best done during non-peak hours when passengers can be spaced further apart.

## Research and development[edit | edit source]

See also: COVID-19 § Avoiding crowded indoor spaces and ventilation

Prediction of the actual transmission probability according to quarantine policies such as mandatory mask wearing and social distancing.[8]

Researchers investigate for safe ways of public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A study finds that mandatory face masks and social distancing can allow for relatively safe public transport – in particular of otherwise contemporary ways, established types, designs and procedures of public transport – during the COVID-19 pandemic, reducing infection rates by 93.5% and 98.1% in tracking-based simulations of common contemporary forms of public transport during congestion peak-hour.[9][8]

One study tested different virus mitigation technologies in a bus, suggesting that photocatalytic oxidation inserts, UV-C light and positive pressure environment could be efficacious and that it is important that masks are worn.[10][11]

Field trials of novel durably biocide treated air purifiers for preventing the spread of airborne pathogens were conducted onboard public rail transport.[12][13]

Further information: Air purifier § Purifying techniques

Proposals for further measures include preventing overcrowded vehicles (or distributing passengers evenly) such as via on-demand services and redesigned services,[10][14] requiring a proof of vaccination to enter trains,[10] improvements to corona-tracing apps for public transport,[15] smart card data validations,[16] and further research.[14]

Further information: Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

A study investigated whether there is an association between public transportation and influenza mortality (as an indicator of disease prevalence), using data from 121 large cities in the U.S., and found no evidence of a positive relationship.[17]

## Asia[edit | edit source]

Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains against coronavirus

Ultra-violet lights are used to disinfect trains in Moscow, Russia

### China[edit | edit source]

On 23 January 2020, the entire Wuhan Metro network was shut down, along with all other public transport in the city, including national railway and air travel, to halt the spread of the virus.[18][19][20][21]

On January 24, 2020, the day after the lockdown was declared in the city of Wuhan, the Beijing Subway began testing body temperature of passengers at the entry points of 55 subway stations including the three main railway stations and the capital airport.[22] Temperature checks were expanded to all subway stations by January 27.[23] To further control the spread of the virus, certain Line 6 trains were outfitted with smart surveillance cameras that can detect passengers who are not wearing masks.[24]

On 28 March 2020, six lines of Wuhan Metro (Line 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7) resumed operation, after a two-month lockdown.[25] On 8 April 2020, Phase 1 of Line 8 resumed operation.[26] On 22 April 2020, Line 8 Phase 3, Line 11, Yangluo line resumed operations.[27]

China has largely contained the COVID-19 outbreak since June 2020, allowing for subway ridership and service to gradually recover to pre-pandemic levels.[28] Several subway systems such the Changsha Metro and Hefei Metro posted ridership growth in 2020 due to opening of new lines.[29] Several Chinese metro networks broke historic daily ridership records on 2020's New Year's Eve.[30][31][32][33] Overall annual ridership of major Chinese public transport systems fell around 35% in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic ridership.[34]

### India[edit | edit source]

Various Indian states announced local and state level partial and incremental transport shutdown as early as March 11, 2020.[35]

### Indonesia[edit | edit source]

Restrictions have been implemented to public transport in Jakarta, Indonesia.[36]

Transportation Ministry Greater Jakarta Transportation Agency (BPTJ) Archived 2022-03-05 at the Wayback Machine head Polana B. Pramesti Archived 2021-06-15 at the Wayback Machine said that Jakarta in particular had initiated various restrictions including transportation restrictions in March. "After the official, large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) Archived 2021-01-24 at the Wayback Machine status it can be ascertained that public transportation user numbers have declined as people's mobility has been limited," she added.[37]

### Philippines[edit | edit source]

In the Philippines, public transportation has been suspended in Luzon as part of the implementing measures of the enhanced community quarantine.[38] In the absence of public transport, citizens could only resort to using their own private vehicle, but the critical role played by public transport cannot be replaced fully by private vehicles.[39] In June, several regions in Luzon that were previously in enhanced community quarantine were downgraded to general community quarantine, allowing the use of public transportation in limited capacity and subject to social distancing protocols.[40]

### Turkey[edit | edit source]

On 20 March, free public transportation for people 65 years of age or older was temporarily suspended in Balıkesir, Konya and Malatya to encourage them to stay at home.[41] A day later, similar measures started to be imposed in Ankara, Antalya and İzmir.[42][43] On 24 March, it was announced that public transportation vehicles that work in and across the cities could fill up only 50% of their capacity with people at a time.[44]

## Europe[edit | edit source]

### Denmark[edit | edit source]

In August 2020, Denmark made face mask compulsory on public transport.[45]

### France[edit | edit source]

Based on data released by Transit, France saw the largest decrease in use of public transport. This included a 92 percent decrease in Lyon and an 85 percent decrease in Nice.[46]

France will make face masks compulsory on public transport when it starts easing its coronavirus lockdown on 11 May, Prime Minister Edouard Philippe has said.[47]

### Germany[edit | edit source]

In Germany, after lockdown measures were lifted it was made mandatory to wear face masks on public transport.[48][failed verification]

### Ireland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland § Public transport

By April 2020, Dublin Airport was only running repatriation flights, or those with vital supplies (a reduction of more than 95% from the same week in 2019); Cork Airport was reduced to three return flights each day, all of which went to and from London, the first of which left at 4 pm and the last returning at 7:30 pm; Ireland West Airport had no commercial flights and both daily flights to and from Kerry Airport went to Dublin.[49]

On 27 March, the National Transport Authority announced that operators of public transport services are to move to a new schedule of services on a phased basis from 30 March. Revised timetables for Iarnród Éireann came into effect on 30 March, while those for Dublin Bus, Go-Ahead Ireland and Bus Éireann, came into effect on 1 April. Under the revised timetables, services ran at approximately 80% of current levels.[50] Many public transport timetables returned to normal by 29 June, but social distancing requirements meant that overall passenger capacity remained restricted.[51]

On 10 July, the Minister for Health Stephen Donnelly signed regulations to make the wearing of face coverings mandatory on public transport,[52] which came into effect on 13 July.[53] Those who refuse to comply to regulations can face fines of up to €2,500 and a possible jail sentence of six months.[54][55] Figures from the National Transport Authority showed levels of compliance of between 70% and 95% on buses, trains and trams.[56] Bus Éireann reported a compliance rate of 95% on its services, Iarnród Éireann said it was 90%, Dublin Bus reported a rate of about 80% and Luas said it was between 75% and 80%.[57] On 21 July, the Department of Health announced that face shields will be accepted as an alternative to a face covering on public transport.[58]

### United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

In 2020 bus, air, and train services were reduced in the United Kingdom.[59] Initially public transport use declined by around 90% in London since the national coronavirus lockdown was implemented. London's mayor Sadiq Khan made all bus travel free from 20 April and told passengers to only board by the middle doors in a bid to protect bus drivers, after 20 of them and several TfL employees died from Coronavirus.[48] Bus travel fares were reinstated from 23 May, after a conditional bailout of Transport for London by the Department for Transport.[60] From 15 June it became compulsory to wear a face covering on public transport in England.[61]

Throughout the pandemic, people had been told not to use public transport for non-essential travel, to help stop the spread of COVID-19 and allow for social distancing in carriages, for essential workers. This advice was rescinded on 17 July 2020, in advance of further easing of lockdown measures, including the removal of remote work advice.[62]

Based on data released by Moovit, the United Kingdom saw a significant decrease in use of public transport during April 2020. This included an 80% percent decrease in London and South East, 79% in Yorkshire, 71% in West Midlands, 80% in the South West, 76% in the North West and 78% in Scotland.[63] This caused severe financial problems; for example Transport for London (TfL) in May 2020 applied for £2 billion in state aid to continue operating until September, having lost 90% of its income.[64] The recording year April 2020 to March 2021 had the fewest UK rail journeys since records began in 1872.[65]

Many restrictions on travel were to be relaxed on 19 July 2021. In particular, social distancing and use of face coverings was no longer mandated by law,[66] although many travel operators continued to require face coverings.

In July 2020 the risk of rail travel was found by the industry-funded Rail Research and Safety Board (RSSB) to be one infection in 11,000 journeys. As of July 2021[update] the RSSB continues to present an average risk figure fortnightly to rail executives; this figure is not divulged publicly. Senior rail executives and Department for Transport officials are known to have been presented with figures showing the risk increasing significantly. While there has been pressure from passenger groups to release data so that travellers can make informed decisions, in July 2021 the RSSB said only that the risks of transmission on trains are "tolerably low". It is thought to be much higher on long-distance journeys. Relaxation of covid controls later that month would lead to increasing passenger numbers, and abolition of the legal requirement for face coverings was expected to cause further increase.[67]

## North America[edit | edit source]

### Canada[edit | edit source]

An almost empty SkyTrain in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Based on data released by Transit, demand for public transport in Canada dropped an average of 83 percent in late March compared to previous years.[46] On March 17, the Edmonton Transit Service started using Saturday schedules for all of its routes 7 days a week.[68] On April 1, Calgary Transit also reduced service.[69] In Saskatoon, ridership had dropped by over 80 percent by March 30.[70]

Ridership on the Greater Toronto Area's two largest transit systems, Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and GO Transit, had fallen 80 to 90 percent by April 13,[71] and both had reduced service and/or suspended routes. The TTC and GO Transit have suspended the ability for customers paying their fares with cash (or tokens in the case for TTC services) on their public transit buses until further notice.[72][73] On April 14, Metro Vancouver's TransLink said they were losing CA$75 million per month, and would need emergency funding or be forced to cut large amounts of local services.[74] In Montreal, the Metro reported an 80 percent drop in ridership by March 26. In the northern suburb of Laval, the STL had cut 45 percent of local bus service.[75]

### United States[edit | edit source]

Interior of a TriMet bus in Portland, Oregon, with the majority of the seats marked by "Don't sit here" signs to enforce physical distancing among riders

Schedule display at a bus stop with sticker alerting riders to temporary service reductions for COVID-19

According to Government Technology, "Steep declines in ridership during the crisis have pushed public transit systems across the U.S. into deep financial distress."[76] Kim Hart of Axios wrote, "Public transit systems across the country are experiencing a painful trifecta: Ridership has collapsed, funding streams are squeezed, and mass transit won't bounce back from the pandemic nearly as fast as other modes of transportation."[77]

In Detroit, DDOT bus services were cancelled after drivers refused to work.[78]

The Verge reported a 18.65 percent ridership decline on the New York City Subway system for March 11 compared to one year prior. New York City Bus ridership decreased 15 percent, Long Island Rail Road ridership decreased 31 percent, and Metro-North Railroad ridership decreased 48 percent.[79] Sound Transit, operating in the Seattle metropolitan area, saw a 25 percent decrease in ridership in February compared to January, and the city's ferry ridership saw a 15 percent decline on March 9 compared to one week prior.[79] These declines became much more pronounced in late March and April, as widespread closures of schools and businesses and 'shelter-in-place' orders began to be implemented. USA Today reported in mid-April that demand for transit service was down by an average of 75 percent nationwide, with figures of 85% in San Francisco and 60% in Philadelphia.[80] Ridership on the Washington Metro was down 95 percent in late April.[81]

On April 7, SEPTA mandated that Philadelphia transit users wear face masks starting on April 9. On April 13, the agency said the rule would not be enforced.[82] On June 8, SEPTA again mandated that riders wear face masks.[83]

In order to prevent the spread of the virus on board buses and rail vehicles, some transit agencies have implemented temporary limits on the number of passengers allowed on a vehicle[84][85][80] and others have begun to require riders to wear face masks.[86][87] To reduce contact between drivers and passengers, several agencies have implemented rear-door-only boarding[81][88] and temporarily suspended the collection of fares,[80] examples including Seattle,[89] New York City buses,[90] and Denver.[88]

In January 2021, the U.S. federal government issued a nationwide requirement for face masks to be worn on board all public transit vehicles and at "transportation hubs".[91][92] In August 2021, the requirement was extended to mid-January 2022,[93] and in early December it was further extended to March 18, 2022,[94][95] and then to May 3.[96]

#### California[edit | edit source]

In California, Carson officials asked the Metro transit system to cease bus services in Los Angeles County.[97]

The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) has reduced bus and Trolley (light rail) services following ridership decreases.[98] A vote on MTS' proposal to expand public transit in San Diego may not be possible in 2020.[99]

Bay Area Rapid Transit ridership plummeted by 90% prompting reduced service hours,[100] cut short turns on lines,[101] and longer train lengths to accommodate social distancing. Frequencies were reduced to half an hour per line.

Most services were shut down in San Francisco.[102]

#### New York[edit | edit source]

Further information: 2017 New York City transit crisis § 2020 developments

Interim New York City Transit President Sarah Feinberg rides the subway, March 9

Beginning March 25, service on buses and subways was reduced due to decreased ridership during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[103][104] In April 2020, four City Council members requested that subway service be temporarily suspended due to the spread of COVID-19 in the subway system.[105] In late March, NYCTA Interim President Sarah Feinberg stated that a shutdown "feels misguided to me" and was "not on the table".[106] Feinberg also spoke in favor of hazard pay for front-line workers.[106] The following month, Feinberg called the MTA "the most aggressive transit agency in the country in acting quickly and decisively to protect our workforce."[107] Starting in May 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning; the overnight closures would be a temporary measure that would be suspended once the pandemic was over.[108]

By April 22, 2020, COVID-19 had killed 83 agency employees; the agency announced that their families would be eligible for $500,000 in death benefits.[109][106] By May 1, 98 transit workers had died.[110]

#### Oregon[edit | edit source]

Oregon's largest transit agency, TriMet, started to require facial coverings for both passengers and operators. Oregon has gone so far as to allow people to order facial coverings. Oregon's governor Kate Brown issued an executive order 20–12, ruling on public transit and requirements for safe travel in Oregon.[111][112] With these requirements, TriMet was required to clean vehicles every four hours, and recommended to sanitize high-touch surfaces, provide facial coverings and sanitizer, if possible. There were many exceptions to the rule that applied to people with disabilities and other health issues, and those concerned about profiling because of wearing a mask.[111] Other public transit operators in Oregon, such as Amtrak, have reduced services as well. In January 2021, the state's requirement for face coverings was superseded by a nationwide such requirement issued by the federal government, which remains in effect (until at least May 3, 2022).[96]

## Oceania[edit | edit source]

### Australia[edit | edit source]

#### New South Wales[edit | edit source]

In order to observe physical distancing and to limit the spread of COVID-19, green dots were placed throughout the public transport network to guide commuters on where to stand and sit. Transport for NSW recommended that commuters wear face masks on public transport.[113]

On 7 July 2020, NSW TrainLink temporarily suspended services between NSW and Victoria due to border restrictions implemented by New South Wales.[114]

Based on data provided by Moovit, public transport ridership in NSW decreased by 75% April 2020.[115]

#### Victoria[edit | edit source]

The Victorian government made wearing face masks on public transport mandatory.[116]

## References[edit | edit source]

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2. ↑ Joselow, Maxine (2020-07-28). "There Is Little Evidence That Mass Transit Poses a Risk of Coronavirus Outbreaks". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
3. ↑ à 13h58, Par Nicolas Berrod Le 5 juin 2020 (2020-06-05). "Coronavirus : pourquoi aucun cluster n'a été détecté dans les transports" [Coronavirus: why no clusters have been detected on transport]. leparisien.fr (in français). Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
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20. ↑ "Coronavirus: Wuhan shuts public transport over outbreak". BBC News. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
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22. ↑ "北京道路省际客运今起全部停运" 北京青年报 Archived 2022-04-12 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2020.
23. ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁将全路网推行测温 体温超37.3℃就需隔离" 人民网 Archived 2020-07-26 at the Wayback Machine 27 January 2020.
24. ↑ Beijing's 'intelligent' metro line able to identify unmasked passengers Archived 2022-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Xinhua News Agency via China News Service, 9 April 2020.
25. ↑ "Wuhan buses hit the road after two-month lockdown". Xinhua News Agency. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
26. ↑ Huang Lei；Wang Yang (7 April 2020). "武汉：4月8日起恢复出租车运营 适时恢复网约车运营". Hubei Daily. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
27. ↑ "8号线三期、11号线、阳逻线恢复运营，22日起，武汉地铁全线网恢复正常". 2020-04-21. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
28. ↑ "How China Kept Transit Running During Covid-19". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. 2020-07-03. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
29. ↑ "36城客运量：上北广位居前三，重庆超深圳". www.yicai.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
30. ↑ "刷新！成都地铁单日客运量再创新高". Archived from the original on 2022-04-30.
31. ↑ "404.81万人次！西安地铁客运量昨日再创新高". Archived from the original on 2021-01-26.
32. ↑ "2020年最后一天南宁地铁客流创新高-新华网". www.gx.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
33. ↑ "2020年最后一天 南昌地铁客运量首次突破百万-江西-手机江西网". m.jxnews.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
34. ↑ "2020年12月中心城市客运量" (PDF). 中华人民共和国交通运输部. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-30. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
35. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Schultz, Kai (March 24, 2020). "Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
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37. ↑ "The Jakarta Post – Always Bold. Always Independent". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
38. ↑ Regan, Helen (March 17, 2020). "Malaysia and the Philippines enact sweeping measures, as coronavirus cases jump in Southeast Asia". CNN. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
39. ↑ "EcoMobility". EcoMobility. Archived from the original on 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
40. ↑ "Mass Transportation – Dashboard Philippines". covid19.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
41. ↑ "Belediyeler, 65 yaş üstüne ücretsiz ulaşımı durduruyor". memurlar.net. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
42. ↑ "Ankara ve İzmir belediyeleri duyurdu: 65 yaş ve üstünün ücretsiz ulaşım kartları iptal edildi". Cumhuriyet. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
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44. ↑ "Marketlere ve toplu taşıma araçlarına yönelik koronavirüs tedbirleri artırıldı". Anadolu Agency. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
45. ↑ https://www.thelocal.dk/20200821/denmarks-face-mask-requirement-comes-into-force-these-are-the-rules-you-need-to-know Archived 2021-10-10 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL]
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "How COVID-19 is affecting public transit use". CBC News. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
47. ↑ "BBC – Homepage". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "The World Economic Forum". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
49. ↑ O'Shea, Cormac (1 April 2020). "Inside near-empty Dublin Airport and Cork Airport with just three planes a day flying in one". Irish Mirror. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
50. ↑ "New Public Transport Timetables to take effect starting Monday". Transport for Ireland. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
51. ↑ "Ireland's response to COVID-19: Transport and travel measures". gov.ie. Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
52. ↑ "Minister for Health signs regulations for the mandatory wearing of face coverings on public transport". gov.ie. Department of Health. 10 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
53. ↑ "COVID-19 Information – Transport for Ireland". Transport for Ireland. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
54. ↑ Horgan-Jones, Jack; Wall, Martin (10 July 2020). "Non-wearers of masks on public transport face fine and jail sentence". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
55. ↑ "Fines, jail for non-compliance with face coverings law". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 10 July 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
56. ↑ Ryan, Órla (2 July 2020). "Half of Dublin Bus passengers are wearing face masks but compliance on transport varies widely". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
57. ↑ McGreevy, Ronan (13 July 2020). "High compliance with rule making face coverings mandatory on public transport". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
58. ↑ McNally, Tadgh (21 July 2020). "Face shields are now an acceptable face covering on all public transport". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
59. ↑ "Coronavirus: What's the risk of taking buses or trains?". BBC News. March 26, 2020. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
60. ↑ "Contactless and Oyster cards reinstated on more than 1,000 buses". tfl.gov.uk. Transport for London. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
61. ↑ "Face coverings to become mandatory on public transport". Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
62. ↑ "Prime Minister's statement on coronavirus (COVID-19): 17 July 2020". Gov.uk. Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
63. ↑ "Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Public Transit usage". Moovit Insights. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
64. ↑ McDonald, Henry (7 May 2020). "London needs £2bn to keep transport system running until autumn". Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
65. ↑ "Rail journeys fall to lowest levels since 1872". Railway Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
66. ↑ Elgot, Jessica; Campbell, Denis; Allegretti, Aubrey (1 July 2021). "Ministers plan to end social distancing in England on 19 July". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
67. ↑ Topham, Gwyn (17 July 2021). "Train operators face calls to publish research on Covid risks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
68. ↑ Mertz, Emily (March 16, 2020). "Coronavirus: Edmonton reduces public transit service as part of COVID-19 response". Global News. Corus Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
69. ↑ Dormer, Dave (April 1, 2020). "Calgary Transit reducing frequency of buses and trains in response to COVID-19". CTV News. Bell Media. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
70. ↑ MacPherson, Alex (March 30, 2020). "Transit ridership plummets more than 80 per cent amid pandemic". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Postmedia. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
71. ↑ Jeffords, Shawn (April 13, 2020). "Transit ridership, revenue in steep decline during COVID-19 pandemic | National Post". National Post. Postmedia. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
72. ↑ "Coronavirus update". Toronto Transit Commission. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
73. ↑ "Train Schedule Changes". GO Transit. April 2020. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
74. ↑ "TransLink says it's losing $75M a month and faces 'really unpleasant options' without emergency funding". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
75. ↑ Rowe, Daniel J.; Thomas, Katelyn (March 26, 2020). "Public transit agencies in the Montreal area cut services due to impact of COVID-19". CTV News. Bell Media. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
76. ↑ Vijaya, Ramya (April 14, 2020). "Coronavirus Lockdowns Are Pushing Mass Transit Systems to the Brink – and Low-Income Riders Will Pay the Price". Government Technology. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
77. ↑ Hart, Kim (April 8, 2020). "Public transit's death spiral". Axios. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
78. ↑ Chappell, Bill; Romo, Vanessa (March 17, 2020). "Coronavirus: All 50 States Report Cases; South America Has Nearly 1,000 Cases". NPR. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Hawkins, Andrew J. (March 13, 2020). "Coronavirus is taking a big bite out of public transportation ridership in the US". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Hughes, Trevor (April 14, 2020). "Poor, essential and on the bus: Coronavirus is putting public transportation riders at risk". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 George, Justin (April 11, 2020). "For many 'essential workers,' public transit is a fearful ride they must take". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
82. ↑ Hider, Alex (April 13, 2020). "Philadelphia public transit won't require masks after viral video shows cops carry man off bus". WEWS-TV. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
83. ↑ "SEPTA now requiring riders to wear masks". Philadelphia, PA: WPVI-TV. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
84. ↑ Groover, Heidi (April 2, 2020). "Metro places passenger limits on buses to strengthen social distancing amid coronavirus outbreak". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
85. ↑ Theen, Andrew (April 22, 2020). "TriMet placing 'don't sit here' signs on bus seats, limiting passengers to 15 per bus". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
86. ↑ Guse, Clayton (April 12, 2020). "NJ Transit riders required to wear masks during coronavirus pandemic, MTA still 'recommending' them". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
87. ↑ "LTD: 'Passengers need face masks covering nose and mouth to ride buses'". Eugene, Oregon: KVAL. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Minor, Nathaniel (April 3, 2020). "RTD To Stop Collecting Fares, Allow Rear-Door Boarding To Fight Coronavirus". Colorado Public Radio. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
89. ↑ Switzer, Jeff (March 21, 2020). "King County Metro to discontinue fare collections, direct riders to board buses at rear doors, beginning March 21". Seattle: King County Metro. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
90. ↑ Layne, Nathan (May 1, 2020). "Overnight closure of New York subways may presage bigger changes". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
91. ↑ Montague, Zach (January 30, 2021). "The C.D.C. Issues Mask Mandate for Domestic Travel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
92. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions: Wearing of Face Masks While on Conveyances and at Transportation Hubs". United States Department of Transportation. February 2021. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
93. ↑ "TSA extends face mask requirement through January 18, 2022" (Press release). Transportation Security Administration. August 20, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.`{{cite press release}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
94. ↑ Aratani, Lori (December 2, 2021). "Federal mask mandate for transportation extended through March 18". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
95. ↑ "Federal Mask Requirement for Transit". Federal Transit Administration. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Murphy, Heather (April 13, 2022). "The C.D.C. extends the mask mandate on planes and public transit another two weeks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
97. ↑ Garcia, Sid (April 3, 2020). "Carson officials ask Metro to suspend transit service throughout LA County". KABC-TV. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
98. ↑ Smith, Joshua Emerson (April 7, 2020). "MTS to cut service as bus driver tests positive for coronavirus". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
99. ↑ Smith, Joshua Emerson (April 10, 2020). "Coronavirus threatens to derail San Diego's plans to expand public transit". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
100. ↑ Asperin, Alexa Mae (23 March 2020). "BART starts reduced service schedule after decline in ridership". Newstar Media. KRON. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
101. ↑ Savidge, Nico (18 March 2020). "Coronavirus fallout: BART shutting down at 9 p.m., VTA giving fare-free rides". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
102. ↑ Canales, Katie (April 7, 2020). "Almost all of San Francisco's public transit will be shut down as the city continues to fight the coronavirus disease". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
103. ↑ "Coronavirus New York: MTA launches essential schedule amid COVID-19 crisis". ABC7 New York (WABC-TV). March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
104. ↑ "MTA Slashes Service, NJ Transit on Reduced Schedules". NBC New York. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
105. ↑ "Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread". New York Post. April 18, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 "Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY". Cityandstateny.com. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
107. ↑ Meyer, David (April 20, 2020). "MTA chair passes blame to health officials as agency's coronavirus death toll tops 80". New York Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
108. ↑ Goldbaum, Christina (2020-04-30). "N.Y.C.'s Subway, a 24/7 Mainstay, Will Close for Overnight Disinfection". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
109. ↑ Guse, Clayton (April 14, 2020). "MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronavirus victims". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
110. ↑ Guse, Clayton; Rayman, Graham (May 1, 2020). "MTA chairman says 98 transit workers dead from coronavirus". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 "Oregon Department of Transportation : Coronavirus (COVID-19) : Public Transportation : State of Oregon". Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
112. ↑ "This site has moved". Archived from the original on 2022-04-02. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
113. ↑ "Physical distancing on transport key to a safe pathway back to work". State of New South Wales. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
114. ↑ "NSW TrainLink will temporarily stop services to Victoria". Transport for New South Wales. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020.
115. ↑ "Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Public Transit usage". Moovit Insights. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
116. ↑ "Wearing a face mask on public transport". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.

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* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Canada
* convoy protest
* China
* Italy
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Serbia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

| Global|

|

By location|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom
(Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward
(Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove
(Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan
(Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton
(Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield
(New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood
(Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen
(Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul
(Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung
(Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching
(Taiwan)
* Victor Costache
(Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio
(Italy)
* Carmen Deseda
(Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel
(the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten
(Germany)
* Francisco Duque III
(Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci
(United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo
(Italy)
* Graça Freitas
(Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo
(Portugal)
* Matt Hancock
(United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan
(Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt
(Australia)
* Tony Holohan
(Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong
(South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca
(Turkey)
* Li Keqiang
(China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez
(Mexico)
* Michael McBride
(Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà
(Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize
(South Africa)
* Doni Monardo
(Indonesia)
* Alma Möller
(Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki
(Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco
(Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long
(Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah
(Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli
(Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas
(Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon
(France)
* Fernando Simón
(Spain)
* Gregor Smith
(Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen
(Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski
(Poland)
* Theresa Tam
(Canada)
* Anders Tegnell
(Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason
(Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras
(Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan
(India)
* Víðir Reynisson
(Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti
(Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu
(Romania)
* Chris Whitty
(United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong
(Singapore)
* Jeff Zients
(United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

Deaths|

* List

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany
* cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* cases chart
* Lithuania
* cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia
* cases chart
* Spain
* cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* 2020
* 2021
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess

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