List of baryons

Short description: Subatomic particles composed of an odd number of quarks

A proton, the only baryon stable in isolation, has two up quarks and one down quark, confined via the exchange of gluons.

Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.

Pentaquarks are exotic baryons composed of four quarks and one antiquark. In 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN definitively reported the observation of pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ0b).[1] Since then, additional pentaquark states have been discovered, including new observations in 2019 and 2022. While primarily created in laboratory conditions, pentaquarks might also form naturally during neutron star formation.[2][3][4]

Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

## Contents

* 1 Baryon properties
* 1.1 JP = ⁠1/2⁠+ baryons
* 1.2 JP = ⁠3/2⁠+ baryons
* 1.3 Baryon resonance particles
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 Bibliography
* 4 Further reading
* 5 External links

## Baryon properties

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations with positive parity.[5]

* Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = ⁠3/2⁠ configuration, but J = ⁠1/2⁠ is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
* Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations.
* Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = ⁠1/2⁠ and J = ⁠3/2⁠ configurations. Two J = ⁠1/2⁠ configurations are possible for these baryons.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See Baryon for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)

Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.[6][7]

###  JP = ⁠1/2⁠+ baryons

JP = ⁠1/2⁠+ baryons  Particle name  | Symbol  | Quark content  | Rest mass [MeV/c2] | I | JP | Q [e] | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime [s] | Commonly
decays to

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

proton[8] |

| 0938.27208816 938.272088816(29)

[a]

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 0  | 0  | +10 stable

[b]

| unobserved
neutron[9] |

| 0939.56542052 939.56542052(54)

[a]

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | +2 (8.784±0.005)×10+2

[c]

lambda[10] |

| 1115.683±0.006 | 0  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -10.2 (2.617±0.010)×10−10

charmed lambda[11] |

c |

| 2286.46±0.14 | 0  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -13.2 (2.024±0.031)×10−13

| see

c decay modes
bottom lambda[12] |

b |

| 5619.6±0.17 | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| -12.3 (1.471±0.009)×10−12

| see

b decay modes
sigma[13] |

| 1189.37±0.07 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -11.1 (8.018±0.026)×10−11

sigma[14] |

| 1192.642±0.024 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -20.1 (7.4±0.7)×10−20

sigma[15] |

| 1197.449±0.030 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -10.4 (1.479±0.011)×10−10

charmed sigma[16] |
Σ++
c(2455)  |

| 2453.97±0.14 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -22.2 3.48+0.37
−0.16×10−22

[d]

c \+

charmed sigma[16] |

c(2455)  |

| 2452.9±0.4 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -22.3 >1.43×10−22

[d]

c \+

charmed sigma[16] |

c(2455)  |

| 2453.75±0.14 | 1  | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -22.1 3.60+0.42
−0.20×10−22

[d]

c \+

bottom sigma[17] |

b |

| 5810.56±0.25 | (1)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| -22 (1.32±0.13)×10−22

[d]

b \+

bottom sigma† |

b |

| unknown  | (1)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
bottom sigma[17] |

b |

| 5815.64±0.27 | (1)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| -22.4 (1.24±0.12)×10−22

[d]

b \+

xi[18] |

| 1314.86±0.20 | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

(+)

| 0  | -2 −2

| 0  | 0  | -10.1 (2.90±0.09)×10−10

xi[19] |

| 1321.71±0.07 | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

(+)

| -1 −1

| -2 −2

| 0  | 0  | -10.3 (1.639±0.015)×10−10

charmed xi[20] |

c |

| 2467.94+0.17
−0.20 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | -13.1 (4.56±0.05)×10−13

| see

c decay modes
charmed xi[21] |

c |

| 2470.90+0.22
−0.29 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | -13.3 (1.53±0.06)×10−13

| see

c decay modes
charmed xi prime[22] |
Ξ′+
c |

| 2578.4±0.5 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | unknown  |

c \+

(seen)
charmed xi prime[23] |
Ξ′0
c |

| 2579.2±0.5 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | unknown  |

c \+

(seen)
double charmed xi[24] |
Ξ++
cc |

| 3621.2±0.7 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  | see
Ξ++
cc decay modes
double charmed xi[25] |

cc |

| 3612.0+1.9
−1.3 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  |

c \+

(seen)
bottom xi[26]
or cascade B  |

b |

| 5791.9±0.5 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| -12.1 (1.480±0.030)×10−12

| see

b decay modes
bottom xi[26]
or cascade B  |

b |

| 5797.0±0.6 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| -12.1 (1.572±0.040)×10−12

| see

b decay modes
bottom xi prime† |
Ξ′0
b |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
bottom xi prime† |
Ξ′−
b |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
double bottom xi† |

bb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
double bottom xi† |

bb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi† |

cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi† |

cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi prime† |
Ξ′+
cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi prime† |
Ξ′0
cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed omega[27] |

c |

| 2695.2±1.7 | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -2 −2

| 1 +1

| 0  | -13.1 (2.68±0.24 ± 0.10)×10−13

| see

c decay modes
bottom omega[28] |

b |

| 6046.1±1.7 | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -2 −2

| 0  | -1 −1

| -12.4 1.64+0.18
−0.17×10−12

J/ψ
(seen)
double charmed omega† |

cc |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom omega† |

cb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom omega prime† |
Ω′0
cb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
double bottom omega† |

bb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
double charmed bottom omega† |

ccb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 2 +2

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed double bottom omega† |

cbb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown

†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[a] ^ The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in daltons (Da) than in MeV/c2. In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is whereas that of the neutron is .
[b] ^ At least 1035 years. See Proton decay.
[c] ^ For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.

###  JP = ⁠3/2⁠+ baryons

JP = ⁠3/2⁠+ baryons  Particle name  | Symbol  | Quark
content  | Rest mass [MeV/c2] | I | JP | Q [e] | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime [s] | Commonly
decays to

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

delta[29] |
Δ++
(1232)  |

| 1232±2 | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -24.1 (5.63±0.14)×10−24

[h]

delta[29] |

(1232)  |

| 1232±2 | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -24.2 (5.63±0.14)×10−24

[h]

delta[29] |

(1232)  |

| 1232±2 | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | -24.3 (5.63±0.14)×10−24

[h]

delta[29] |

(1232)  |

| 1232±2 | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -24.4 (5.63±0.14)×10−24

[h]

sigma[30] |
Σ∗+
(1385)  |

| 1382.80±0.35 | 1  | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -23.6 (1.828±0.036)×10−23

[h]

sigma[30] |
Σ∗0
(1385)  |

| 1383.7±1.0 | 1  | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -23.7 (1.83±0.26)×10−23

[h]

sigma[30] |
Σ∗−
(1385)  |

| 1387.2±0.5 | 1  | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -23.8 (1.671±0.089)×10−23

[h]

charmed sigma[31] |
Σ∗++
c(2520)  |

| 2518.41+0.21
−0.19 | 1  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -23.5 4.45+0.12
−0.09×10−23

[h]

c \+

charmed sigma[31] |
Σ∗+
c(2520)  |

| 2517.5±2.3 | 1  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -23.5 >3.87×10−23

[h]

c \+

charmed sigma[31] |
Σ∗0
c(2520)  |

| 2518.48±0.20 | 1  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| 0  | -23.4 4.30+0.15
−0.11×10−23

[h]

c \+

bottom sigma[32] |
Σ∗+
b |

| 5830.32±0.27 | (1)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| -23.3 (7.0±0.4)×10−23

[h]

b \+

bottom sigma[e] |
Σ∗0
b |

| unknown  | (1)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
bottom sigma[32] |
Σ∗−
b |

| 5834.74±0.30 | (1)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -1 −1

| -23.0 (6.3±0.5)×10−23

[h]

b \+

xi[33] |
Ξ∗0
(1530)  |

| 1531.80±0.32 | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -2 −2

| 0  | 0  | -23.1 (7.23±0.40)×10−23

[h]

xi[33] |
Ξ∗−
(1530)  |

| 1535.0±0.6 | 0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -2 −2

| 0  | 0  | -23.2 6.6+1.3
−1.1×10−23

[h]

charmed xi[34] |
Ξ∗+
c(2645)  |

| 2645.56+0.24
−0.30 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | -22.2 (3.08±0.28)×10−22

[h]

c \+

(seen)
charmed xi[34] |
Ξ∗0
c(2645)  |

| 2646.38+0.20
−0.23 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| 0  | -22.3 (2.80±0.22 ± 0.16)×10−22

[h]

c \+

(seen)
double charmed xi† |
Ξ∗++
cc |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  | unknown
double charmed xi† |
Ξ∗+
cc |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  | unknown
bottom xi[35] |
Ξ∗0
b |

| 5952.3±0.6 | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| -22.1 (7.31±1.34 ± 0.66)×10−22

[h]

b \+

(seen)
bottom xi[36] |
Ξ∗−
b |

| 5955.33±0.12 ± 0.05  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | -1 −1

| -22.1 (3.99±0.78 ± 0.24)×10−22

[h]

b \+

(seen)
double bottom xi† |
Ξ∗0
bb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
double bottom xi† |
Ξ∗−
bb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi† |
Ξ∗+
cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom xi† |
Ξ∗0
cb |

| unknown  | (0.5 ⁠1/2⁠

| (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
omega[37] |

| 1672.45±0.29 | 0  | 1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -3 −3

| 0  | 0  | -11.1 (8.21±0.11)×10−11

[h]

charmed omega[38] |
Ω∗0
c(2770)  |

| 2765.9±2.0 | 0  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -2 −2

| 1 +1

| 0  | unknown  |

c \+

bottom omega† |
Ω∗−
b |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -2 −2

| 0  | -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
double charmed omega† |
Ω∗+
cc |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| 2 +2

| 0  | unknown  | unknown
charmed bottom omega† |
Ω∗0
cb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | -1 −1

| 1 +1

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
double bottom omega† |
Ω∗−
bb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| -1 −1

| 0  | -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
triple charmed omega† |
Ω++
ccc |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 2 +2

| 0  | 3 +3

| 0  | unknown  | unknown
double charmed bottom omega† |
Ω∗+
ccb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 1 +1

| 0  | 2 +2

| -1 −1

| unknown  | unknown
charmed double bottom omega† |
Ω∗0
cbb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| 0  | 0  | 1 +1

| -2 −2

| unknown  | unknown
triple bottom omega† |

bbb |

| unknown  | (0)  | (1.5 ⁠3/2⁠

| -1 −1

| 0  | 0  | -3 −3

| unknown  | unknown

†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[h] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.

### Baryon resonance particles

This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryon resonances confirmed by the PDG.[39] Baryon resonance particles (including all not in the above two tables) are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood.[40] The spin-parity JP (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the JP values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.

Baryon resonance particles  Nucleons  | Δ particles  | Λ particles  | Σ particles  | Ξ and Ω particles  | Charmed particles  | Bottom particles

|
|
|
|
|
|

p | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1232) | ​3⁄2+ | ****  | Λ | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Σ+ | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Ξ0 | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Λ+c | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Λ0b | ​1⁄2+ | ***
n | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1600) | ​3⁄2+ | ****  | Λ(1405) | ​1⁄2− | **** | Σ0 | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Ξ− | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2595)+ | ​1⁄2− | ***  | Λb(5912)0 | ​1⁄2− | ***
N(1440) | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1620) | ​1⁄2− | ****  | Λ(1520) | ​3⁄2− | **** | Σ− | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Ξ(1530) | ​3⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2625)+ | ​3⁄2− | ***  | Λb(5920)0 | ​3⁄2− | ***
N(1520) | ​3⁄2− | **** | Δ(1700) | ​3⁄2− | ****  | Λ(1600) | ​1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1385) | ​3⁄2+ | ****  | Ξ(1620) |  | * | Λc(2765)+ |  | *  | Σb | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1535) | ​1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1750) | ​1⁄2+ | *  | Λ(1670) | ​1⁄2− | **** | Σ(1480) |  | *  | Ξ(1690) |  | *** | Λc(2860)+ | ​3⁄2+ | ***  | Σ*b | ​3⁄2+ | ***
N(1650) | ​1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1900) | ​1⁄2− | ***  | Λ(1690) | ​3⁄2− | **** | Σ(1560) |  | **  | Ξ(1820) | ​3⁄2− | *** | Λc(2880)+ | ​5⁄2+ | ***  | Ξ0b, Ξ−b | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1675) | ​5⁄2− | **** | Δ(1905) | ​5⁄2+ | ****  | Λ(1710) | ​1⁄2+ | * | Σ(1580) | ​3⁄2− | *  | Ξ(1950) |  | *** | Λc(2940)+ | ​3⁄2− | ***  | Ξ'b(5935)− | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1680) | ​5⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1910) | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Λ(1800) | ​1⁄2− | *** | Σ(1620) | ​1⁄2− | *  | Ξ(2030) | ≥ ⁠5/2⁠? | *** | Σc(2455) | ​1⁄2+ | ****  | Ξb(5945)0 | ​3⁄2+ | ***
N(1700) | ​3⁄2− | *** | Δ(1920) | ​3⁄2+ | ***  | Λ(1810) | ​1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1660) | ​1⁄2+ | ***  | Ξ(2120) |  | * | Σc(2520) | ​3⁄2+ | ***  | Ξb(5955)− | ​3⁄2+ | ***
N(1710) | ​1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1930) | ​5⁄2− | ***  | Λ(1820) | ​5⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1670) | ​3⁄2− | ****  | Ξ(2250) |  | ** | Σc(2800) |  | ***  | Ω−b | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1720) | ​3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1940) | ​3⁄2− | **  | Λ(1830) | ​5⁄2− | **** | Σ(1690) |  | **  | Ξ(2370) |  | ** |  |  |  | Pc(4380)+ |  | *
N(1860) | ​5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(1950) | ​7⁄2+ | ****  | Λ(1890) | ​3⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1730) | ​3⁄2+ | *  | Ξ(2500) |  | * | Ξ+c | ​1⁄2+ | ***  | Pc(4450)+ |  | *
N(1875) | ​3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2000) | ​5⁄2+ | **  | Λ(2000) |  | * | Σ(1750) | ​1⁄2− | ***  |  |  |  | Ξ0c | ​1⁄2+ | ***  |
N(1880) | ​1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2150) | ​1⁄2− | *  | Λ(2020) | ​7⁄2+ | * | Σ(1770) | ​1⁄2+ | *  | Ω− | ​3⁄2+ | **** | Ξ′+c | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1895) | ​1⁄2− | **** | Δ(2200) | ​7⁄2− | ***  | Λ(2050) | ​3⁄2− | * | Σ(1775) | ​5⁄2− | ****  | Ω(2250)− |  | *** | Ξ′0c | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(1900) | ​3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(2300) | ​9⁄2+ | **  | Λ(2100) | ​7⁄2− | **** | Σ(1840) | ​3⁄2+ | *  | Ω(2380)− |  | ** | Ξc(2645) | ​3⁄2+ | ***
N(1990) | ​7⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2350) | ​5⁄2− | *  | Λ(2110) | ​5⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1880) | ​1⁄2+ | **  | Ω(2470)− |  | ** | Ξc(2790) | ​1⁄2− | ***
N(2000) | ​5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2390) | ​7⁄2+ | *  | Λ(2325) | ​3⁄2− | * | Σ(1900) | ​1⁄2− | *  |  | Ξc(2815) | ​3⁄2− | ***
N(2040) | ​3⁄2+ | * | Δ(2400) | ​9⁄2− | **  | Λ(2350) | ​9⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1915) | ​5⁄2+ | ****  | Ξc(2930) |  | *
N(2060) | ​5⁄2− | *** | Δ(2420) | ​11⁄2+ | ****  | Λ(2585) |  | ** | Σ(1940) | ​3⁄2+ | *  | Ξc(2980) |  | ***
N(2100) | ​1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2750) | ​13⁄2− | **  |  | Σ(1940) | ​3⁄2− | ***  | Ξc(3055) |  | ***
N(2120) | ​3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2950) | ​15⁄2+ | **  | Σ(2000) | ​1⁄2− | *  | Ξc(3080) |  | ***
N(2190) | ​7⁄2− | **** |  | Σ(2030) | ​7⁄2+ | ****  | Ξc(3123) |  | *
N(2220) | ​9⁄2+ | ****  | Σ(2070) | ​5⁄2+ | *  |  |  |
N(2250) | ​9⁄2− | ****  | Σ(2080) | ​3⁄2+ | **  | Ω0c | ​1⁄2+ | ***
N(2300) | ​1⁄2+ | **  | Σ(2100) | ​7⁄2− | *  | Ωc(2770)0 | ​3⁄2+ | ***
N(2570) | ​5⁄2− | **  | Σ(2250) |  | ***  | Ωc(3000)0 |  | ***
N(2600) | ​11⁄2− | ***  | Σ(2455) |  | **  | Ωc(3050)0 |  | ***
N(2700) | ​13⁄2+ | **  | Σ(2620) |  | **  | Ωc(3065)0 |  | ***
| Σ(3000) |  | *  | Ωc(3090)0 |  | ***
| Ωc(3120)0 |  | ***
|  |
Ξ+cc |  | *
Ξ++cc |  | ***
**** | Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored.

|

*** | Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable, and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined.
** | Evidence of existence is only fair.
* | Evidence of existence is poor.

## See also

* Baryons
* Eightfold way
* List of mesons
* List of particles
* Resonance (particle physics)
* Roper resonance
* Timeline of particle discoveries

## References

1. ↑ R. Aaij et al. (2015)
2. ↑ "LHCb experiment discovers a new pentaquark" (in en). 2024-12-04. https://home.cern/news/news/physics/lhcb-experiment-discovers-new-pentaquark.
3. ↑ "Observation of a strange pentaquark, a doubly charged tetraquark and its neutral partner." (in en-US). https://lhcb-outreach.web.cern.ch/2022/07/05/observation-of-a-strange-pentaquark-a-doubly-charged-tetraquark-and-its-neutral-partner/.
4. ↑ Sample, Ian (2015-07-14). "Large Hadron Collider scientists discover new particles: pentaquarks" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/14/large-hadron-collider-scientists-discover-new-particles-pentaquarks.
5. ↑ Griffiths, David J. (2008), Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd revised ed.), WILEY-VCH, pp. 181–188, ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2
6. ↑ S. Navas et al. (2024): Particle summary tables – Baryons
7. ↑ J.G. Körner et al. (1994)
8. ↑ S. Navas et al. (2024): Particle listings –

9. ↑ S. Navas et al. (2024): Particle listings –

10. ↑ S. Navas et al. (2024): Particle listings –

11. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

12. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

13. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

14. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

15. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

c(2455)
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

18. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

19. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

20. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

21. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

22. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′+

23. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′0

24. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ++

25. ↑ "Observation of the doubly charmed heavy proton Ξcc+." (in en-US). https://lhcb-outreach.web.cern.ch/2026/03/17/observation-of-the-doubly-charmed-heavy-proton-ξcc/.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

27. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

28. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

(1232)
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

(1385)
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

c(2520)
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

(1530)
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

c(2645)
35. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

b(5945)
36. ↑ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –

b(5955)
37. ↑ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –

38. ↑ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –

c(2770)
39. ↑ C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Baryon Summary Table". Chin. Phys. C 40: 100001. http://pdg.lbl.gov/2018/tables/rpp2018-qtab-baryons.pdf. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
40. ↑ Crede, Volker; Roberts, Winston (2013). "Progress Toward Understanding Baryon Resonances". Rep. Prog. Phys. 76 (7). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076301. PMID 23787948. Bibcode: 2013RPPh...76g6301C.

### Bibliography

* R. Aaij et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ0b→J/ψK−p decays". Physical Review Letters 115 (7). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001. PMID 26317714. Bibcode: 2015PhRvL.115g2001A.0b→J/ψK−p+decays&rft.jtitle=[[Physics:Physical+Review+Letters|Physical+Review+Letters]]&rft.aulast=R.+Aaij+''et+al.''+(LHCb+collaboration)&rft.au=R.+Aaij+''et+al.''+(LHCb+collaboration)&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001&rft_id=info:pmid/26317714&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015PhRvL.115g2001A&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Physics:List_of_baryons">
* J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D 86 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001. Bibcode: 2012PhRvD..86a0001B.
* K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G 37 (7A). doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021. Bibcode: 2010JPhG...37g5021N.
* C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics". Physics Letters B 667 (1): 1–1340. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. Bibcode: 2008PhLB..667....1A. http://scipp.ucsc.edu/~haber/pubs/Review_of_Particle_Physics_2014.pdf.
* V.M. Abazov et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2008). "Observation of the doubly strange b baryon

b". http://www-d0.fnal.gov/Run2Physics/WWW/results/final/B/B08G/B08G.pdf.Ω−b&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=V.M.+Abazov+''et+al.''+([[Physics:DØ+experiment|DØ+Collaboration]])&rft.au=V.M.+Abazov+''et+al.''+([[Physics:DØ+experiment|DØ+Collaboration]])&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/Run2Physics/WWW/results/final/B/B08G/B08G.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Physics:List_of_baryons">
* K. Carter (2006). "The rise and fall of the pentaquark". Symmetry Magazine. Fermilab/SLAC. http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000377.
* W.-M. Yao et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G 33 (1): 1–1232. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001. Bibcode: 2006JPhG...33....1Y.
* H. Muir (2003). "Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3903.
* J.G. Körner; M. Krämer; D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 33: 787–868. doi:10.1016/0146-6410(94)90053-1. Bibcode: 1994PrPNP..33..787K.

## Further reading

* H. Garcilazo; J. Vijande; A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy". Journal of Physics G 34 (5): 961–976. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/014.
* S. Robbins (2006). "Physics Particle Overview – Baryons". Journey Through the Galaxy. http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/advanced/extras_particlephys.html.
* D.M. Manley (2005). "Status of baryon spectroscopy". Physics:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 5 (1): 230–237. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/9/1/043. Bibcode: 2005JPhCS...9..230M.
* S.S.M. Wong (1998). Introductory Nuclear Physics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23973-4.
* R. Shankar (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-44790-7.
* E. Wigner (1937). "On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei". Physical Review 51 (2): 106–119. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106. Bibcode: 1937PhRv...51..106W. https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1937-01-15_51_2/page/106.
* M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of Baryons and Mesons". Physics Letters 8 (3): 214–215. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3. Bibcode: 1964PhL.....8..214G.
* W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne I" (in de). Zeitschrift für Physik 77 (1–2): 1–11. doi:10.1007/BF01342433. Bibcode: 1932ZPhy...77....1H.
* W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne II" (in de). Zeitschrift für Physik 78 (3–4): 156–164. doi:10.1007/BF01337585. Bibcode: 1932ZPhy...78..156H.
* W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne III" (in de). Zeitschrift für Physik 80 (9–10): 587–596. doi:10.1007/BF01335696. Bibcode: 1933ZPhy...80..587H.

## External links

* Particle Data Group: The Review of Particle Physics; – Baryon Summary Table
* Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
* Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared

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