Dominant culture

Short description: Sociological term for a cultural phenomenon

See also: Social:Cultural homogenization

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A dominant culture is a cultural practice within a particular political, social or economic entity, in which multiple cultures co-exist. It may refer to a language, religion or ritual practices, social value and/or social custom. These features are often a norm for an entire society. An individual achieves dominance by being perceived as belonging to that majority culture, which has a significant presence in institutions related to communication, education, artistic expression, law, government and business.[1] The concept of "dominant culture" is generally used in academic discourse in communication, sociology, anthropology and cultural studies.[2]

In a society, culture is established and directed by the individuals with most power (hegemony).[3] In a culture, a group of people that have the ability to hold power over social institutions and influence the rest of the society's beliefs and actions is considered dominant. A dominant culture is established in a society by a group of individuals that direct the ruling ideas, values, and beliefs that become the dominant worldview of a society. Individuals from the dominant culture spread their dominant ideologies through institutions such as education, religion, and politics. A dominant culture makes use of media and laws to spread their ideologies as well.[4] Furthermore, a dominant culture can be promoted deliberately and by the suppression of minority cultures or subcultures.[1]

The culture that is dominant within a particular geopolitical entity can change over time in response to internal or external factors, but one is usually very resilient. Antonio Gramsci has written that the masses are in the grip of a monolithic ruling class.[citation needed] However, the overall picture that Gramsci provides is not a static, closed system of ruling-class domination. Rather, he states that a society is in constant process, where the creation of counter-hegemonies remains a live option.[1]

The concept of a dominant culture, or the concept of hegemony, originated in Ancient Greece. Although Vladimir Lenin, a politician and a political theorist, defined the concept as “Domination,” Gramsci redefined it as “An intellectual and moral leadership directed by contradictory political and, cultural agents and organizations.”[This quote needs a citation] He called these organizations “organic and traditional intellectuals” which represented the interest of the working class.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Examples of dominant cultures
* 1.1 United States
* 2 Interactions between dominant culture and co-culture
* 2.1 LGBTQ+ Community
* 2.2 Women
* 2.3 Black and African American community
* 3 See also
* 3.1 References

## Examples of dominant cultures

### United States

In the United States, for example, a distinction is often made between the indigenous culture of Native Americans, and a dominant culture that may be described as "WASP", "Anglo", "white", "middle class", and so on. Some Native Americans are seen as being part of the culture of their own tribe, community, or family, while simultaneously participating in the dominant culture of America as a whole.[6] Also, ethnic groups are said to exist in the United States in relation to a dominant culture, generally seen as English-speaking, of European ancestry, and Protestant Christian faith. Asian Americans,[7] Jews,[8][9] African Americans,[10] Latinos,[11] and Deaf people,[12][13] among others, are seen as facing a choice to oppose, be opposed by, assimilate into, acculturate (i.e. exist alongside), or otherwise react to the dominant culture.

## Interactions between dominant culture and co-culture

Co-culture consists of minority groups, or groups whose beliefs and values differ from the dominant culture.[14] In the United States, minority groups such as LGBTQ+, women, and black or African American members, for example, can experience negative effects resulting from their interaction with the dominant culture.[15][16] Minority groups can be victims of stress produced by the dominant culture. Minority stress can be described as the product that results from the differences between the minority and dominant values. Furthermore, minority stress is the outcome of the conflict that minority group members experience with their social environment.[17]

### LGBTQ+ Community

Members from the LGBTQ+ community, that live in a heterosexist society, are susceptible and inclined to suffer from chronic stress due to their stigmatization. Minority stressors include internalized homophobia, stigma and experiences of violence and discrimination.[15] Internalized homophobia can be described as an LGBTQ+ member's disposition to societal negative attitudes towards the self while stigma refers to an LGBTQ+ member's expectation of discrimination and rejection.[17]

### Women

Women, as many other co-culture groups, are greatly affected by the dominant culture that surround them. The dominant culture tend to perceive women as less worthy of economic and educational opportunities.[18] Also, in many cultures, women are expected to behave in a certain way and be responsible for tasks that men are not as they are also subject to double standards.[19] These interactions can lead to unfavorable and negative effects on women. For example, women can feel restricted from expressing freely, fighting for their aspirations, and trying new activities.[20]

### Black and African American community

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Globally,[where?] black or African American communities have been affected by the dominant cultures. In different countries, in order for black people to incorporate into the cultural hegemony, they were frequently isolated from their own cultural group, or an attempt was made to eradicate their culture completely. Many examples of cultural alienation and annihilation can be found across black and African American communities.[21][22]

## See also

* Cultural assimilation
* Dominant narrative
* Hegemony
* Ideal (ethics)
* Life stance
* Moral development
* Respectability politics
* Social integration

### References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lears, T. J. Jackson (1985). "The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities". The American Historical Review 90 (3): 567–593. doi:10.2307/1860957.
2. ↑ Gordon Marshall (1998). A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-dominantculture.html.
3. ↑ Johnson, Richard; Chambers, Deborah; Raghuram, Parvati; Tincknell, Estella (2004-04-14) (in en). The Practice of Cultural Studies. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-84860-514-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=1AcwFntawOcC&q=The+practice+of+cultural+studies&pg=PP2.
4. ↑ "Cultural Hegemony – What exactly has construct us?" (in en-US). https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/imanigarcia/?page_id=46.
5. ↑ Kurtz, Donald V. (2001). "Hegemony: Anthropological Aspects". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. pp. 747–749. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12084-7. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5.
6. ↑ Maria Falkenhagen and Inga K. Kelly (May 1974). "The Native American in Juvenile Fiction: Teacher Perception of Stereotypes". Journal of American Indian Education 13 (2). http://jaie.asu.edu/v13/V13S2tea.html.
7. ↑ Lisa Lowe (1996). Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1864-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=CZXtZ8lFepsC&pg=PA71.
8. ↑ Lisa Lowe (review of book by Rabbi Meir Kahane) (2004-02-10). "Why Be Jewish? Intermarriage, Assimilation, and Alienation". The Jewish Eye. http://www.thejewisheye.com/whybejewish.html.
9. ↑ Shlomo Sharan (April 2004). "Assimilation, Normalcy and Jewish Self-Hatred". NATIV Online. http://www.acpr.org.il/English-NATIV/03-issue/sharan-3.htm.
10. ↑ Patricia S. Parker (August 2001). "African American Women Executives' Leadership Communication within Dominant-Culture Organizations: (Re)Conceptualizing Notions of Collaboration and Instrumentality". Management Communication Quarterly 15 (1). http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ629261&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ629261.
11. ↑ Penelope Bass (2009-01-29). "Culture and Controversy:The 'Otra Voz' exhibit aims to create conversation". http://www.flaglive.com/flagstafflive_story.cfm?storyID=189846&sid=122.
12. ↑ Joan B. Stone (1998). Ila Parasnis. ed. Cultural and Language Diversity and the Deaf Experience. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64565-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=fCgibUdWfPkC&pg=PA176.
13. ↑ Carla A. Halpern (1995). "Listening In on Deaf Culture". Diversity and Distinction (Harvard University). http://www.colorado.edu/journals/standards/V5N2/AWARD/halpern2.html. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
14. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (2013-10-08) (in en). Subculture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-49473-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=bXhHAQAAQBAJ&q=subculture+meaning&pg=PP1.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Health Disparities and Stress". https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination/health-disparities-stress.pdf.
16. ↑ Kaholokula, Joseph Keawe‘aimoku; Iwane, Marcus K; Nacapoy, Andrea H (May 2010). "Effects of Perceived Racism and Acculturation on Hypertension in Native Hawaiians". Hawaii Medical Journal 69 (5 suppl 2): 11–15. PMID 20544603.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Meyer, Ilan H. (1995). "Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men". Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36 (1): 38–56. doi:10.2307/2137286. PMID 7738327.
18. ↑ "Women as a Minority | Boundless Sociology". https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/women-as-a-minority/.
19. ↑ "Gender and Socialization | Introduction to Sociology". https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-introductiontosociology/chapter/gender-and-socialization/.
20. ↑ Andrews, Dr Shawn. "Council Post: How Culture Impacts Our Value Of Women" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2020/04/06/how-culture-impacts-our-value-of-women/.
21. ↑ Ng, J.; Nagayama Hall, G.C. (2011). "Cultural Influences on Adolescent Development". Encyclopedia of Adolescence. pp. 44–51. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00047-8. ISBN 978-0-12-373951-3.
22. ↑ "Bringing them home". May 26, 1997. https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.pdf.

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