Emergency medical service

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

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## Contents

* 1 Battlefield insights
* 2 Civilian recognition of shock and trauma
* 2.1 Golden Hour
* 2.2 Levels of EMT
* 3 Basic and advanced cardiac life support
* 4 References

Emergency medical service (EMS), in the Middle Ages, was little more than a wagoneer calling "bring out your dead". Of course, little could be offered then to a victim of trauma or acute illness. Today, one of the challenges of EMS is how much care to render on site or in an ambulance equipped for advanced cardiac and trauma life support, and when "scoop and run" is far more important. EMS is part of critical infrastructure.

## Battlefield insights[edit]

One of the few good things to come from war tends to be advances in medicine, especially trauma medicine. Still, it was well into the twentieth century before there were services to which rapid evacuation would produce dramatic results. Clearly, however, mortality and morbidity decreased dramatically during the Korean War, where evacuation helicopters met forward-deployed surgical hospitals. Greater helicopter availability, coupled with a much better understanding of trauma, led to even better performance during the Vietnam War. Literally, a soldier, severely wounded in battle in the late sixties, had a better chance of survival than a comparably injured victim of an automobile accident in his civilian home.[1] The died-of-wounds figure was slightly greater in Vietnam than Korea, because better field stabilization and rapid evacuation brought mortally injured victims to the hospital where they died.

War  | Death as a percentage of hits  | Ratio of killed to wounded

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Second World War  | 29%  | 1: 3.1
Korean War  | 26%  | 1: 4.1
Vietnam War  | 19%  | 1: 5.6

## Civilian recognition of shock and trauma[edit]

In the U.S. civilian context, the key event in developing modern EMS systems came in 1966, when the Committees on Trauma and Shock, of the National Academies of Science, published what is widely called "the white paper", Accidental Death and Disability: the Neglected Disease of Modern Society."[2]

### Golden Hour[edit]

The idea that survival, in severely injured victims, depended on the quality of supportive care provided in the "golden hour" before definitive surgical care is most associated with R Adams Cowley.

> There is a golden hour between life and death. If you are critically injured you have less than 60 minutes to survive. You might not die right then; it may be three days or two weeks later -- but something has happened in your body that is irreparable[3]

To reduce the time to surgery, Cowley's program emphasized helicopter evacuation in civilian situations, a practice that is now being reevaluated given that there is a high accident rate in aeromedical evacuation.

While early studies suggested that an hour was, in fact, a realistic estimate of time before irreversible shock, new methods, such as permissive hypotension, hypothermia, and aggressive oxygenation may have extended the period. [4]

### Levels of EMT[edit]

## Basic and advanced cardiac life support[edit]

## References[edit]

1. ↑ Neel, Spurgeon (1973), Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965-1970, Center for Military History, U.S. Department of the Army Chapter 3, "Care of the Wounded", p. 51
2. ↑ Committee On Trauma And Committee On Shock, National Academies of Science (1966), Accidental Death And Disability: The Neglected Disease Of Modern Society
3. ↑ University of Maryland Shock Trauma Center, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center: Tribute to R Adams Cowley, M.D.
4. ↑ Leonov Y et al. (February 2002), "Extending the golden hour of hemorrhagic shock tolerance with oxygen plus hypothermia in awake rats. An exploratory study", Resuscitation 52 (2): 193-202