Value-added tax

Taxation

An aspect of fiscal policy

Policies

* Government revenue
* Property tax equalization
* Tax revenue
* Non-tax revenue
* Tax law
* Tax bracket
* Tax threshold
* Exemption
* Credit
* Deduction
* Tax shift
* Tax cut
* Tax holiday
* Tax advantage
* Tax incentive
* Tax reform
* Tax harmonization
* Tax competition
* Double taxation
* Representation
* Unions
* Medical savings account
* Tax, tariff and trade

Economics

|  General Theory

* Price effect
* Excess burden
* Tax incidence
* Laffer curve
* Optimal tax
* Theory
* Optimal capital income taxation

Distribution of Tax

* Tax rate
* Flat
* Progressive
* Regressive
* Proportional

Collection

* Revenue service
* Revenue stamp
* Tax assessment
* Taxable income
* Tax lien
* Tax refund
* Tax shield
* Tax residence
* Tax preparation
* Tax investigation
* Tax shelter
* Private tax collection
* Tax farming

Noncompliance

|  General

* Tax avoidance
* Tax evasion
* Tax resistance
* Tax shelter
* Smuggling
* Black market
* Unreported employment

Corporate

* Tax inversion
* Transfer mispricing
* Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
* Double Irish
* Dutch Sandwich
* Single Malt
* CAIA/Green Jersey

Locations

* Tax havens
* Corporate tax havens
* Offshore financial centres (OFCs)
* Offshore magic circle
* Conduit and Sink OFCs
* Financial centres
* Financial Secrecy Index

Major examples

* Apple €13 billion fine
* Ireland as a tax haven
* Leprechaun economics
* Liechtenstein tax affair
* Luxembourg Leaks
* Offshore Leaks
* Paradise Papers
* Panama Papers
* Swiss Leaks
* United States as a tax haven
* Panama as a tax haven

Types

* Direct
* Indirect
* Per unit
* Ad valorem
* In rem
* Capital gains
* Carbon
* Consumption
* Dividend
* Ecotax
* Excise
* Fuel
* Georgist
* Gift
* Gross receipts
* Income
* Inheritance (estate)
* Land value
* Payroll
* Pigovian
* Property
* Sales
* Sin
* Single
* Stamp
* Steering
* Turnover
* Value-added (VAT)
* Corporate profit
* Excess profits
* Windfall profits
* Negative (income)
* Wealth

International

* Financial transaction tax
* Currency transaction tax
* European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)
* Tobin tax
* Spahn tax
* Tax equalization
* Tax treaty
* Permanent establishment
* Transfer pricing
* European Union FTT
* Foreign revenue rule

Trade

* Custom
* Duty
* Tariff
* Import
* Export
* Tariff war
* Free trade
* Free trade zone
* Trade agreement
* ATA Carnet

Research

|  Academic

* Mihir A. Desai
* Dhammika Dharmapala
* James R. Hines Jr.
* Ronen Palan
* Joel Slemrod
* Gabriel Zucman

Advocacy groups

* Tax Justice Network (TJN)
* Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP)
* Oxfam (UK)
* Tax Foundation (US)
* Tax Policy Center (US)

Religious

* Church tax
* Eight per thousand
* Teind
* Tithe
* Fiscus Judaicus
* Leibzoll
* Temple tax
* Tolerance tax
* Jizya
* Kharaj
* Khums
* Nisab
* Zakat

By country

|  All Countries

* List of countries by tax rates
* Tax revenues as % of GDP
* Tax rates in Europe

Individual Countries

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* BVI
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay

* v
* t
* e

Short description: Form of consumption tax

"VAT" redirects here. For the identifier for value-added tax, see VAT identification number. For other uses, see Vat.

A map of countries and territories by their VAT status, 2025

No VAT

VAT

A value-added tax (VAT), goods and services tax (GST), or general consumption tax (GCT) is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared with, a sales tax. VAT is an indirect tax because individuals do not pay it directly to the government; instead, suppliers act as intermediaries by collecting the tax from customers at the point of sale and remitting it to the government. Specific goods and services are typically exempted in various jurisdictions.

Products exported to other countries are typically exempted from the tax, typically via a rebate to the exporter. VAT is usually implemented as a destination-based tax, with the tax rate determined by the customer's location. VAT raises about a fifth of total tax revenues worldwide and among the members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[1]: 14 As of January 2025, 175 of the 193 countries with UN membership employ a VAT, including all OECD members except the United States.[1]: 14

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Implementation
* 3 Incentives
* 4 Comparison with sales tax
* 4.1 Compliance
* 4.2 Business structure
* 4.3 Governance structure
* 4.4 Accounting
* 5 Effects
* 5.1 Regressivity
* 5.2 Deadweight loss
* 5.3 Churning
* 5.4 Business cashflow
* 5.5 Compliance costs
* 5.6 Fraud
* 5.7 Trade effects
* 6 Around the world
* 6.1 Armenia
* 6.2 Australia
* 6.3 Bangladesh
* 6.4 Barbados
* 6.5 Bulgaria
* 6.6 Canada
* 6.7 Chile
* 6.8 China
* 6.9 Czech Republic
* 6.10 European Union
* 6.11 Gulf Cooperation Council
* 6.12 Hungary
* 6.13 India
* 6.14 Iran (Islamic Republic Of)
* 6.15 Indonesia
* 6.16 Italy
* 6.17 Israel
* 6.18 Japan
* 6.19 Malaysia
* 6.20 Mexico
* 6.21 Nepal
* 6.22 New Zealand
* 6.23 Nordic countries
* 6.24 Philippines
* 6.25 Poland
* 6.26 Romania
* 6.27 Russia
* 6.28 Singapore
* 6.29 Slovakia
* 6.30 Spain
* 6.31 South Africa
* 6.32 Switzerland and Liechtenstein
* 6.33 Taiwan
* 6.34 Trinidad and Tobago
* 6.35 Ukraine
* 6.36 United Kingdom
* 6.37 United States
* 6.37.1 Discussions about a federal VAT
* 6.38 Vietnam
* 7 Tax rates
* 8 Examples by continent
* 8.1 European Union countries
* 8.2 Non-European Union countries
* 8.3 VAT-free countries and territories
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 10.1 Scholarly sources
* 11 External links

## History

German industrialist Georg Wilhelm von Siemens proposed the concept of a value-added tax in 1918 to replace the German turnover tax. However, the turnover tax was not replaced until 1968.[2] The modern variation of VAT was first implemented by Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, who implemented VAT on 10 April 1954 in France's Ivory Coast colony. Assessing the experiment as successful, France introduced it domestically in 1958.[3] Initially directed at large businesses, it was extended over time to include all business sectors. In France it is the largest source of state finance, accounting for nearly 50% of state revenues.[4]

A Belgian VAT receipt

Following creation of the European Economic Community in 1957, the Fiscal and Financial Committee set up by the European Commission in 1960 under the chairmanship of Professor Fritz Neumark made its priority objective the elimination of distortions to competition caused by disparities in national indirect tax systems.[5][6]

The Neumark Report published in 1962 concluded that France's VAT model would be the simplest and most effective indirect tax system. This led to the EEC issuing two VAT directives, adopted in April 1967, providing a blueprint for introducing VAT across the EEC, following which, other member states (initially Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany) introduced VAT.[2]

## Implementation

VAT can be accounts-based or invoice-based.[7] All VAT-collecting countries except Japan use the invoice method.[8][9][10]

Using invoices, each seller pays VAT on their sales and passes the buyer an invoice that indicates the amount of tax paid excluding deductions (input tax). Buyers who themselves add value and resell the product pay VAT on their own sales (output tax). The difference between output tax and input tax is the amount paid to the government (or refunded, in the case of a negative amount).

Using accounts, the tax is calculated as a percentage of the difference between sales and purchases from taxed accounts.[8][9][10]

## Incentives

VAT provides an incentive for businesses to register and keep invoices, and it does this in the form of zero-rated goods and VAT exemption on goods not resold.[11] Through registration, a business documents its purchases, making them eligible for a VAT credit.

The main benefits of VAT are that in relation to many other forms of taxation, it does not distort firms' production decisions, it is difficult to evade, and it generates a substantial amount of revenue.[12]

## Comparison with sales tax

Three examples below demonstrate the chain of transactions between the raw materials producer and the final consumer, in which

1. the government levies no tax
2. the government levies sales tax
3. the government levies a Value-Added Tax.

Example 1: Untaxed

* A manufacturer spends $1.00 on raw materials and uses them to make a widget.
* The manufacturer sells the widget to a retailer for $1.20 (Gross margin: $0.20)
* The retailer sells the widget to an end consumer for $1.50 (Gross margin: $0.30)

|

Example 2: 10% sales tax

* The raw materials producer sells $1 of raw materials for a widget to a manufacturer, checking that the buyer is not an end consumer
* The manufacturer sells a widget to a retailer for $1.20, checking that the buyer is not an end consumer (Tax paid: $0, Gross margin: $0.20)
* The retailer sells the widget to a consumer ($1.50 × 1.10) = $1.65 (Tax paid: $.15, Gross margin: $0.30)

|

* The end consumer pays 10% ($0.15) extra, compared to the no taxation scheme, and the government collects this amount.
* The retailer pays no tax directly, but the retailer has to do the tax-related paperwork.
* Suppliers and manufacturers have the administrative burden of providing correct state exemption certifications that the retailer must verify and maintain.
* The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that their buyers are only intermediates and not end consumers (otherwise the manufacturer charges the tax).
* The retailer tracks what is taxable and what is not, along with the various tax rates in each location where it operates.

Example 3: 10% Value-Added Tax

* The raw materials producer sells $1 of raw materials for a widget to a manufacturer for ($1 × 1.10) = $1.10. (Tax paid: $0.10)
* The manufacturer sells a widget to a retailer for ($1.20 × 1.10) = $1.32 (Tax paid: $0.12 - $0.10 = $0.02, Gross margin: $1.32 – $1.10 – $0.02 = $0.20)
* The retailer sells a widget to a consumer for ($1.50 × 1.10) = $1.65 (Tax paid: $0.15 minus $0.12) = $0.03, Gross margin: $1.65 – $1.32 – $0.03 = $0.30)

| File:VAT3b22.svg

|

* The taxes paid by both the manufacturer and the retailer to the government are 10% of the values added by their respective business practices, i.e. the 10% of the difference between their buying price and selling price. For example, the value added by the manufacturer is $1.20 minus $1.00 = $0.20. The manufacturer pays 10% of $.20 = $0.02.
* The consumer has paid, and the government received, the same dollar amount as with a sales tax. The gross margins, in dollar amount, remain the same as with a sales tax. The end consumer pays the same final price as with a sales tax.
* At each stage of production, the seller collects a tax and the buyer pays that tax. The buyer can then be reimbursed for paying the tax, but only by successfully selling the value-added product to the buyer at the next stage. If the retailer fails to sell some of its inventory, it suffers a greater financial loss in the VAT scheme, in comparison to the sales tax regulatory system, by having paid a higher price for the product it failed to sell.
* The gross margins of the manufacturer and retailer are a smaller percent of the total perspective. If the cost of raw material production were shown, this would also be true of the raw material supplier's gross margin on a percentage basis.
* Each business is responsible for handling the necessary tax paperwork, and incur the increased accounting costs for collecting the tax. However, businesses have no obligation to request certifications from intermediate purchasers (who are not end consumers), or to provide such certifications to their suppliers.

### Compliance

One primary reason for the institution of a VAT versus sales tax is to ensure compliance. Because sales tax is only submitted at the final sale to the consumer, the government has little information to verify that a sale has been made or at what price, making enforcement difficult. The retailer and consumer have an incentive to evade the tax with little risk of discovery. With any transaction, the seller is financially motivated to assume the buyer is an intermediate, not a consumer (and therefore, not subject to the sales tax), even if this may result in illegal tax evasion.[13]

By comparison, with VAT every transaction is reported to the government (either through a submission of tax, a reimbursement claim, or both), a trail of information is created for government which helps motivate compliance and facilitate any potential audit. The materials producer, manufacturer, and retailer all know that the others down the chain will submit reimbursement claims, so a failure to report the transaction and pay the tax is likely to draw attention from authorities. Even if retailers evade charging the VAT from the consumer, the government still receives the income at prior stages.[13]

On the contrary, if a seller accidentally charge sales tax to an intermediate buyer, the end price to the consumer will increase.[13]

### Business structure

VAT has no effect on how businesses organize, because the same amount of tax is collected regardless of how many times goods change hands before arriving at the ultimate consumer. By contrast, sales taxes, when collected on intermediate transactions in addition to final consumption, encourage businesses to vertically integrate to reduce the number of transactions and thereby reduce the amount of tax paid.[14][15]

Because of the difficulty of exempting intermediate transactions in a sales tax, VAT has been gaining favor over traditional sales taxes.[citation needed]

However, it is uncommon for sales taxes to be collected at every stage, as it is only levied as a final tax on the consumer, not the reseller.

### Governance structure

VAT is collected at the national level. In countries such as India and the United States, sales tax is collected at the point of sale by the local jurisdiction, leading them to prefer the latter method.

### Accounting

The main disadvantage of VAT is the extra accounting required by those in the supply chain. However, payment of VAT is made simpler when the VAT system has few, if any, exemptions (such as with GST in New Zealand).[16]

## Effects

4 May 2010 "Campaña no más IVA" in Spain

### Regressivity

VAT has been criticized by opponents as a regressive tax, meaning that the poor pay more, as a percentage of their income, relative to the wealthier individuals, given the higher marginal propensity to consume among the poor.[17]

Defenders reply that relating taxation levels to income is an arbitrary standard and that the VAT is in fact a proportional tax. An OECD study found that VAT could even be slightly progressive.[18][19] VAT's effective regressivity can be reduced by applying a lower rate to products that are more likely to be consumed by the poor.[17] Some countries compensate by implementing transfer payments targeted to the poor.[20]

### Deadweight loss

The incidence of VAT may not fall entirely on consumers as traders tend to absorb VAT so as to maintain sales volumes. Conversely, not all cuts in VAT are passed on in lower prices. VAT consequently leads to a deadweight loss if cutting prices pushes a business below the margin of profitability. The effect can be seen when VAT is cut or abolished. Sweden reduced VAT on restaurant meals from 25% to 12%, creating 11,000 additional jobs.[21]

### Churning

Because VAT is included in the price index to which state benefits such as pensions and welfare payments are linked in some countries, as well as public sector pay, some of the apparent revenue is churned – i.e. taxpayers are given the money to pay the tax, reducing net revenue.[22]

### Business cashflow

Refund delays by the tax administration can damage businesses.[23]

### Compliance costs

Compliance costs are seen as a burden on business.[24] In the UK, compliance costs for VAT have been estimated to be about 4% of the yield, with greater impacts on smaller businesses.[25]

Under a sales tax system, only businesses selling to the end-user are required to collect tax and bear the accounting cost of collecting the tax. Under VAT, manufacturers and wholesale companies also incur accounting expenses to handle the additional paperwork required for collecting VAT, increasing overhead costs and prices.

### Fraud

VAT offers distinctive opportunities for evasion and fraud, especially through abuse of the credit and refund mechanism.[26] VAT overclaim fraud reached as high as 34% in Romania.[27]

Exports are generally zero-rated, creating opportunity for fraud. In Europe, the main source of problems is carousel fraud. This fraud originated in the 1970s in the Benelux countries. VAT fraud then became a major problem in the UK.[28] Similar fraud possibilities exist inside a country. To avoid this, countries such as Sweden hold the major owner of a limited company personally responsible.[29]

### Trade effects

If a county's exported goods are exempt from domestic VAT (zero-rated) or VAT rebated, this can motivate an increase in the export of goods.[30]

File:US trade tariffs with major trading partners.webpUS trade tariffs with major trading partners

A country's national VAT may been seen as a tariff on imported goods. The American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition in the United States consider VAT charges on US products when VAT rebates are offered for products from other countries to be an unfair trade practice. AMTAC claims that so-called "border tax disadvantage" is the greatest contributing factor to the US current account deficit, and estimated this disadvantage to US producers and service providers to be $518 billion in 2008 alone. US politicians such as congressman Bill Pascrell, advocate either changing WTO rules relating to VAT or rebating VAT charged on US exporters.[31]

A business tax rebate for exports was proposed in the 2016 GOP tax reform policy paper.[32][33] The assertion that this "border adjustment" would be compatible with the rules of the WTO is controversial; it was alleged that the proposed tax would favour domestically produced goods as they would be taxed less than imports, to a degree varying across sectors. For example, the wage component of the cost of domestically produced goods would not be taxed.[34]

A 2021 study reported that value-added taxes within the EU were unlikely to distort trade flows.[35]

## Around the world

Standard VAT rate by country

No VAT

~5%

~10%

~15%

~20%

~25%

### Armenia

Main article: Finance:Taxation in Armenia

The VAT rate is 20%. However, the expanded application is zero VAT for many operations and transactions. That zero VAT is the source of controversies between its trading partners, mainly Russia, which is against the zero VAT and promotes wider use of tax credits. VAT is replaced with fixed payments, which are utilized for many taxpayers, operations, and transactions. Legislation is based largely on the EU VAT Directive's principles.[36]

The system is input-output based. Producers are allowed to subtract VAT on their inputs from the VAT they charge on their outputs and report the difference.[36] VAT is purchased quarterly. An exception occurs for taxpayers who state monthly payments. VAT is disbursed to the state's budget on the 20th day of the month after the tax period.[37] The law took effect on January 1, 2022.[38]

### Australia

Main article: Finance:Goods and services tax (Australia)

The goods and services tax (GST) is a VAT introduced in Australia in 2000. Revenue is redistributed to the states and territories via the Commonwealth Grants Commission process. This works as a program of horizontal fiscal equalisation. The rate is set at 10%, although many domestically consumed items are effectively zero-rated (GST-free) such as fresh food, education, health services, certain medical products, as well as government charges and fees that are effectively taxes.

### Bangladesh

VAT was introduced in 1991, replacing sales tax and most excise duties. The Value Added Tax Act, 1991 triggered VAT starting on 10 July 1991, which is observed as National VAT Day.[39][40][41][42] VAT became the largest source of government revenue, totaling about 56%. The standard rate is 15%. Export is zero rated. Several reduced rates, locally called Truncated Rates, apply to service sectors and range from 1.5% to 10%. The Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Act of 2012 automated administration.[43][40]

The National Board of Revenue (NBR) administers VAT. Other rules and acts include Development Surcharge and Levy (Imposition and Collection) Act, 2015;[44] and Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Rules, 2016.[45] Anyone who collects VAT becomes a VAT Trustee if they: register and collect a Business Identification Number (BIN) from the NBR; submit VAT returns on time; offer VAT receipts; store all cash-memos; and use the VAT rebate system responsibly. VAT Mentors work in the VAT or Customs department and deal with trustees. The VAT rate is a flat 15%.

### Barbados

VAT was introduced on 1 January 1997 and replaced 11 other taxes.[46] The original rate of 15% was increased to 17.5% in 2011.[47] The rate on restaurant and hotel accommodations is between 10% and 15% while certain foods and goods are zero-rated.[48] The revenue is collected by the Barbados Revenue Authority.[49]

### Bulgaria

VAT was 20% as of 2023. A reduced rate of 9% applies to baby foods and hygiene products, as well as on books. A permanent rate of 9% applies to physical or electronic periodicals, such as newspapers and magazines.

### Canada

Main articles: Finance:Goods and services tax (Canada) and Harmonized sales tax

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a national sales tax introduced in 1991 at a rate of 7%, later reduced to 5%. A Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) that combines the GST and provincial sales tax, is collected in New Brunswick (15%), Newfoundland (15%), Nova Scotia (14%), Ontario (13%) and Prince Edward Island (15%), while British Columbia had a 12% HST until 2013. Quebec has a de facto 14.975% HST: it follows the same rules as the GST, and both are collected by Revenu Québec.

Advertised and posted prices generally exclude taxes, which are calculated at the time of payment; common exceptions are motor fuels, the posted prices for which include sales and excise taxes, and items in vending machines as well as alcohol in monopoly stores. Basic groceries, prescription drugs, inward/outbound transportation and medical devices are zero-rated. Other provinces that do not have a HST may have a Provincial Sales Tax (PST), which are collected in British Columbia (7%), Manitoba (7%) and Saskatchewan (6%). Alberta and all three territories do not collect either a HST or PST.

### Chile

VAT was introduced in Chile in 1974 under Decreto Ley 825.[50] From 1998 there was implemented a 18% tax.[51] Since October 2003, the standard VAT rate has been 19%, applying to the majority of goods and some services. However certain items have been subjected to additional tax, for instance, alcoholic beverages (between 20.5= – 31.5% for fermented to distilled products), jewellery (15%), pyrotechnic items (50% or more for the first sale or import) or soft drinks with high sugar (18%). As of 2023, the VAT tax includes majority of services excluding Education, Health and Transport, as well as taxpayers issuing fee receipts.[52] This tax makes the 41.2% of the total revenue of the country.[53]

### China

VAT produces the largest share of China's tax revenue.[54]: 305

In 1984 the State Council announced that China would begin collecting VAT.[55]: 37 For a decade, it was imposed only on certain categories of goods and at differing rates.[55]: 37 In 1994, VAT became universally imposed on production, wholesale, retain, and importation of all goods.[55]: 37

In 2016, business tax was replaced with VAT nationwide.[55]: 28 VAT's significance to China's tax revenues increased drastically after this.[55]: 358–359

### Czech Republic

In 1993, a standard rate of 23% and a reduced rate of 5% for non-alcoholic beverages, sewerage, heat, and public transport was introduced. In 2015, rates were revised to 21% for the standard rate, and 15% and 10% reduced rates. The lowest reduced rate primarily targeted baby food, medicines, vaccines, books, and music shops, while maintaining a similar redistribution of goods and services for the other rates.

In 2024, a law aimed at reducing the national debt featured return to two rates: a standard rate of 21% and a reduced rate of 12%. Goods and services were redistributed among different tax rates.

There was only one service that shifted from the standard rate to the reduced rate and that was non-regular land passenger bus services. These are not taxi services, which apply a VAT rate of 21%. Books and printed materials, including electronic books, were zero rated.

Several services were moved from reduced rates to the standard rate. Examples include hairdressers and barbers, bicycle repairs, footwear and clothing repairs, freelance journalists and models, cleaning services, and municipal waste.[56][57][58]

### European Union

Main article: Finance:European Union value added tax

The European Union VAT is mandatory for member states of the European Union. The EU VAT asks where supply and consumption occurs, which determines which state collects VAT and at what rate.

Each state must comply with EU VAT law,[59] which requires a minimum standard rate of 15% and one or two reduced rates not to be below 5%. Some EU members have a 0% VAT rate on certain items; these states agreed this as part of their accession (for example, newspapers and certain magazines in Belgium). Certain goods and services must be exempt from VAT (for example, postal services, medical care, lending, insurance, betting), and certain other items are exempt from VAT by default, but states may opt to charge VAT on them (such as land and certain financial services). Luxembourg charges the lowest rate, 17%, and Hungary charges the highest rate, 27%. Only Denmark has no reduced rate.[60]

### Gulf Cooperation Council

Main article: Organization:Gulf Cooperation Council

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) on 1 January 2018 implemented VAT. For companies whose annual revenues exceed $102,000 (Dhs 375,000), registration is mandatory. GCC countries agreed to an introductory rate of 5%.[61][62][63] Saudi Arabia's VAT system uses a 15% rate.[64]

### Hungary

Hungary's standard VAT rate is 27%[65], the highest in the European Union.[66] Lower rates of 18%, 5%, and 0% apply to certain goods and services.[65]

### India

VAT was introduced on 1 April 2005. Of the then 28 states, eight did not immediately introduce VAT. Rates were 5% and 14.5%. Tamil Nadu introduced VAT on 1 January 2007. Under the BJP government, it was replaced by a national Goods and Services Tax (GST) according to the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India.

### Iran (Islamic Republic Of)

Under the Iranian Islamic Resistive economy VAT is universally collected, paid twice 12% by consumer at Point of sale terminals purchases and also by the producers/manufacturers paid electronically at once, around 2% of government VAT profit goes to food electronic coupon stamps National Credit Network program, during Iranian economic crisis in December 2025 in the 2026 fiscal budget it was raised by 3%.[67][68]

### Indonesia

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Indonesia#Value Added Taxation/Goods and Services Taxation[ edit ]

### Italy

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Italy#Value added tax[ edit ]

### Israel

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Israel#Value-added tax[ edit ]

### Japan

VAT, referred to as consumption tax, was implemented in Japan in 1989.[69] Tax authorities debated VAT in the 1960s and 1970s but decided against it at the time.[69]

The standard rate is 10%. Food, beverages, newspaper subscriptions with certain criteria and other necessities qualify for a rate of 8%. Transactions including land sales or lease, securities sales and the provision of public services are exempt.[70]

### Malaysia

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)[ edit ]

### Mexico

The existing sales tax (Spanish: impuesto a las ventas) was replaced by VAT (Spanish: Impuesto al Valor Agregado, IVA) on 1 January 1980. As of 2010, the general VAT rate was 16%. This rate was applied all over Mexico except for border regions (i.e. the United States border, or Belize and Guatemala), where the rate was 11%. Books, food, and medicines are zero-rated. Some services such as medical care are zero-rated. In 2014 the favorable tax rate for border regions was eliminated and the rate increased to 16% across the country.

### Nepal

This section is an excerpt from Value added tax (Nepal)[ edit ]

### New Zealand

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)[ edit ]

### Nordic countries

"MOMS" redirects here. For other uses, see Mom (disambiguation).

MOMS (Danish: merværdiafgift, formerly meromsætningsafgift), Norwegian: merverdiavgift (bokmål) or meirverdiavgift (nynorsk) (abbreviated MVA), Swedish: Mervärdes- och OMSättningsskatt (until the early 1970s labeled as OMS OMSättningsskatt only), Icelandic: virðisaukaskattur (abbreviated VSK), Faroese: meirvirðisgjald (abbreviated MVG) or Finnish: arvonlisävero (abbreviated ALV) are the Nordic terms for VAT. Like other countries' sales and VAT, it is an indirect tax.

Year  | Tax level (Denmark) | Name

|
|

1962 | 9% | OMS
1967 | 10% | MOMS
1968 | 12.5658%  | MOMS
1970 | 15% | MOMS
1977 | 18% | MOMS
1978 | 20.25% | MOMS
1980 | 22% | MOMS
1992 | 25% | MOMS

Denmark has the highest VAT, alongside Norway, Sweden, and Croatia. VAT is generally applied at one rate, 25%, with few exceptions. Services such as public transport, health care, newspapers, rent (the lessor can voluntarily register as a VAT payer, except for residential premises), and travel agencies.

In Finland, the standard rate is 25.5%.[71] A 14% rate is applied on groceries, animal feed, and restaurant and catering services. A 10% rate is applied on books, newspapers and magazines, pharmaceutical products, sports and fitness services, entrance fees to cultural, entertainment and sporting events, passenger transport services, accommodation services, and royalties for television and public radio activities. Åland, an autonomous area, is considered to be outside the EU VAT area, although its VAT rate is the same as for Finland. Goods brought from Åland to Finland or other EU countries are considered to be imports. This enables tax-free sales onboard passenger ships.

In Iceland, VAT is 24% for most goods and services. An 11% rate is applied for hotel and guesthouse stays, licence fees for radio stations (namely RÚV), newspapers and magazines, books; hot water, electricity and oil for heating houses, food for human consumption (but not alcoholic beverages), access to toll roads and music.[72]

In Norway, the general rate is 25%, 15% on foodstuffs, and 12% on hotels and holiday homes, on some transport services, cinemas.[73] Financial services, health services, social services and educational services,[74] newspapers, books and periodicals are zero-rated.[75] Svalbard has no VAT because of a clause in the Svalbard Treaty.

In Sweden, VAT is 25% for most goods and services, 12% for foods including restaurants, and hotels. It is 6% for printed matter, cultural services, and transport of private persons. Zero-rated services including public (but not private) education, health, dental care. Dance event tickets are 25%, concerts and stage shows are 6%, while some types of cultural events are 0%.

MOMS replaced OMS (Danish omsætningsafgift, Swedish omsättningsskatt) in 1967, which was a tax applied exclusively for retailers.

### Philippines

Main article: Taxation in the Philippines

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in the Philippines#Value-added tax[ edit ]

### Poland

VAT was introduced in 1993. The standard rate is 23%. Items and services eligible for an 8% include certain food products, newspapers, goods and services related to agriculture, medicine, sport, and culture. The complete list is in Annex 3 to the VAT Act. A 5% applies to basic food items (such as meat, fruits, vegetables, dairy and bakery products), children's items, hygiene products, and books. Exported goods, international transport services, supply of specific computer hardware to educational institutions, vessels, and air transport are zero rated. Taxi services have flat-rate tax of 4%. Flat-rate farmers supplying agricultural goods to VAT taxable entities are eligible for a 7% refund.[76]

### Romania

Value-added tax (in Romanian Taxa pe valoarea adăugată, or TVA) in Romania is a consumption tax charged at a standard rate of 21%. A single reduced rate of 11% applies to most foodstuffs (alcoholic beverages excluded) and utilities.[77]

### Russia

The VAT rate is 20% with exemptions for some services (for example, medical care). VAT payers include organizations (industrial and financial, state and municipal enterprises, institutions, business partnerships, insurance companies and banks), enterprises with foreign investments, individual entrepreneurs, international associations, and foreign entities with operations in the Russian Federation, non-commercial organizations that conduct commercial activities, and those who move goods across the border of the Customs Union.[78][79][80]

In September 2025 MinFin proposed to raise the VAT rate from 20% to 22% for 2026.[81]

### Singapore

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)[ edit ]

### Slovakia

The standard rate is 23%. A 5% rate primarily applies to essential goods such as (healthy) food, medicine, and books.[82]

### Spain

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Spain#Value added tax[ edit ]

### South Africa

South Africa applies a standard VAT rate of 15%, with specific zero-rated and exempt items; recent case law has clarified the treatment of certain entertainment expenses for VAT input claims.[83]

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in South Africa#Value-Added Tax (VAT)[ edit ]

### Switzerland and Liechtenstein

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Switzerland#Value added tax[ edit ]

### Taiwan

VAT in Taiwan is 5%. It is levied on all goods and services. Exceptions include exports, vessels, aircraft used in international transportation, and deep-sea fishing boats.[84]

### Trinidad and Tobago

VAT is 12.5%.

### Ukraine

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Ukraine#Value added tax[ edit ]

### United Kingdom

The United Kingdom introduced VAT in 1973 after joining the EEC.[2] The current standard rate for VAT in the United Kingdom since 2011 is 20%. Some goods and services have a reduced rate of 5% or are zero-rated (0%).[85] Others may be exempt.

### United States

In the United States no federal VAT is in effect. Instead, sales and use taxes are used in most states.[86][87] However, two states have enacted a form of VAT in lieu of a business income tax:

* Michigan used a form of VAT known as the "Single Business Tax" (SBT) from 1975 until voter-initiated legislation repealed it, replaced by the Michigan Business Tax in 2008.[88]
* Hawaii has a 4% General Excise Tax (GET) that is charged on gross business income. Individual counties add a .5% surcharge. Unlike a VAT, rebates are not available, such that items incur the tax each time they are (re)sold.[89]

Puerto Rico replaced its 6% sales tax with a 10.5% VAT beginning 1 April 2016, leaving in place its 1% municipal sales and use tax. Materials imported for manufacturing are exempt.[90][91][92]

#### Discussions about a federal VAT

Former 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang advocated for a national VAT in order to pay for his universal basic income proposal. A national subtraction-method VAT, often referred to as a "flat tax", has been repeatedly proposed as a replacement of the corporate income tax.[8][9][10]

A border-adjustment tax (BAT) was proposed by the Republican Party in 2016.[93][33]: 27 [94]

### Vietnam

All organizations and individuals producing and trading VAT taxable goods and services pay VAT, regardless of whether they have Vietnam-resident establishments.

Vietnam has three VAT rates: 0 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent. 10 percent is the standard rate.

A variety of goods and service transactions qualify for VAT exemption.[95]

## Tax rates

Standard VAT or sales tax rate General government revenue, in % of GDP, from VAT. For this data, the variance of GDP per capita with purchasing power parity (PPP) is explained in 3% by tax revenue.

## Examples by continent

### European Union countries

File:EEA VAT tax rates.svgEU VAT Tax Rates Country  | Standard rate (current)[96] | Reduced rate (current)  | Abbreviation  | Local name

|
|
|
|

Austria  | 20%  | 10% for rental for the purpose of habitation, food, garbage collection, most transportation, etc.
13% for plants, live animals and animal food, art, wine (if bought directly from the winemaker), etc.[97] | MwSt./USt.  | MehrwertSteuer/UmsatzSteuer
Belgium  | 21%[98] | 12% or 6% (for food or live necessary consumables) or 0% in some cases  | BTW
TVA
MwSt  | Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde
Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
MehrwertSteuer
Bulgaria  | 20%  | 9% (hotels) or 0%  | ДДС  | Данък Добавена Cтойност
Croatia  | 25%  | 13% (since 1 January 2014) or 5% (since 1 January 2013)  | PDV  | Porez na Dodanu Vrijednost
Cyprus  | 19%[99] | 5% (8% for taxi and bus transportation)  | ΦΠΑ  | Φόρος Προστιθέμενης Αξίας
Czech Republic  | 21%[100] | 15% (food, public transport) or 10% (medicines, pharmaceuticals, books and baby foodstuffs)  | DPH  | Daň z přidané hodnoty
Denmark  | 25%[101] | 0%  | Moms  | Meromsætningsafgift
Estonia  | 24%  | 9%  | Km  | Käibemaks
Finland  | 25.5%  | 14% (groceries, restaurants, medicines, cultural services and events, passenger transport, hotels, books) or 10% (newspapers and magazines )  | ALV
Moms  | Arvonlisävero (Finnish)
Mervärdesskatt (Swedish)
France  | 20%  | 10% or 5.5% or 2.1%  | TVA  | Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
Germany  | 19% (Heligoland 0%)[102] | 7% for foodstuffs (except luxury-), books, flowers etc., 0% for postage stamps. (Heligoland always 0%)  | MwSt./USt.  | MehrwertSteuer/UmsatzSteuer
Greece  | 24%[103]
(16% on Aegean islands)  | 13% (6.5% for hotels, books and pharmaceutical products)
(8% and 4% on Aegean islands)  | ΦΠΑ  | Φόρος Προστιθέμενης Αξίας
Hungary  | 27%[104] | 18% (milk and dairy products, cereal products, hotels, tickets to outdoor music events) or 5% (pharmaceutical products, medical equipment, books and periodicals, some meat products, district heating, heating based on renewable sources, live music performance under certain circumstances) or 0% (postal services, medical services, mother's milk, etc.)[105] | áfa  | Általános Forgalmi Adó
Ireland  | 23%[106] | 13.5% or 9.0% or 4.8% or 0%  | CBl
VAT  | Cáin Bhreisluacha (Irish)
Value Added Tax (English)
Italy  | 22% (Livigno 0%)[107] | 10% (hotels, bars, restaurants and other tourism products, certain foodstuffs, plant protection products and special works of building restoration, home-use utilities: electricity, gas used for cooking and water) or 4% (e.g. grocery staples, daily or periodical press and books, works for the elimination of architectural barriers, some kinds of seeds, fertilizers)  | IVA  | Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto
Latvia  | 21%  | 12% or 0%  | PVN  | Pievienotās Vērtības Nodoklis
Lithuania  | 21%  | 9% or 5%  | PVM  | Pridėtinės Vertės Mokestis
Luxembourg  | 17%[108] | 14% on certain wines, 8% on public utilities, or 3% on books and press, food (including restaurant meals), children's clothing, hotel stays, and public transit[108] | TVA
MwSt./USt
MS  | Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
Mehrwertsteuer/Umsatzsteuer
Méiwäert Steier
Malta  | 18%  | 7% or 5% or 0%  | TVM
VAT  | Taxxa tal-Valur Miżjud
Value Added Tax
Netherlands  | 21%  | 9% for special categories of products and services like food, medicine and art.

0% for products and services that are already taxed in other countries or systems, for excise goods, and for fish.

| BTW/Ob  | Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde/ Omzetbelasting/ Voorbelasting
Poland  | 23%[99][109] | 8% for beauty services, renovation and construction services, food services, food, tickets for public transportation (domestic connections).

5% for food, some agricultural products, medical services, cultural services, sports and recreation services. 0% for imported goods not covered by customs duties, tickets for public transportation (international connections) and services for repairing, processing or refining raw materials.[110][111][112]

| PTU  | Podatek od Towarów i Usług
Portugal  | 23%[113][114]
22% in Madeira and 18% in Azores[113][114] | 13% for processed food, provision of services, and others such as oil and diesel, climate action focused goods and musical instruments and 6% for food products, agricultural services, and other deemed essential products such as farmaceutical products and public transport[115]
12% or 5% in Madeira and 9% or 4% in Azores[113][114] | IVA  | Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado
Romania  | 19%[116] | 9% (food and non-alcoholic drinks) or 5% (buyers of new homes under special conditions)  | TVA  | Taxa pe Valoarea Adăugată
Slovakia  | 23%  | 19% or 5%  | DPH  | Daň z Pridanej Hodnoty
Slovenia  | 22%[117] | 9.5%  | DDV  | Davek na Dodano Vrednost
Spain  | 21%
7% in Canary Islands (not part of EU VAT area) | 10% (10% from 1 September 2012[118]) or 4%[107][119]
3% or 0% in Canary Islands  | IVA
IGIC  | Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido
Impuesto General Indirecto Canario
Sweden  | 25%  | 12% (e.g. food, hotels and restaurants), 6% (e.g. books, passenger transport, cultural events and activities), 0% (e.g. insurance, financial services, health care, dental care, prescription drugs, immovable property)[120][121] | MOMS  | Mervärdes- och OMSättningsskatt

### Non-European Union countries

Country  | Standard rate (current)  | Reduced rate (current)  | Local name

|
|
|

Albania[122] | 20%  | 6% (accommodation services) or 0% (postal, medical, dental and welfare services)  | TVSH = Tatimi mbi Vlerën e Shtuar
Algeria  | 19%  | The reduced VAT rate in Algeria is currently 9%. It applies to basic goods and services such as food, medicine, and transportation.  | TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
Andorra[123] | 4.5%  | 1%  | IGI = Impost General Indirecte
Angola[124] | 14%  | 5% which applies to the import and supply of certain goods (products of the Basic Basket listed in Annex I of the VAT Code and agricultural inputs)  | IVA = Imposto Sobre o Valor Acrescentado
Antigua and Barbuda  | 15%  |  | ?
Argentina  | 21%  | 10.5% or 0%  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Armenia  | 20%  | 0%  | AAH = Avelacvats Arzheqi Hark
ԱԱՀ = Ավելացված արժեքի հարկ
Australia  | 10%  | 0% fresh food, medical services, medicines and medical devices, education services, childcare, water and sewerage, government taxes & permits and many government charges, precious metals, second-hand goods and many other types of goods. Rebates for exported goods and GST taxed business inputs are also available  | GST = Goods and Services Tax
Azerbaijan  | 18%  | 10.5% or 0%  | ƏDV = Əlavə dəyər vergisi
Bahamas[125][126] | 12%  | 12% or 0% (including but not limited to exports of goods or services, services to a foreign going vessel providing international commercial services, consumable goods for commercially scheduled foreign going vessels/aircraft, copyright, etc.)  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Bahrain  | 10%  | 0% (pharmacies and medical services, road transport, education service, Oil and gas derivatives, Vegetables and fruits, National exports)  | (VAT) ضريبة القيمة المضافة
Bangladesh  | 15%  | 4% for supplier, 4.5% for ITES, 5% for electricity, 5.5% for construction firm, etc.  | Musok = Mullo songzojon kor
মূসক = "মূল্য সংযোজন কর"
Barbados  | 17.5%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Belarus  | 20%  | 10% or 0.5%  | ПДВ = Падатак на дададзеную вартасьць
Belize  | 12.5%  |  | ?
Benin  | 18%  |  | ?
Bolivia  | 13%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Bosnia and Herzegovina  | 17%  |  | PDV = Porez na dodanu vrijednost
Botswana  | 14%[127] |  | ?
Brazil  | 20% (IPI) + 19% (ICMS) average + 3% (ISS) average  | 0%  | *IPI – 20% = Imposto sobre produtos industrializados (Tax over industrialized products) – Federal Tax
ICMS – 17 to 25% = Imposto sobre circulação e serviços (tax over commercialization and services) – State Tax
ISS – 2 to 5% = Imposto sobre serviço de qualquer natureza (tax over any service) - City tax
Burkina Faso  | 18%  |  | ?
Burundi  | 18%  |  | ?
Cambodia  | 10%  |  | ?
Cameroon  | 19.25%  |  | ?
Canada  | 5% GST + 0–9.975% PST or 13-15% HST depending on province.  | 0% [lower-alpha 1] on GST or HST for Prescription drugs, medical devices, basic groceries, agricultural/fishing products, exported or foreign goods, services and travel. Other exemptions exist for PSTs and vary by province.  | GST = Goods and Services Tax
TPS = Taxe sur les produits et services
HST[lower-alpha 2] = Harmonized Sales Tax
PST = Provincial Sales Tax
Cape Verde  | 15%  |  | ?
Central African Republic  | 19%  |  | ?
Chad  | 18%  |  | ?
Chile  | 19%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
China[lower-alpha 3] | 13%  | 9% for foods, printed matter, and households fuels; 6% for service; or 3% for non-VAT  | 增值税 (zēng zhí shuì)
Colombia  | 19%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Costa Rica  | 13%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Democratic Republic of the Congo  | 16%  |  | ?
Dominica  | 15%  |  | ?
Dominican Republic  | 18%  | 12% or 0%  | ITBIS = Impuesto sobre Transferencia de Bienes Industrializados y Servicios
Ecuador  | 15%[128] | 0%  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Egypt  | 14% (15% on communication services)  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
El Salvador  | 13%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado o "Impuesto a la Transferencia de Bienes Muebles y a la Prestación de Servicios"
Equatorial Guinea  | 15%  |  | IVA = Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido
Eswatini[129] | 15%  |  |
Ethiopia  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Faroe Islands  | 25%  |  | MVG = Meirvirðisgjald
Fiji  | 15%  | 0%  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Gabon  | 18%  |  | TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
Gambia[130] | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Georgia  | 18%  | 0%  | DGhG = Damatebuli Ghirebulebis gadasakhadi დღგ = დამატებული ღირებულების გადასახადი
Ghana  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax plus National Health Insurance Levy (NHIL; 2.5%)
Grenada  | 15%  |  | ?
Guatemala  | 12%  |  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Guinea  | 18%  |  | ?
Guinea-Bissau  | 15%  |  | ?
Guyana  | 16%  | 0%  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Haiti  | 10%  |  | ?
Honduras  | 15% (4% additional on tourism tax)[131] |  | ISV = Impuesto Sobre Ventas
Iceland  | 24%  | 11%[lower-alpha 4] | VSK, VASK = Virðisaukaskattur
India[lower-alpha 5][132] | 18%  | 5%  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Indonesia[133] | 12%  | 12%, 0% for primary groceries, medical services, financial services, education and also insurance  | PPN = Pajak Pertambahan Nilai
Iran  | 9%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax (مالیات بر ارزش افزوده)
Isle of Man  | 20%  |  | ?
Israel[lower-alpha 6] | 18%[lower-alpha 7] (0% in Eilat)  | 0% (fruits and vegetables, tourism services for foreign citizens, intellectual property, diamonds, flights and apartments renting)  | Ma'am = מס ערך מוסף, מע"מ
Ivory Coast  | 18%  |  | ?
Jamaica[135] | 15%  |  | GCT = General Consumption Tax
Japan  | 10%  | 8% (groceries, Subscription newspaper)  | shōhizei (消費税) ("consumption tax")
Jersey[lower-alpha 8] | 5%  | 0%  | GST = Goods and Services Tax
Jordan  | 16%  |  | GST = Goods and Sales Tax
Kazakhstan  | 12%  |  | ҚCҚ = Қосылған құнға салынатын салық (Kazakh)
VAT = Value Added Tax
Kenya  | 16%  |  | ?
Kyrgyzstan  | 20%  |  | ?
Laos  | 10%  |  | ?
Lebanon  | 11%  |  | TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
Lesotho  | 14%  |  | ?
Liechtenstein[136] | 8.1%  | 3.8% (lodging services) or 2.6%  | MWST = Mehrwertsteuer
Madagascar  | 20%  |  | TVA =Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, HASS = Hetra Amin'ny Sandan'ny Sandany
Malawi  | 16.5%  |  | ?
Malaysia[lower-alpha 9] | 8%  | 0% for fresh foods, education, healthcare, land public transportation and medicines. Sales and Services Tax (SST) was reintroduced by the Malaysian Government on 1 September 2018 to replace the Goods and Services Tax (GST) which had only been introduced just over three years before that, on 1 April 2015.[138] | SST = Sales and Services Tax
CJP = Cukai Jualan dan Perkhidmatan

GST = Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)

Maldives  | 6%  | 0%  | GST = Goods and services tax (Government Tax)
Mali  | 18%  |  | ?
Mauritania  | 14%  |  | TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
Mauritius  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax, TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, TVA = Tax lor Valer Azoute
Mexico  | 16%  | 0% on books, food and medicines.  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Moldova  | 20%  | 8%, 5% or 0%  | TVA = Taxa pe Valoarea Adăugată
Monaco[139] | 19.6%  | 5.6%  | TVA = Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée
Mongolia  | 10%  | 0%  | VAT = Нэмэгдсэн өртгийн албан татвар
Montenegro  | 21%  | 7%  | PDV = Porez na dodatu vrijednost
Morocco  | 20%  |  | TVA = Taxe sur Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
Mozambique[140] | 16%  |  | IVA = Imposto Sobre o Valor Acrescentado
Namibia  | 15%  | 0%  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Nepal  | 13%  | 0%  | VAT = Value Added Taxes
New Zealand  | 15%  | 0% (donated goods and services sold by non-profits, financial services, rental payments for residential properties, supply of fine metals, and penalty interest).[141] | GST = Goods and Services Tax
Nicaragua  | 15%  |  | ?
Niger  | 19%  |  | ?
Nigeria  | 7.5%  |  | ?
Niue  | 5%  |  | ?
North Macedonia  | 18%  | 5% or 0%  | ДДВ = Данок на додадена вредност, DDV = Danok na dodadena vrednost
Norway  | 25%  | 15% (food), 12% (public transport, hotel, cinema) and 0% for electric cars (until 2018)[142] | MVA = Merverdiavgift (bokmål) or meirverdiavgift (nynorsk) (informally moms)
Pakistan[143] | 18%  | 1% or 0%  | GST = General Sales Tax
Palau  | 10%[144] |  | PGST = Palau Goods & Services Tax
Palestine  | 16%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Panama  | 7%  | 0%  | ITBMS = Impuesto de Transferencia de Bienes Muebles y Servicios
Papua New Guinea  | 10%  |  | ?
Paraguay  | 10%  | 5%  | IVA= Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Peru  | 18%  |  | IGV – 16% = Impuesto General a la Ventas IPM – 2% Impuesto de Promocion Municipal
Philippines  | 12%[lower-alpha 10] | 6% on petroleum products, and electricity and water services
0% for senior citizens (all who are aged 60 and above) on medicines, professional fees for physicians, medical and dental services, transportation fares, admission fees charged by theaters and amusement centers, and funeral and burial services after the death of the senior citizen  | RVAT = Reformed Value Added Tax, locally known as Karagdagang Buwis / Dungag nga Buhis
Republic of Congo  | 16%  |  | ?
Russia  | 20%  | 10% (essential food, goods for children and medical products)[146] or 0%  | НДС = Налог на добавленную стоимость, NDS = Nalog na dobavlennuyu stoimost'
Rwanda  | 18%  | 0%  | VAT = Value Added Tax, TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, UN = Umusoro ku Nyongeramusaruro
Saint Kitts and Nevis  | 17%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  | 15%  |  | ?
Samoa  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax, LFT = Lafoga Fa'aopoopo Tau
Saudi Arabia  | 15%  |  | ضريبة القيمة المضافة (VAT)
Senegal  | 18%  |  | ?
Serbia  | 20%[147] | 10%[148] or 0%  | ПДВ = Порез на додату вредност, PDV = Porez na dodatu vrednost
File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg Seychelles  | 15%  |  | ?
Sierra Leone  | 15%  |  | ?
Singapore  | 9%  | 0% for public healthcare services, such as at public hospitals and polyclinics, with GST absorbed by the government.  | GST = Goods and Services Tax
South Africa  | 15%  | 0% on basic foodstuffs such as bread, additionally on goods donated not for gain; goods or services used for educational purposes, such as school computers; membership contributions to an employee organization (such as labour union dues); and rent paid on a house by a renter to a landlord.[149] | VAT = Valued Added Tax; BTW = Belasting op toegevoegde waarde
South Korea  | 10%  | 0% (essential foodstuffs)  | VAT = bugagachise (Korean: 부가가치세; Hanja: 附加價値稅)
Sri Lanka[150] | 18%  | 0%  | VAT = Valued Added Tax has been in effect in Sri Lanka since 2001. On the 2001 budget, the rates have been revised to 12% and 0% from the previous 20%, 12% and 0%
Sudan  | 17%  |  | ?
Switzerland  | 8.1%[151] | 3.8% (hotel sector) and 2.6% (essential foodstuff, books, newspapers, medical supplies)[151] | MWST = Mehrwertsteuer, TVA = Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, IVA = Imposta sul valore aggiunto, TPV = Taglia sin la Plivalur
Taiwan  | 5%  |  | 營業稅 yíng yè shuì (business tax) / 加值型營業稅 jiā zhí xíng yíng yè shuì (value-added business tax)
Tajikistan  | 20%  |  | ?
Tanzania  | 18%  |  | ?
Thailand  | 10%  | 7%  | VAT = Value Added Tax, ภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่ม
Togo  | 18%  |  | ?
Tonga  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax, TTM = Tukuhau Tānaki Mahuʻinga
Trinidad and Tobago  | 12.5%  | 0%  | ?
Tunisia[152] | 19%  |  | TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée آداء على القيمة المضافة
Turkey  | 20%  | 10% or 1%  | KDV = Katma değer vergisi
Turkmenistan  | 15%  |  | GGS = Goşulan Gymmatlyk Salgydy
Uganda  | 18%  |  | ?
Ukraine  | 20%  | 7% or 0%  | ПДВ = Податок на додану вартість, PDV = Podatok na dodanu vartist'
United Arab Emirates  | 5%  |  | ضريبة القيمة المضافة
United Kingdom  | 20%[153]
0% in Guernsey and Gibraltar (not part of EU VAT area) | 5% residential energy/insulation/renovations, feminine hygiene products, child safety seats and mobility aids and 0% for life necessities - basic food, water, prescription medications, medical equipment and medical supply, public transport, children's clothing, books and periodicals. Also 0% for new building construction (but standard rate for building demolition, modifications, renovation etc.)[154] | VAT = Value Added Tax

TAW = Treth Ar Werth (Welsh)

Uruguay  | 22%  | 18% or 0%  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Uzbekistan  | 12%  |  | QQS = Qoʻshilgan Qiymat Soligʻi
Vanuatu[155] | 15%  |  | ?
Venezuela[156] | 16%  | 11%  | IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
Vietnam  | 10%  | 5% or 0%  | GTGT = Giá Trị Gia Tăng
Zambia  | 16%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Zimbabwe  | 15%  |  | VAT = Value Added Tax
Yemen[157] | 5%  |  | آداء على القيمة المضافة

1. ↑ No reduced rate, but rebates generally available for certain services
2. ↑ HST is a combined federal/provincial sales tax collected in some provinces. GST is a 5% federal sales tax collected separately if there is a PST. 5% of HSTs go to the federal government and the remainder to the province.
3. ↑ These taxes do not apply in Hong Kong and Macau, which are financially independent and VAT-free as special administrative regions.
4. ↑ The reduced rate was 14% until 1 March 2007, when it was lowered to 7%, and later changed to 11%. The reduced rate applies to heating costs, printed matter, restaurant bills, hotel stays, and most food.
5. ↑ VAT is not implemented in 2 of India's 28 states.
6. ↑ Except Eilat, where VAT is not raised.[134]
7. ↑ The VAT in Israel is in a state of flux. It was reduced from 18% to 17% in March 2004, to 16.5% in September 2005, then to 15.5% in July 2006. It was then raised back to 16.5% in July 2009, and lowered to the rate of 16% in January 2010. It was then raised again to 17% on 1 September 2012, and once again on 2 June 2013, to 18%. It was reduced from 18% to 17% in October 2015. And finally increased to 18% on 1 January 2025.
8. ↑ The introduction of a goods and sales tax of 3% on 6 May 2008 was to replace revenue from Company Income Tax following a reduction in rates.
9. ↑ In the 2014 Budget, the government announced that GST would be introduced in April 2015. Piped water, power supply (the first 200 units per month for domestic consumers), transportation services, education, and health services are tax-exempt. However, many details have not yet been confirmed.[137]
10. ↑ The President of the Philippines has the power to raise the tax to 12% after 1 January 2006. The tax was raised to 12% on 1 February.[145]

### VAT-free countries and territories

Country[158] | Notes

|

Akrotiri and Dhekelia  | British Overseas Territory
Anguilla  | British Overseas Territory
Bermuda  | British Overseas Territory
Template:Country data British Antarctic Territory | British Overseas Territory
File:Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg British Indian Ocean Territory  | British Overseas Territory
British Virgin Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Brunei  | N/A
Cayman Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Cuba  | N/A
Falkland Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar  | British Overseas Territory
Guernsey  | British Crown Dependency
Greenland  | Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark
Hong Kong  | Special administrative region of China
Iraq  | N/A
Kiribati  | N/A
Libya  | N/A
Macau  | Special administrative region of China
Maldives  | N/A
Marshall Islands  | N/A
File:Flag of Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia  | N/A
Montserrat  | British Overseas Territory
Myanmar  | N/A
Nauru  | N/A
North Korea  | N/A
Pitcairn Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha  | British Overseas Territory
San Marino  | N/A
Sao Tome and Principe  | N/A
Solomon Islands  | N/A
Somalia  | N/A
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Svalbard  | N/A
Syria  | N/A
Timor Leste  | N/A
Turks and Caicos Islands  | British Overseas Territory
Tuvalu  | N/A
United States  | Sales taxes are collected by most states and some cities, counties, and Native American reservations. The federal government collects excise tax on some goods, but does not collect a nationwide sales tax.
Vatican City  | N/A

## See also

* Excise
* Flat tax
* Georgism
* Gross receipts tax
* Henry George
* Import One-Stop Shop (IOSS)
* Income tax
* Land value tax
* Missing trader fraud (Carousel VAT Fraud)
* Progressive tax
* Single tax
* X tax

General:

* List of countries by tax rates

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Consumption Tax Trends 2018: VAT/GST and excise rates, trends and policy issues. Secretary-General of the OECD. 2018. doi:10.1787/ctt-2018-en. ISBN 978-92-64-22394-3. http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/taxation/consumption-tax-trends-2014_ctt-2014-en#.V-bNg61v9GY. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 ICAEW Insights (18 September 2024). "A brief history of VAT in Europe and the UK". https://www.icaew.com/insights/tax-news/2024/sep-2024/a-brief-history-of-vat-in-europe-and-the-uk.
3. ↑ Helgason, Agnar Freyr (2017). "Unleashing the 'money machine': the domestic political foundations of VAT adoption". Socio-Economic Review 15 (4): 797–813. doi:10.1093/ser/mwx004.
4. ↑ "Les recettes fiscales" (in fr). Le budget et les comptes de l'État. Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France). 30 October 2009. http://www.performance-publique.gouv.fr/le-budget-et-les-comptes-de-letat/approfondir/les-recettes/les-recettes-fiscales.html. "la TVA représente 125,4 milliards d'euros, soit 49,7% des recettes fiscales nettes de l'État."
5. ↑ M.A.G. van Meerhaeghe, Taxation and the European Community, Economia delle Scelte Pubbliche, Vol. VII, 1989-1/2, pp. 18–19.
6. ↑ Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft – Kommission: Bericht des Steuer- und Finanzausschusses (Neumark Bericht), Brüssel 1963.
7. ↑ Bodin, Jean-Paul; Ebril, Liam P.; Keen, Michael; Summers, Victoria P. (5 November 2001). The Modern VAT. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1-58906-026-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qnI5E3m09d0C&pg=PA49. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bickley, James M. (3 January 2008). ﻿"Value-Added Tax: A New U.S. Revenue Source?"﻿ (Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 1, 3. RL33619. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33619.pdf. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
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13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax?" (in en). Tax Policy Center. https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/why-vat-administratively-superior-retail-sales-tax.
14. ↑ Stigler, George J (1952). Readings in price theory. Chicago: R. D. Irwin. pp. 338-339. https://archive.org/details/readingsinpricet0000amer/page/n5/mode/2up.
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86. ↑ Trinova Corp. v. Michigan Dept. of Treasury, 498 U.S. 358, 362 (United States Supreme Court 1991) ("Although in Europe and Latin America VAT's are common,...in the United States they are much studied but little used").
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107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "2014 EU VAT rates". VAT Live. http://www.vatlive.com/vat-rates/european-vat-rates/eu-vat-rates/.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 "Portail de la fiscalité indirecte - Luxembourg". 6 June 2023. http://www.aed.public.lu/tva/loi/Loi-TVA-2015.pdf.
109. ↑ Prezydent podpisał ustawę okołobudżetową – VAT wzrośnie do 23 proc. Wyborcza.biz (14 December 2010). Retrieved 14 June 2013.
110. ↑ Sara Kuleta. "Podatek VAT w Polsce – podatek od towarów i usług" (in pl-PL). Ernst & Young. https://www.ey.com/pl_pl/insights/tax/podatki-posrednie-vat-akcyza-clo/podatek-vat-w-polsce-co-warto-wiedziec-o-podatku-od-towarow-i-uslug.
111. ↑ "Ustawa z dn. 11 marca 2004 r. o podatku od towarów i usług." (in pl-PL). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20040540535/U/D20040535Lj.pdf.
112. ↑ "List of VAT rates" (in en-US). https://www.podatki.gov.pl/en/value-added-tax/general-vat-rules-and-rates/list-of-vat-rates/.
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 "CAPÍTULO IV | Taxas | Artigo 18.º | Taxas do imposto". https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/civa_rep/pages/iva18.aspx.
114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 "Código do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado" (in pt). https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/153302675/202012310000/73934123/diploma/indice.
115. ↑ "Disposições finais". https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/civa_rep/Pages/c-iva-listas.aspx.
116. ↑ Andra, Timu (3 September 2015). "Romania Passes Scaled-Down Tax Cuts After Warnings Over Budget". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-03/romania-passes-scaled-down-tax-cuts-after-warnings-over-budget.
117. ↑ "Pravilnik o spremembah in dopolnitvah Pravilnika o izvajanju Zakona o davku na dodano vrednost". Ministry of Finance. 24 June 2013. http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=201354&stevilka=2056.
118. ↑ "Spain raises VAT from 18% to 21% 1 September 2012". VAT Live. 13 July 2012. http://www.vatlive.com/european-news/spain-raises-vat-from-18-to-21-1-september-2012/.
119. ↑ "Dr. Freda Lewis-Hall Joins Pfizer As Chief Medical Officer - London Stock Exchange". http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/news/market-news/market-news-detail.html?announcementId=10010395.
120. ↑ "Swedish VAT compliance and rates". VAT Live. http://www.vatlive.com/country-guides/sweden/swedish-vat-compliance-and-rates/.
121. ↑ "Momsen - hur fungerar den? | Skatteverket". Skatteverket.se. 1 January 2014. http://www.skatteverket.se/foretagorganisationer/moms/vadarmoms.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc80005374.html.
122. ↑ "Albania - Other taxes impacting corporate entities". PwC. 6 September 2019. http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/Albania-Corporate-Other-taxes.
123. ↑ "Andorra crea un IVA con un tipo general del 4,5% y uno reducido del 1%". La Vanguardia. 4 July 2010. http://www.lavanguardia.es/economia/noticias/20100704/53958607595/andorra-crea-un-iva-con-un-tipo-general-del-45-y-uno-reducido-del-1.html.
124. ↑ "Angola Tax Changes for 2021". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/angola/corporate/other-taxes.
125. ↑ "The Government of The Bahamas - VAT Bahamas". VAT Bahamas. 5 June 2015. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/!ut/p/b1/vZfZjptKEIafJQ8wcTdb40t2MNBgNgM3yCxjFoM3bAxPHyYnkTI5Z8bnIjEtkBB_6-_6qqqBRbwIF3G3vVW7bV8duu3-7T5mkjUP1q6xJDlW0iXAAWRwjMKRUEOzIJoFJFBMjqNYU6EBAzTfNjgbqYRFge_zP3oM6cVmEarRxIsHbZAkJ7n7V9uLi41bg6qKGVMmTEFG9prfHBstF6kkiC0zwa15Ojpelt-rrXXi8-m6hxnMRtfiGsPduy0dJw3VqaokeBkPkzZlDcdOmo2sErp9GoTgVkbZiM0N39OejMbTCzsKvQt1VtyG1zy2ut0EQTnC7XA1ymzPeQWdJzsRKiuK-xEz-ODgHsb8ObNZ8BnzGek_8z8R_K-cfSSwyEfzV4u4StuvQ9Z-BV8hCREkIKIQQkuahsyc0vhTAjrxQPAWwXfBZ4g_XeRbDI8oRrMA_bIGLwBAg4BzXLgGLIYLbxECKnHr8ahNzeTUaA1wjW3TW2nzGkYseh729xhjC_bSjoBioOEzBy6iY5i1OV6wZ-eB4_OcgOqSKX43tAhvORsKkNF9GriA-tuGCm2xM2Xk2RxNAMWCzzYkn4pUsS3w1yN8VzTU-s_n8F2vsUsG0oilliwDKIpFi6COqERgtUE23cQ9RqrV1gWSIyl03NBvD6Eb9xp326sv_dlPiZdDRVkiSMhreq5rI12eD92O482BRoC8LRs87LTr9LpzTd0vOd2v1_p45rSwdLuuIodGZ_l0KrxDUq-GDDgxDsvNqSfEzrynLXwpYoWQ2rvbHPYbF2z6tj0Vu5uWoKsXeEvlHBi0BMwqinrr5gWiLLVUE-ZOg6k4GUY2STsJheOR7OhuKJovC6we2p_IP2zkf1cxGO54Pl1xtYK1fzdF28eeBN-QY6m3wNkf3CkwPb83e6nUzVz9gVzsOEIfHxjq4NmGxLMN6WcboicbCtSzDZ9dpQL5ZEP3z7fF-60PESyLKEASDM1SLLMIjGx3Fw_cTpRE58TWaximxMoqq9NJj3xBjCpMFxE9vYygMG7BK1Ydfn1Ow3xFdN1KEsJS3XF0rG0O2iZYZpS1lWgnDNaZvR91uald60a9btVleuh6eKkjr7hHL6YyKbbQINBQXx4B-a-inrDoD9iH-tu-b3qhMwMZL70wA6ExmHzCRCvNrHOMxYyYLz_fBW3VrN0HhgTzbEP6yYYaeLbhs5Fqfx7puy4CzJw1lqIISCCWZSh6_oLwGSRe5r8v-xLsy9uRzO4b_SIJUaMcckkNcVU57H7FYCu8CSk3mH07GvktovYb486BtW8ytHkmzuVV4OT2dcnzjqdosiIf4y6QeJHVdTays7IiOCMXpz69wJCfNLmBhRwW52l7uW7VuChe48pAIuP0S2UIQtTwmpeEWXXqmNXmFI6atu7S3SEp2koeozovZdgB4laiwY5JzoLsSV7G144XF8fWv-m6btAryVGn8JdRKLf298HCX8bwDRzn5t8!/dl4/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SmtFL1o2X1FCMFFTTDkzQThFS0UwQTA3TEE2R0EzMTQw/.
126. ↑ "Bahamas Planning to Introduce 7.5 Percent Value Added Tax in 2015". 30 May 2014. http://caribjournal.com/2014/05/30/bahamas-planning-to-introduce-7-5-percent-value-added-tax-in-2015/.
127. ↑ "Botswana Standard Tax". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/botswana/corporate/other-taxes.
128. ↑ "Tipos de IVA que existen en Ecuador 2026: tarifas y ejemplos" (in es-EC). 2026-05-13. https://factuplan.com.ec/blog/tipos-de-iva-ecuador.
129. ↑ "VAT Rates in Eswatini". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/eswatini/corporate/other-taxes.
130. ↑ "Gambia Revenue Authority - VAT". Gambia Revenue Authority. 19 December 2014. http://www.gra.gm/vat/.
131. ↑ "2019 Worldwide VAT, GST and Sales Tax Guide - XMLQS". Ernst & Young. https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-gl/technical/tax-guides/documents/en-gl-vat-guide-2025.pdf#page=813.
132. ↑ "VAT Rates in India". https://wise.com/gb/vat/india.
133. ↑ "VAT Rates in Indonesia". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/indonesia/corporate/other-taxes.
134. ↑ VAT in Eilat , ECCB
135. ↑ "VAT Rates in Jamaica". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/jamaica/corporate/other-taxes.
136. ↑ "VAT Rates in Liechtenstein". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/liechtenstein/corporate/other-taxes.
137. ↑ Song, Sophie (25 October 2013). "Malaysia Budget 2014: 6% New Tax Effective April 2015, Sugar Subsidy Abolished". https://www.ibtimes.com/malaysia-budget-2014-6-new-tax-effective-april-2015-sugar-subsidy-abolished-1441950.
138. ↑ "Transitioning into sales tax and service tax – clarifying the confusion | ACCA Global". https://www.accaglobal.com/lk/en/student/exam-support-resources/foundation-level-study-resources/ftx/ftx-technical-articles/mys-sst.html.
139. ↑ "Monaco capital gains tax rates, and property income tax". Globalpropertyguide.com. http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Monaco/Taxes-and-Costs.
140. ↑ "VAT Rates in Mozambique". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mozambique/corporate/other-taxes.
141. ↑ "Exempt supplies". Government of New Zealand. http://www.ird.govt.nz/gst/additional-calcs/calc-spec-supplies/calc-exempt/calc-exempt.html.
142. ↑ "Norway confirms electric car incentives until 2018". Thegreencarwebsite.co.uk. http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/06/28/norway-confirms-electric-car-incentives-until-2018/.
143. ↑ "VAT Rates in Pakistan". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/pakistan/corporate/other-taxes.
144. ↑ "Palau Goods & Services Tax (PGST) – PalauGov.pw" (in en-US). https://www.palaugov.pw/taxreform/pgst/.
145. ↑ Bureau of Internal Revenue Website. Bir.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
146. ↑ "Value-added tax to rise from 18% to 20% in Russia". http://tass.com/economy/1038487.
147. ↑ Blic Online | Opšta stopa PDV od 1. oktobra biće 20 odsto. Blic.rs. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
148. ↑ "Od danas veća niža stopa PDV-a". January 2014. https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/srbija.php?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=01&nav_id=795544.
149. ↑ "Value-Added Tax". http://www.sars.gov.za/TaxTypes/VAT/Pages/default.aspx.
150. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Amendments to VAT law enacted". KPMG. https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2024/03/tnf-sri-lanka-amendments-to-vat-law-enacted.html.
151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 "Value-added tax, VAT rates and registration". https://www.ch.ch/en/vat-rates-switzerland/.
152. ↑ "VAT Rates in Tunisia". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/tunisia/corporate/other-taxes.
153. ↑ "Budget: How the rise in VAT will work". BBC News. 23 June 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10373992.
154. ↑ "VAT rates on different goods and services - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK". https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services.
155. ↑ "VAT Rates in Vanuatu". https://customsinlandrevenue.gov.vu/taxes-and-licensing/taxes/value-added-tax-vat/introduction.html.
156. ↑ "VAT Rates in Venezuela". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/venezuela/corporate/other-taxes.
157. ↑ "VAT Rates in Yemen". https://www.rivermate.com/guides/yemen/taxes.
158. ↑ "TAX RATES". taxrates web site. http://www.taxrates.cc/index.html.

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* Keen, Michael and S. Smith .2000. "Viva VIVAT!" International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 741–51.
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* Saudi Arabia Increases Value Added Tax (VAT) will be increase to 15% from 5% as of July 2020.

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