DVD

The DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)[1][2] is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan. The medium can store any kind of digital data and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using DVD players), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than compact discs (CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7 GB of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Dual-layer, double-sided DVDs can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.[3]

Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD+R) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased many times.

DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and less commonly in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special AVCHD format to hold high definition material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format camcorders). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Development and launch
* 2.2 Adoption
* 3 Specifications
* 3.1 Double-sided discs
* 3.2 Dual-layer discs
* 3.3 Combinations of the above
* 4 DVD recordable and rewritable
* 4.1 Dual-layer recording
* 5 Capacity
* 6 DVD drives and players
* 6.1 Transfer rates
* 6.2 Disc quality measurements
* 7 DVD-Video
* 7.1 Security
* 8 Successors and decline
* 9 Longevity
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links
* 15 History
* 16 Studios
* 16.1 Former
* 17 Other divisions
* 17.1 ICE Team
* 17.2 XDev
* 18 References
* 19 External links

## Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."[4]

"Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000[5] and in the DVD Forum's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.[6]

Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a noun to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the sentence to "watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.[7]

## History

### Development and launch

Kees Schouhamer Immink received a personal technical Emmy award for his contributions to DVD and Blu-ray disc.

Released in 1987, CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm (4.7 in) size of audio CDs. Video CD (VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993.[8] In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony (developers of the CD and CD-i), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by Toshiba, Time Warner, Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Pioneer, Thomson, and JVC. By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).[9][10]

On May 3, 1995, an ad hoc, industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.[11][12] The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side—instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code, EFMPlus, that Kees Schouhamer Immink had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity.[13][14]

As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB (4.38 GiB)[lower-alpha 1] for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.[15] The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.[10]

Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.[16] After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as Universal Disk Format) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.[17]

In November 1995, Samsung announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.[18] The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with music video releases. The first major releases from Warner Home Video arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.[lower-alpha 2][19] The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,[20] to October 1996,[21] November 1996,[22] before finally settling on early 1997.[23] Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.[lower-alpha 3][24][25] Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the Warner Bros., MGM, and New Line libraries,[26][lower-alpha 4] with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film Twister.[27] However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the street date.[28] The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.[29]{{better source needed|date=October 2021 DTS announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.[30] However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999 Consumer Electronics Show.[31]

In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of $27.34 US dollars in 2022.[32][33]

### Adoption

PlayStation 2, the first video game console to run DVDs

Movie and home entertainment distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous VHS tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.[34]

Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading video game console companies (Sega and The 3DO Company) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.[35] Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.[35] Game consoles such as the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Xbox 360 use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using DLT tape,[36] but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.[37] TV DVD combos, combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and VCR/DVD combos were also available for purchase.[38]

For consumers, DVD soon overtook VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases. In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At that time, one in four American households owned a DVD player.[39] By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs; it was also higher than personal computers or cable television.[40]

## Specifications

Comparison of several forms of disk storage. Green denotes start and red denotes end of track.

The DVD specifications created and updated by the DVD Forum are published as so-called DVD Books (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book, DVD-VR (Video Recording) Book, etc.).[41][42][43] DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and they are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both birefringence and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.[44][45]

Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the ISO website.[46] There are also equivalent European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.[47] Also, the DVD+RW Alliance publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or DVD+RW DL. These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[48][49][50][51]

Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US$5000.[52][53] Every subscriber must sign a non-disclosure agreement as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.[52]

In January 2025, the DVD FLLC announced its own dissolution on January 31, 2025 (together with the DVD Forum itself, according to its charter[54]) and the deposit of the DVD specifications at the National Diet Library of Japan in early 2025.[55]

As of August 2025, the specification documents are only available at the National Diet Library in Tokyo.[56]

### Double-sided discs

Main article: Engineering:Double-sided disk

Borrowing from the LaserDisc format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.[46]

### Dual-layer discs

DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus—and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking—can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier DVD players, the length of which varies between hardware.[57] A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD keep cases. During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of Toy Story.[58] Later in the format's life, larger data buffers and faster optical pickups in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering. Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using Opposite Track Path (OTP).[59]

### Combinations of the above

The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.[60] DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.[46]

Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.[60] For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets.

Note: The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A–D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.

## DVD recordable and rewritable

Main article: Engineering:DVD recordable

Sony Rewritable DVD A DVD-ROM drive for a PC

HP initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.[61] DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW (plus), and DVD-RAM. DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650 nm) and Authoring (635 nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with CSS encrypted video content but General discs may not.[62]

### Dual-layer recording

Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc—8.5 and 4.7 gigabyte capacities, respectively.[63] The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.[64] DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation; DVD+R DL was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM) and Philips.[65]

Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.[65]

## Capacity

Capacity and nomenclature[66][67]
SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer Designation  | Sides | Layers
(total) | Diameter
(cm) | Capacity

|
|
|
|

(GB)
DVD-1[68] | SS SL  | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1.46
DVD-2 | SS DL  | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2.65
DVD-3 | DS SL  | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2.92
DVD-4 | DS DL  | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5.31
DVD-5 | SS SL  | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD-9 | SS DL  | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.54
DVD-10 | DS SL  | 2 | 2 | 12 | 9.40
DVD-14[60] | DS SL+DL  | 2 | 3 | 12 | 13.24
DVD-18 | DS DL  | 2 | 4 | 12 | 17.08

All units are expressed with SI/IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).

Size comparison: a 12 cm DVD+RW and a 19 cm pencil DVD-RW Drive operating (performing a burning (writing) operation) with its protective cover removed Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs  Designation  | Sides | Layers
(total) | Diameter
(cm) | Capacity

|
|
|
|

(GB)
DVD-R | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 3.95
DVD-R | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD-RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD+R | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD+RW | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD-R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.50
DVD-RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.54
DVD+R | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.54
DVD+RW | SS DL | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8.54
DVD-RAM | SS SL | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1.46*
DVD-RAM | DS SL | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2.47*
DVD-RAM | SS SL (1.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 2.58
DVD-RAM | SS SL (2.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 4.70
DVD-RAM | DS SL (1.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 5.15
DVD-RAM | DS SL (2.0) | 2 | 1 | 12 | 9.39*

All units are expressed with SI/IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).

Capacity differences of writable DVD formats  Type | Sectors | Bytes | kB | MB | GB

|
|
|
|
|

DVD-R SL | 2,298,496 | 4,707,319,808 | 4,707,320 | 4,707 | 4.7
DVD+R SL | 2,295,104 | 4,700,372,992 | 4,700,373 | 4,700 | 4.7
DVD-R DL | 4,171,712 | 8,543,666,176 | 8,543,666 | 8,544 | 8.5
DVD+R DL | 4,173,824 | 8,547,991,552 | 8,547,992 | 8,548 | 8.5

All units are expressed with SI/IEC prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).

## DVD drives and players

See also: Engineering:Optical disc drive and DVD player

DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer. DVD players are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs.

### Transfer rates

Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.

Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385 kB/s (1,353 KiB/s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift.[68][69]

DVD drive speeds  Drive speed (not rotations)  | Data rate  | ~Write time (minutes)[lower-alpha 5] | Revolutions per minute (constant linear velocity, CLV)[70][71][lower-alpha 6]

|
|
|

Mbit/s | MB/s | Single-Layer | Dual-Layer
1×  | 11 | 1.4 | 57 | 103 | 1400 (inner) 580 (outer)[69]
2×  | 22 | 2.8 | 28 | 51 | 2800 (inner) 1160 (outer)
2.4×  | 27 | 3.3 | 24 | 43 | 3360 (inner) 1392 (outer)
2.6×  | 29 | 3.6 | 22 | 40 | 3640 (inner) 1508 (outer)
3×  | 33 | 4.1 | 19 | 34 | 4200 (inner) 2320 (outer)
4×  | 44 | 5.5 | 14 | 26 | 5600 (inner) 2900 (outer)
6×  | 67 | 8.3 | 9 | 17 | 8400 (inner) 3480 (outer)
8×  | 89 | 11.1 | 7 | 13 | 4640 (CAV; no longer uses pure CLV)
10×  | 111 | 13.9 | 6 | 10 | 5800
12×  | 133 | 16.6 | 5 | 9 | 6960
16×  | 177 | 22.2 | 4 | 6 | 9280
18×  | 199 | 24.9 | 3 | 6 | 10440
20×  | 222 | 27.7 | 3 | 5 | 11600
22×  | 244 | 30.5 | 3 | 5 | 12760
24×  | 266 | 33.2 | 2 | 4 | 13920

DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs – DVDs can spin at up to 32000 RPM vs 23000 for CDs.[72] In practice, they are not spun by optical drives anywhere close to these speeds to provide a safety margin. DVD drives limit reading speed to 16× (constant angular velocity), which means 9280 rotations per minute. Early-generation drives released before the mid-2000s have lower limits.[73][74][75]

DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either constant angular velocity (CAV), constant linear velocity (CLV), Partial constant angular velocity (P-CAV) or Zoned Constant Linear Velocity (Z-CLV or ZCLV).[76]

Due to the slightly lower data density of dual layer DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× (constant angular velocity) for half-height optical drives released since around 2005,[lower-alpha 7] and slim type optical drives are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.[81][74][73]

### Disc quality measurements

Error rate measurement on a DVD+R. The error rate is still within a healthy range.

The quality and data integrity of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by deteriorating media can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.[82]

The types of errors that can occur on a DVD are a PIE (Parity Inner Error), 8PIE (Parity Inner Sum Eight Error), PIF (Parity Inner Failure), POE (Parity Outer Error), and POF (Parity Outer Failure), the last of which indicates data loss. Too many small errors within a small space create a POF condition. The difference between POE and POF is that a POE is generated on a first failed read attempt whereas a POF indicates an uncorrectable error after repeated attempts to read the data.[83][84]

Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.[83][85] Unreadable data can be found using any drive using general-purpose tools like badblocks.

## DVD-Video

Main article: Engineering:DVD-Video

DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,[19] in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the 69th Academy Awards that day;[24] in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,[86] Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.[87]

### Security

Main article: Engineering:Content Scramble System

The purpose of CSS is twofold:

1. CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an MPEG (digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.
2. CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system (region codes, Macrovision, and user operation prohibition) be implemented.[88]

## Successors and decline

In 2006, two new formats called HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the format war of 2006–2008. A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.[89][90]

However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD will gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD would remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[91][92]

Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.[93] By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.[94]

A library offering physical media including DVDs

DVDs started to face competition from video on demand services around 2015 or 2016.[95][96][97][98] With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.[99]

Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as Star Trek: The Original Series, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.[100] Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL; this makes high-definition transfers impossible, as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes. Star Trek: The Next Generation was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.[101]

By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall, subscription streaming of TV shows and movies grew by over 1,200%. At its peak, DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US; approximately 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.[102]

By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where Ultra HD Blu-ray and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.[103]

The decline continued further into the 2020s with the closure of RedBox in 2024, Best Buy and Target stopped selling DVDs in 2023, and the cease of by mail service by Netflix in 2025. . Many international stores have also stopped selling DVD's[104].

## Longevity

Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.[105] According to NIST, "[a] temperature of 64.4 °F (18 °C) and 40% RH [Relative Humidity] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage."[106]

As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.[107]

According to the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM."[108]

According to a NIST/LoC research project conducted in 2005–2007 using accelerated life testing, "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30–45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15–30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:[105]

Disc type | 0–15 years | 15–30 years | 30–45 years | over 45 years

|
|
|
|

DVD-R | 20% | 20% | 0% | 60%
DVD+R | 20% | 0% | 40% | 40%
DVD-RW | 0% | 0% | 50% | 50%
DVD+RW | 0% | 33.3% | 33.3% | 33.3%[105]

Script error: No such module "Chart".

## See also

* Book type
* Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems
* Digital video recorder
* DVD authoring
* DVD region code
* DVD single – Music video
* DVD TV game – Interactive film
* Glossary of computer hardware terms
* Hard disk drive performance characteristics
* M-DISC
* Professional Disc
* Ripping

## Notes

1. ↑ 1 GB is one billion bytes
2. ↑ The four titles being The Fugitive, Blade Runner: Director's Cut, Eraser, and Assassins.
3. ↑ These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.
4. ↑ Three additional titles, including GoldenEye; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.
5. ↑ The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.[citation needed]
6. ↑ Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a constant angular velocity number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same constant linear velocity number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.
7. ↑ The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the Pioneer DVR-107 (2004).[77][78] Later optical drives such as the HL data storage GSA-H10N (2006)[79] have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on recordable dual-layer media (DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL), and TSSTcorp SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B (2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.[80]

## References

1. ↑ Popular Mechanics, June 1997, p. 69;
2. ↑ Jim Taylor, DVD demystified, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405
3. ↑ "CD/DVD comparison chart". https://h71036.www7.hp.com/hho/cache/315534-0-0-225-121.html.
4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, DVD.
5. ↑ "DVD Primer". DVD Forum. September 6, 2000. http://www.dvdforum.org/faq-dvdprimer.htm#1.
6. ↑ "DVD Forum's Mission". DVD Forum. January 14, 2010. http://www.dvdforum.org/about-mission.htm.
7. ↑ "DVD noun". DVD noun. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dvd. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
8. ↑ Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation, Philips System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p. 2, http://www.ip.philips.com/view_attachment/2450/sl00812.pdf, retrieved February 13, 2008
9. ↑ "WCES: The Calm Before the Storm". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (3): 18. March 1995.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "DVD Plagued by Double Standards". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (6): 16–17. June 1995.
11. ↑ "Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group". Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1995/q3/950503.pr.rel.cd.html.
12. ↑ "Electronic Giants Battle On". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (11): 19. November 1995.
13. ↑ Kees Schouhamer Immink (1995). "EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc". IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics CE-41: 491–497. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3179483. "A high-density alternative to EFM is described.".
14. ↑ U.S. Patent 5,696,505, EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD, DVD±RW, SACD
15. ↑ "DVD: coming soon to your PC?". Computer Shopper 16 (3): 189. March 1, 1996.
16. ↑ "Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format" (Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from the original on December 20, 1996. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
17. ↑ "DVD Format Unification" (Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from the original on May 1, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
18. ↑ Souter, Gerry (2017). "DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc". Buying and Selling Multimedia Services. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-136-13437-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NA04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `faqjimtay`
20. ↑ "DVD Is Go!". January 17, 1996. http://www.iac.co.jp/~jpn/jan96/jp3.html.
21. ↑ Elrich, David J. (July 11, 1996). "DVD Introduction Announced". http://e-town.myriadagency.com/news/articles/panasonicdvdlaunch.html.
22. ↑ "Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November". August 31, 1996. http://cnn.com/TECH/9608/31/newsreel/index.html.
23. ↑ Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996). "Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost". http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvd1119dea.html.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `uslaunchdate`
25. ↑ Gerson, Bob (March 21, 1997). "Warner's DVD Warning". http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/warnerdvdthreat032197bgt.html.
26. ↑ "DVD News for March 21". March 21, 1997. http://www.laserviews.com/dvd/dvd-970321.html.
DVD announcements: Now that we finally have ALL the information on the first 29 Warner, MGM and New Line DVD titles...
27. ↑ "Twister (1996) - Trivia". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117998/trivia?ref_=tttr_ql_trv_1.
28. ↑ Bilzi, Jill (April 7, 1997). "DVD Street Date Ignored". http://www.e-town.com/news/articles/dvdstreet040797jbt.html.
29. ↑ "DVD Announcement" (Press release). Warner Home Video. July 31, 1997. Archived from the original on February 19, 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
30. ↑ DTS Staff (November 5, 1997). "Chat Transcript - Nov 5, 1997". http://www.dtstech.com/chat.html.
31. ↑ "CES Report, 1998". https://hometheaterhifi.com/volume_5_1/cesreport98.html.
32. ↑ Practical Television, November 2001 issue
33. ↑ Calculated pound sterling inflation using "Inflation calculator". Bank of England. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator. 15 pounds in 2001 to 2021 = 22.74 pounds, then calculated exchange rate using Google
34. ↑ Uhlig, Robert (November 22, 2004). "DVD kills the video show as digital age takes over". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3335984/DVD-kills-the-video-show-as-digital-age-takes-over.html.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "DVD Game Consoles?". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (18): 40. June 1996.
36. ↑ "DVD Authoring — What is DLT?". http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/what-is-dlt.html.
37. ↑ "DVD Authoring — How to make a proper DVD master". http://www.hellmanproduction.com/dvd-authoring/how-to-make-a-proper-dvd-master.html.
38. ↑ Kidman, Alex (October 21, 2010). "Toshiba 22DV615Y LCD TV/DVD Combo review". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/reviews/toshiba-22dv615y-lcd-tv-dvd-combo-review/2/.
39. ↑ "DVD sales top VHS sales for first time". San Jose Business Journal. January 9, 2002. https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/01/07/daily34.html.
40. ↑ Rubin, Ross (November 5, 2007). "Tech on Deck: The Decline of the DVD Player". https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/TechOnDeck/story?id=3820318&page=1.
41. ↑ "DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book". http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_bconst.html.
42. ↑ "DVD FLLC – DVD Format Book". http://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/format/f_histry.html.
43. ↑ "BOOKS OVERVIEW". http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/General/Books.html.
44. ↑ Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004). "How Blu-ray Reads Data". HowStuffWorks.com. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/blu-ray2.htm.
45. ↑ Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004). "Building a Blu-ray Disc". HowStuffWorks.com. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/blu-ray1.htm.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 ISO ISO Freely Available Standards , Retrieved on July 24, 2009
47. ↑ "Standard ECMA-267". http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-267.htm.
48. ↑ ISO ISO/IEC 17344:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16×) , Retrieved on July 26, 2009
49. ↑ ISO ISO/IEC 25434:2008, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format – Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16×) , Retrieved on July 26, 2009
50. ↑ ISO ISO/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X) , Retrieved on July 26, 2009
51. ↑ ISO ISO/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW HS format – Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X) , Retrieved on July 26, 2009
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 DVD FLLC (2009) DVD Format Book , Retrieved on August 14, 2009
53. ↑ DVD FLLC (2009) How To Obtain DVD Format/Logo License (2005–2009) , Retrieved on August 14, 2009
54. ↑ "THE DVD FORUM CHARTER". http://www.dvdforum.org/images/DVD_Forum_Revised_Charter_final_120227c.pdf.
55. ↑ Fukuoka, Noriko (January 1, 2025). "Importance Notice from DVD FLLC". DVD FLLC. https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/notice.html#january.
56. ↑ "Physical specifications Version 1.05 (DVD specifications for read-only disc; part 1)". https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/en/books/R100000002-I033893139.
57. ↑ "DVD players benchmark". hometheaterhifi.com. http://www.hometheaterhifi.com/cgi-bin/shootout.cgi?function=search&articles=all&type=&manufacturer=0&maxprice=0&deInt=0&mpeg=0#SamsungBD-P1000 Blu-ray/DVD Player (HDMI).
58. ↑ (in en) DVD: The Death Knell of Laserdisc, March 18, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvwuAKi1ZB4, retrieved July 16, 2021
59. ↑ "DVD Studio Pro 4 User Manual". http://documentation.apple.com/en/dvdstudiopro/usermanual/index.html#chapter=22&section=10&tasks=true.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "DVD-14". AfterDawn Ltd.. http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/dvd-14.cfm.
61. ↑ Watson, James. "The recordable DVD clinic". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/10/15/the_recordable_dvd_clinic/.
62. ↑ "DVD Media / DVD-R Media". Tape Resources. http://www.taperesources.com/dvd_media.html#article2.
63. ↑ "DVDs". PDST Technology in Education. http://www.ncte.ie/documents/advicesheets/06DVDNov08.pdf.
64. ↑ "Understanding DVD - Disc Size, Configuration and Capacity". http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa6.htm.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 DeMoulin, Robert. "Understanding Dual Layer DVD Recording". BurnWorld.com. http://www.burnworld.com/howto/articles/intro-to-dual-layer.htm.
66. ↑ "DVD Book A: Physical parameters". Mpeg.org. http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/DVD/Book_A/Specs.html.
67. ↑ "AVOS Companies – OSFAL Group". http://www.avos.eu/.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Taylor, Jim. "DVD Demystifed FAQ". Dvddemystified.com. http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Understanding DVD -Recording Speed". Optical Storage Technology Association. http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm.
70. ↑ Montilus, Clerbie (2003). "Angular speed of a DVD". in Elert, Glenn. https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/ClerbieMontilus.shtml. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
71. ↑ "DVD-ROM". August 8, 2003. http://cdpage.com/DVD-ROM/dvdrom.html.
72. ↑ "Life in the fast lane can be a disc-shattering experience". December 9, 2002. https://www.smh.com.au/technology/life-in-the-fast-lane-can-be-a-disc-shattering-experience-20021209-gdfxwp.html.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Computer Drives". https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/PUSA/Computer/ch.Computer+Drives.Archived.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Manual". http://www.tsstodd.com/manual-2/.
75. ↑ Understanding DVD -Recording Speed
76. ↑ "Understanding DVD -Recording Speed". Optical Storage Technology Association. http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm.
77. ↑ "DVR-107D, DVR-107BK General Specifications". 2004. https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pio/pe/images/portal/cit_3424/63510151DVRx07_GSpec.pdf.
78. ↑ Pioneer DVR-A06 brochure (2003)
79. ↑ "GSA-H10N, H10L, QSG-1008S (owner's manual)". Hitachi-LG data storage. September 1, 2006. p. 3. http://gscs-b2c.lge.com/downloadFile?fileId=KROWM000121334.pdf.
80. ↑ (in ko) Super -writemaster DVD Writer SH-S203B(TS-H653B)/ SH-S203D(TS-H653D), Samsung Electronics, 2007
81. ↑ "View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives". https://www.lg.com/us/burners-drives/discontinued.
82. ↑ "QPxTool – check the quality". https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/faq.html.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "QPxTool glossary". QPxTool. August 1, 2008. https://qpxtool.sourceforge.io/glossar.html.
84. ↑ Wells, Daniel Patrick (2008-07-14). Predicting the Longevity of DVDR Media by Periodic Analysis of Parity, Jitter, and ECC Performance Parameters. Brigham Young University. pp. 25,26,44. http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/etd2526.
85. ↑ "One DVD "DATA" Sector – LightByte". http://www.lightbyte.com/DVD_Sector_2.doc.
86. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `europelaunchdate`
87. ↑ Bakalis, Anna (June 20, 2003). "It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes". The Washington Times. http://washingtontimes.com/business/20030620-113258-1104r.htm.
88. ↑ "IEEE – Copy Protection for DVD Video p.2". http://www.dvd-copy.com/reference/IEEE-doc-copyproc.pdf.
89. ↑ "What is Blu-ray Disc?". Sony. http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&identifier=S_BrandShowcase_Blu-ray.
90. ↑ "DVD FAQ: 3.13 – What about the new HD formats?". September 21, 2008. http://www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#3.13.
91. ↑ "High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years". Movieweb.com. February 20, 2008. http://www.movieweb.com/dvd/news/20/26720.php.
92. ↑ "Blu-ray takes 25% Market share". September 21, 2008. http://www.blu-raystats.com/MarketShare/index.php.
93. ↑ Martorana, Robert (November 4, 2009). "Slow Blu-ray Adoption: A Threat to Hollywood's Bottom Line?". Seeking Alpha. https://seekingalpha.com/article/171207-slow-blu-ray-adoption-a-threat-to-hollywood-s-bottom-line.
94. ↑ "Gates And Ballmer On "Making The Transition"". BusinessWeek. April 19, 2004. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_16/b3879008_mz001.htm. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
95. ↑ "Are DVDs becoming obsolete?". November 1, 2014. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/are-dvds-becoming-obsolete.htm.
96. ↑ "Amazon.com: Customer Discussions: When will DVDs be obsolete?". https://www.amazon.com/forum/movie?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=Fx2E577OZX17PPI&cdThread=TxQZAH1GWRJW8V.
97. ↑ Romano, Nick (June 5, 2014). "Is the DVD Becoming Obsolete?". ScreenCrush. http://screencrush.com/dvd-sales-decline-study/.
98. ↑ "DVD Going The Way Of VHS In 2016 – CINEMABLEND". June 6, 2014. http://www.cinemablend.com/new/DVD-Going-Way-VHS-2016-43349.html.
99. ↑ Sweney, Mark (January 5, 2017). "Film and TV streaming and downloads overtake DVD sales for first time". https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/05/film-and-tv-streaming-and-downloads-overtake-dvd-sales-for-first-time-netflix-amazon-uk.
100. ↑ "Kirk/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships". https://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=24344.
101. ↑ Burt, Kayti (February 6, 2017). "Star Trek: DS9 & Voyager HD Blu-Ray Will Likely Never Happen". https://www.denofgeek.com/us/dvd-bluray/star-trek/261992/star-trek-ds9-voyager-hd-blu-ray-will-likely-never-happen.
102. ↑ Witten, Sarah (November 8, 2019). "The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years". https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/08/the-death-of-the-dvd-why-sales-dropped-more-than-86percent-in-13-years.html.
103. ↑ Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022). "DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive". https://www.whathifi.com/news/dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-continue-to-nosedive.
104. ↑ Steiner, Robert (2025-02-28). "It’s Official: The DVD Business Died Last Year" (in en-US). https://variety.com/vip/rip-dvd-business-2024-1236322977/.
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study , Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7)
106. ↑ Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007). "NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare". National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/894.05/docs/disccare.html.
107. ↑ "How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot". Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021. https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cds-truth-cddvd-longevity-mold-rot/#:~:text=Generally speaking, discs with recorded,of 20 to 100 years. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
108. ↑ "Understanding DVD – Disc Longevity". http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa11.htm.

## Further reading

* Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). "Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD". Optical Storage Technology Association. http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/.
* Labarge, Ralph (2001). DVD Authoring and Production. Gilroy, California: CMP Books. ISBN 1-57820-082-2.
* Taylor, Jim (2000). DVD Demystified (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-135026-8. https://archive.org/details/dvddemystified00tayl.

## External links

| Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Inside DVD-Video/MPEG Format

|

* All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD at Wikibooks
* Dvddemystified.com: DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
* Dual Layer Explained – Informational Guide to the Dual Layer Recording Process

* v
* t
* e

DVD

Discs|

* DVD
* MiniDVD
* DVD card
* DVD-ROM
* DVD-RAM
* DVD-Audio
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* DVD-R DL
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Technology|

* UDF
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Groups|

* DVD Forum
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Hardware/
Software/
Content |

* DVD Case
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Court cases|

* DVD CCA v Bunner
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Lists|

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Variants|

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See also|

* HD DVD
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* Compact disc
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* SVCD
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* CD-ROM

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Video storage formats

Videotape|

| Analog|

* Quadruplex (1956)
* VERA (1958)
* Ampex 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Sony 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Type A (1965)
* CV-2000 (1965)
* Akai (1967)
* U-matic (1969)
* EIAJ-1 (1969)
* Cartrivision (1972)
* Philips VCR (1972)
* V-Cord (1974)
* VX (1974)
* Betamax (1975)
* IVC (1975)
* Type B (1976)
* Type C (1976)
* VHS (1976)
* VK (1977)
* SVR (1979)
* Video 2000 (1980)
* CVC (1980)
* VHS-C (1982)
* M (1982)
* Betacam (1982)
* Video8 (1985)
* MII (1986)
* S-VHS (1987)
* S-VHS-C (1987)
* Hi8 (1989)
* Ruvi (1998)

|

Digital|

* D1 (1986)
* D2 (1988)
* D3 (1991)
* DCT (1992)
* Digital Betacam (1993)
* D5 (1994)
* Digital-S (D9) (1995)
* Betacam SX (1996)
* Digital8 (1999)
* MicroMV (2001)

High Definition|

* Sony HDVS (1984)
* UniHi (1984)
* BCH 1000 (1992)
* W-VHS (1994)
* HDCAM (1997)
* D-VHS (1998)
* D6 HDTV VTR (2000)
* HDV (2003)
* HDCAM SR (2003)

Videodisc|

| Analog|

* Phonovision (1927)
* Ampex-HS (1967)
* TeD (1975)
* LaserDisc (1978)
* CED (1981)
* VHD (1983)
* Laserfilm (1984)
* CD Video (1987)
* VSD (1990)

|

Digital|

* VCD (1993)
* MovieCD (1996)
* DVD (1996)
* MiniDVD (c. 1996)
* CVD (1998)
* SVCD (1998)
* EVD (2003)
* PVD (Personal Video Disc) (2003)
* UMD (2004)
* FVD (2005)

High Definition|

* MUSE Hi-Vision LD (1994)
* Professional Disc (PFD) (2003)
* HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc) (2004)
* VMD (2006)
* HD DVD (2006)
* BRD (BD/Blu-ray Disc) (2006)
* MiniBD (c. 2006)
* HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) (2007)
* CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc) (2008)

Ultra-High Definition|

* UHD BRD (Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc) (2016)

Virtual|

| Media agnostic|

* DV (1995)
* DVCPRO (1995)
* DVCAM (1996)
* DVCPRO50 (1997)
* DVCPRO HD (2000)

|

Tapeless|

* CamCutter]] Editcam (1995)
* XDCAM (2003)
* MOD (2005)
* AVCHD (2006)
* AVC-Intra (2006)
* TOD (2007)
* iFrame (2009)
* XAVC (2012)

Solid state|

* P2 (2004)
* SxS (2007)
* MicroP2 (2012)

Video recorded to film|

* Kinescope (1947)
* Electronicam kinescope (1950s)
* Electronic Video Recording (1967)

* v
* t
* e

Sony

Founders|

* Masaru Ibuka
* Akio Morita

Key personnel|

* Shuzo Sumi (Chairman of the Board)
* Kazuo Matsunaga (Vice Chairman of the Board)
* Kenichiro Yoshida (President and CEO)

Primary businesses|

* Sony Entertainment
* Sony Music Group
* Sony Pictures
* Sony Pictures Japan
* Sony Pictures India
* Sony Financial Holdings
* Sony Life
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* PlayStation
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* Sony Music Japan

Technologies
and brands|

* α (Alpha)
* Betacam
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* BRAVIA
* CD
* Cell
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* DVD
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* mylo
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* Reader
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* SDDS
* 8 channel films
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* TransferJet
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* Vaio
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* Walkman
* Walkman Phones
* XDCAM
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* HMZ-T1

Historical products|

* AIBO
* CV-2000
* DAT
* Betamax
* Sony CLIÉ
* Discman
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* Lissa
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* NEWS
* Sony Optiarc
* Qualia
* Rolly
* TR-55
* Trinitron
* 1 inch Type C (BVH series)
* U-matic
* Watchman
* WEGA

Electronics|

* Sony Electronics (US subsidiary)
* Sony Energy Devices
* Sony Creative Software
* FeliCa Networks (57%)

* v
* t
* e

Sony Interactive Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Kaz Hirai
* Andrew House
* Ken Kutaragi
* Shawn Layden
* Shuhei Yoshida

Short description: Group of video game developers owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment

SIE Worldwide Studios| Formerly| SCE Worldwide Studios (2005–2016)

|

Type| Division
Industry| Video games
Founded| September 14, 2005; 20 years ago (2005-09-14)

Key people

| Hermen Hulst (president)

Number of employees

| 2,700+[1] (2011)
Parent| Sony Interactive Entertainment
Subsidiaries| See § Studios
Website| playstation.com/en-us/corporate/playstation-studios/

Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios (SIE Worldwide Studios) is a group of video game developers founded in September 2005 by Sony Interactive Entertainment.[2]

It is a single internal entity overseeing all wholly owned development studios within SIE. It is responsible for the creative and strategic direction of development and production of all computer entertainment software by all SIE–owned studios, all of which is typically produced exclusively for the PlayStation family of consoles.

With the launch of the PlayStation 5 in 2020, Worldwide Studios brands all releases be it internal or externally developed under the "PlayStation Studios" label.[3]

## History

SCE Worldwide Studios (SCE Worldwide Studios) was established on September 14, 2005, with Phil Harrison being appointed as president.[4] On May 16, 2008, Shuhei Yoshida became president.[5] In April 2016, Sony's Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) and Sony Network Entertainment International (SNEI) divisions merged, creating SIE Worldwide Studios.[5] Hermen Hulst succeeded Shuhei Yoshida as president of SIE Worldwide Studios on November 7, 2019, with Yoshida being delegated to lead Sony's indie development.[6]

## Studios

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired

|
|
|

Bend Studio | Bend, Oregon  | 1993[7] | 2000[7]
Guerrilla Games | Amsterdam | 2000[7] | 2005[7]
Housemarque | Helsinki | 2021[8]
Insomniac Games | Burbank, California  | 1994[7] | 2019[9]
London Studio | London | 2002[7] | —
Malaysia Studio  | Kuala Lumpur | 2020[10] | —
Media Molecule | Guildford  | 2006[7] | 2010[7]
Naughty Dog | Santa Monica, California  | 1984[7] | 2001[7]
Nixxes Software | Utrecht  | 1999[11] | 2021[12]
Pixelopus | San Mateo, California  | 2014[7] | —
Polyphony Digital | Tokyo | 1998[7] | —
San Diego Studio | San Diego  | 2001[7] | —
San Mateo Studio  | San Mateo, California  | 1998[13] | —
Santa Monica Studio | Los Angeles | 1999[7] | —
Sucker Punch Productions | Bellevue, Washington  | 1997[7] | 2011[7]
Team Asobi | Tokyo | 2021[14][lower-alpha 1] | —
XDev  | Liverpool  | 2000[7] | —

1. ↑ Team Asobi was first established in 2012 as an internal team of Japan Studio, and was spun off as its own independent studio in 2021.

### Former

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired  | Divested  | Fate

|
|
|
|
|

Bigbig Studios | Leamington Spa  | 2001[15] | 2007[16] | 2012[15] | Closed[15]
Evolution Studios | Runcorn  | 1999[16] | 2007[16] | 2016[17] | Closed[17]
Guerrilla Cambridge | Cambridge  | 1997[18] | —  | 2017[18] | Closed[18]
Incognito Entertainment | Salt Lake City  | 1999[19] | 2002[19] | 2009[20] | Closed[20]
Japan Studio | Tokyo | 1993[7] | —  | 2021[21] | Reorganized within SIE, primarily to Team Asobi[14]
Manchester Studio  | Manchester  | 2015[7] | —  | 2020[22] | Closed[22]
Studio Liverpool | Liverpool  | 1984[16] | 1993[16] | 2012[23] | Closed[23]
Zipper Interactive | Redmond, Washington  | 1995[24] | 2006[16] | 2012[24] | Closed[24]

## Other divisions

### ICE Team

Naughty Dog is home to the ICE Team, one of Sony's Worldwide Studios central technology groups. The term ICE originally stands for Initiative for a Common Engine which describes the original purpose of the group.[25] The ICE Team focuses on creating core graphics technologies for Sony's worldwide first party published titles, including low-level game engine components, graphics processing pipelines, supporting tools, and graphics profiling and debugging tools. The ICE Team also supports third party developers with a suite of engine components, and a graphics analysis, profiling, and debugging tool for the RSX. Both enable developers to get better performance out of PlayStation hardware.[26][27]

### XDev

XDev Europe, established in 2000 and based in Liverpool, England,[7] collaborates with independent development studios across Europe and other PAL territories to publish content to PlayStation platforms all over the world. XDev has helped to create and publish, titles such as the LittleBigPlanet, Buzz!, MotorStorm and Invizimals series, Super Stardust HD, Heavenly Sword, Heavy Rain, Beyond, Tearaway and Resogun. Partners include independent developers such as Quantic Dream, Magenta Software, Climax Studios, Novarama, Supermassive Games and Sumo Digital, as well as SCE subsidiaries such as Media Molecule and Guerrilla Games. In addition to funding projects, XDev offer full production, project management and game design support. Titles are also supported with community management, online production and dedicated outsourcing management facilities. XDev work directly with Marketing and PR teams in all Sony territories to promote and publish games worldwide.[28][29]

## References

1. ↑ "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Sucker Punch Productions, Developer of Top Selling Infamous Franchise". August 2, 2011. https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/release/2011/110802.html.
2. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2005.
3. ↑ Dring, Christopher (May 12, 2020). "PlayStation Studios brand will launch alongside PS5". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-05-12-sony-unveils-playstation-studios-brand-to-launch-alongside-ps5.
4. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Retrieved 2005-09-14.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bitsummit". http://bitsummit.org/2015/?page_id=3388.
6. ↑ "Sony appoints Guerrilla Games' Hermen Hulst new head of PlayStation worldwide studios". https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2019/11/07/sony-appoints-guerrilla-games-hermen-hulst-new-head-playstation-worldwide-studios/.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 Barker, Sammy (August 28, 2019). "Guide: All Sony First-Party Studios and What They're Working On". http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/08/guide_all_sony_first-party_studios_and_what_theyre_working_on.
8. ↑ Leedham, Robert (June 29, 2021). "Why PlayStation bought Returnal developer Housemarque: the inside story". https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/housemarque-sony-playstation-acquisition.
9. ↑ "Quarterly Securities Report For the three months ended December 31, 2019". p. 39. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/Sony_Quarterly_Securities_Report_2019Q3.pdf.
10. ↑ "PlayStation to open development studio in Malaysia". November 8, 2019. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-11-08-playstation-to-open-malaysian-development-studio.
11. ↑ "About us". July 1, 2021. https://www.nixxes.com/about-us/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
12. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (July 1, 2021). "Sony Buys Another Game Studio, Avengers And Rise Of The Tomb Raider's Nixxes Software". GameSpot. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sony-buys-another-game-studio-avengers-and-rise-of-the-tomb-raiders-nixxes-software/1100-6493477/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
13. ↑ Varela, Ramón (January 16, 2020). "PlayStation: Todos sus estudios y los juegos en desarrollo" (in es). https://vandal.elespanol.com/reportaje/playstation-todos-sus-estudios-y-los-juegos-en-desarrollo.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 LeBlanc, Wesley (June 2, 2021). "Team Asobi Officially Announced as a PlayStation Studio, Reveals New Logo". https://www.ign.com/articles/team-asobi-official-playstation-studios-dev-new-logo.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Yoon, Andrew (January 10, 2012). "Sony shuts down Little Deviants, Pursuit Force dev". https://www.shacknews.com/article/71918/sony-shuts-down-little-deviants-pursuit-force-dev.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 MCV Staff (August 2, 2011). "IN DETAIL: Sony's sixteen first-party studios". https://www.mcvuk.com/in-detail-sonys-sixteen-first-party-studios/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Brightman, James (March 22, 2016). "Sony confirms closure of Evolution Studios". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-03-22-sony-confirms-closure-of-evolution-studio.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Frank, Allegra (January 12, 2017). "Sony shuts down 20-year-old studio in European restructuring". https://www.polygon.com/2017/1/12/14251842/guerrilla-cambridge-closed.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cifaldi, Frank (May 13, 2011). "How Moving To Austin Energized Starhawk". https://gamasutra.com/view/feature/134746/how_moving_to_austin_energized_.php.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Plunkett, Luke (January 16, 2012). "Every Game Studio That's Closed Down Since 2006". https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693.
21. ↑ Robinson, Andy; Calvin, Alex (February 25, 2021). "Sources: PlayStation is winding down Sony Japan Studio". Video Games Chronicle. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/sources-playstation-is-winding-down-sony-japan-studio/. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Dring, Christopher (February 4, 2020). "PlayStation to close Manchester VR studio". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-04-playstation-to-close-manchester-vr-studio.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 21, 2015). "WipEout: The rise and fall of Sony Studio Liverpool". https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-03-22-wipeout-the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-studio-liverpool.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Moriarty, Colin (March 31, 2012). "Confirmed: Sony Closes Zipper Interactive". https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/03/30/confirmed-sony-closes-zipper-interactive.
25. ↑ Mark Cerny's "Road to the PS4" @ Gamelab 2013 . YouTube (June 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
26. ↑ Naughty Dog Careers . Naughtydog.com. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
27. ↑ Sony’s Secret Super Development Team . PS3 Attitude (June 5, 2009). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
28. ↑ Sony XDev Europe . Official Site
29. ↑ Worldwide Studios/XDev . XDev on Worldwidestudios.net

## External links

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Laser fabrication|

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