Old_World_monkey

Old World monkeys[1]

Fossil range: Oligocene to Recent



Black-footed Gray Langur, Semnopithecus hypoleucos


Scientific classification





Kingdom:

Animalia



Phylum:

Chordata



Class:

Mammalia



Order:

Primates



Suborder:

Haplorrhini



Parvorder:

Catarrhini



Superfamily:

Cercopithecoidea
Gray, 1821


Family:

Cercopithecidae
Gray, 1821




Subfamilies



Cercopithecinae - 11 genera

Colobinae - 10 genera



An Old World monkey is any member of the primate family Cercopithecidae of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade Catarrhini, typically characterized by close-set nostrils that are downward or forward facing, a tubular ear bone, and a tail, if present, that is never prehensile (adapted for grasping or holding). Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of non-ape primates such as baboons and macaques.
Old World monkeys are grouped in Catarrhini with apes of the Old World (all extant species of which are tailless). The other group of monkeys, known as New World monkeys and placed in the clade Platyrrhini, generally have flatter noses, with side-facing nostrils, and some species have prehensile tails.
Extant species of Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, scrubland, and mountainous terrain; they are also known from Europe in the fossil record. However, a (possibly introduced) free-roaming group of monkeys still survives in Gibraltar (Europe) to this day.

Contents

1 Overview
2 Characteristics
3 Classification
4 Notes
5 References
6 Credits



Old World monkeys provide an important ecological role in terrestrial food chains, consuming plant matter (leaves, fruit, flowers, etc.) and generally some animals as well (insects, snails, small vertebrates, etc.), and being consumed by large cats (leopards, tigers, etc.), birds of prey, and humans. For humans, these monkeys are popular sightings in the wild or in zoos, and some, such as the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), have been used extensively in medical and biological research. The rhesus monkey also has given its name to the rhesus factor, one of the elements of a person's blood group.

Overview
Old World monkeys, together with apes of the Old World, comprise one of the three major informal groups of the biological order Primates, the other two groups being prosimians and New World monkeys. Together, the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys and apes are considered to be "higher primates," or simians (infraorder Similformes), while the prosimians (such as lemurs) are considered to be the "lower primates." The term monkey, thus, refers to any simian that is not an ape or any primate that is neither an ape nor a prosimian. In reality, monkeys are not a single coherent group and therefore do not have any particular traits that they all share.
Technically, the distinction of catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) from platyrrhines (New World monkeys) depends on the structure of the nose, and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition (the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth).
Old World monkeys differ slightly from New World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent difference is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The scientific name for the New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed." The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of the Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys have side facing nostrils versus the close-set, downward or forward facing nostrils of Old World monkeys. Also New World monkeys (except for the howler monkeys of genus Alouatta (Jacobs et al. 1996)) lack the trichromatic vision of Old World monkeys (Carroll 2006). Other distinctions include the presence of a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone) in Old World monkeys and the presence of twelve premolars in catarrhines, versus eight in platyrrhines. The dental formula of catarrhines is:



2.1.2.3


2.1.2.3

New World monkeys include the only primates with tails that are prehensile. Catarrhines lack prehensile tails.
From the point of view of superficial appearance, Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails. All living members of the apes are tailless. However, there are also primates in other families that lack tails and some Old World monkey species lack tails. More specifically, the apes can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars: apes have five, the "Y-5" molar pattern, while Old World monkeys have only four in a "bilophodont" pattern. Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms, ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys. These are all anatomical adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation) in the apes.
The following is the relationship of the various groups of primates.

Order Primates
Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
Infraorder Tarsiiformes
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Parvorder Catarrhini
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys
Superfamily Hominoidea: Apes (gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans)
Characteristics
Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as the colobus monkeys, to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons. The smallest is the Talapoin, with a head and body 34 to 37 centimeters (13.4 to 14.6 inches) in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms (1.5 to 2.9 pounds), while the largest is the male mandrill (the females of the species being significantly smaller), at around 70 centimeters (27.6 inches) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 pounds) (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).
Several Old World monkeys have anatomical oddities. The colobus monkeys have a stub for a thumb to assist with their arboreal movement. The proboscis monkey has an extraordinary nose while the snub-nosed monkeys have almost no nose at all. The penis of the male mandrill is colored red and the scrotum has a lilac color, while the face also has bright coloration like the genitalia and this develops in only the dominant male of a multi-male group.

 Olive baboon
Most Old World monkeys are at least partially omnivorous, but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diet. Leaf monkeys are the most vegetarian, subsisting primarily on leaves, and eating only a small number of insects, while the other species are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food items available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes, insects, snails, and even small vertebrates (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).
Gestation in the Old World monkeys lasts between five and seven months. Births are usually single, although, as with humans, twin births do also occur from time to time. The young are born relatively well developed, and are able to cling onto their mother's fur with their hands from birth. Compared with most other mammals, they take a long time to reach sexual maturity, with four to six years being typical of most species.
In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that the basic social group among Old World monkeys is a matrilineal troop. Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing hierarchical relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on the availability of food and other resources (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).

Classification
Two subfamilies of Old World monkeys are recognized, Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. The cercopithecines are mainly African but include the diverse genus of macaques, which are Asian and North African. This group also includes baboons and mandrills, among others. The colobines includes most of the Asian genera but also the African colobus monkeys. Langurs and proboscis monkeys are among those included in Colobinae. Members of the Colobinae subfamily are distinguished from members of Cercopithecinae by, among other aspects, the absence of cheek pouches and the presence of prominent ischial (rump) callosities, which are contiguous in males and separate in females (Kim 2002).

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Tribe Cercopithecini
Genus Allenopithecus
Allen's Swamp Monkey, Allenopithecus nigroviridis
Genus Miopithecus
Angolan Talapoin, Miopithecus talapoin
Gabon Talapoin, Miopithecus ogouensis
Genus Erythrocebus
Patas Monkey, Erythrocebus patas
Genus Chlorocebus
Green Monkey, Chlorocebus sabaeus
Grivet, Chlorocebus aethiops
Bale Mountains Vervet, Chlorocebus djamdjamensis
Tantalus Monkey, Chlorocebus tantalus
Vervet Monkey, Chlorocebus pygerythrus
Malbrouck, Chlorocebus cynosuros
Genus Cercopithecus
Dryas Monkey or Salongo Monkey, Cercopithecus dryas
Diana Monkey, Cercopithecus diana
Roloway Monkey, Cercopithecus roloway
Greater Spot-nosed Monkey, Cercopithecus nictitans
Blue Monkey, Cercopithecus mitis
Silver Monkey, Cercopithecus doggetti
Golden Monkey, Cercopithecus kandti
Sykes's Monkey, Cercopithecus albogularis
Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus mona
Campbell's Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus campbelli
Lowe's Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus lowei
Crested Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus pogonias
Wolf's Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus wolfi
Dent's Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus denti
Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey, Cercopithecus petaurista
White-throated Guenon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster
Sclater's Guenon, Cercopithecus sclateri
Red-eared Guenon, Cercopithecus erythrotis
Moustached Guenon, Cercopithecus cephus
Red-tailed Monkey, Cercopithecus ascanius
L'Hoest's Monkey, Cercopithecus lhoesti
Preuss's Monkey, Cercopithecus preussi
Sun-tailed Monkey, Cercopithecus solatus
Hamlyn's Monkey, Cercopithecus hamlyni
De Brazza's Monkey, Cercopithecus neglectus
Tribe Papionini
Genus Macaca
Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus
Lion-tailed Macaque, Macaca silenus
Southern Pig-tailed Macaque or Beruk, Macaca nemestrina
Northern Pig-tailed Macaque, Macaca leonina
Pagai Island Macaque or Bokkoi, Macaca pagensis
Siberut Macaque, Macaca siberu
Moor Macaque, Macaca maura
Booted Macaque, Macaca ochreata
Tonkean Macaque, Macaca tonkeana
Heck's Macaque, Macaca hecki
Gorontalo Macaque, Macaca nigrescens
Celebes Crested Macaque or Black "Ape," Macaca nigra
Crab-eating Macaque or Long-tailed Macaque or Kera, Macaca fascicularis
Stump-tailed Macaque or Bear Macaque, Macaca arctoides
Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta
Formosan Rock Macaque, Macaca cyclopis
Japanese Macaque, Macaca fuscata
Toque Macaque, Macaca sinica
Bonnet Macaque, Macaca radiata
Assam Macaque, Macaca assamensis
Tibetan Macaque or Milne-Edwards' Macaque, Macaca thibetana
Arunachal Macaque or Munzala, Macaca munzala
Genus Lophocebus
Grey-cheeked Mangabey, Lophocebus albigena
Black Crested Mangabey, Lophocebus aterrimus
Opdenbosch's Mangabey, Lophocebus opdenboschi
Uganda Mangabey, Lophocebus ugandae
Johnston's Mangabey, Lophocebus johnstoni
Osman Hill's Mangabey, Lophocebus osmani
Genus Rungwecebus
Kipunji, Rungwecebus kipunji
Genus Papio
Hamadryas Baboon, Papio hamadryas
Guinea Baboon, Papio papio
Olive Baboon, Papio anubis
Yellow Baboon, Papio cynocephalus
Chacma Baboon, Papio ursinus
Genus Theropithecus
Gelada, Theropithecus gelada
Genus Cercocebus
Sooty Mangabey, Cercocebus atys
Collared Mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus
Agile Mangabey, Cercocebus agilis
Golden-bellied Mangabey, Cercocebus chrysogaster
Tana River Mangabey, Cercocebus galeritus
Sanje Mangabey, Cercocebus sanjei
Genus Mandrillus
Mandrill, Mandrillus sphinx
Drill, Mandrillus leucophaeus
Subfamily Colobinae
African group
Genus Colobus
Black Colobus, Colobus satanas
Angola Colobus, Colobus angolensis
King Colobus, Colobus polykomos
Ursine Colobus, Colobus vellerosus
Mantled Guereza, Colobus guereza
Genus Piliocolobus
Western Red Colobus, Piliocolobus badius
Pennant's Colobus, Piliocolobus pennantii
Preuss's Red Colobus, Piliocolobus preussi
Thollon's Red Colobus, Piliocolobus tholloni
Central African Red Colobus, Piliocolobus foai
Ugandan Red Colobus, Piliocolobus tephrosceles
Uzungwa Red Colobus, Piliocolobus gordonorum
Zanzibar Red Colobus, Piliocolobus kirkii
Tana River Red Colobus, Piliocolobus rufomitratus
Genus Procolobus
Olive Colobus, Procolobus verus
Langur (leaf monkey) group
Genus Semnopithecus
Nepal Gray Langur, Semnopithecus schistaceus
Kashmir Gray Langur, Semnopithecus ajax
Tarai Gray Langur, Semnopithecus hector
Northern Plains Gray Langur, Semnopithecus entellus
Black-footed Gray Langur, Semnopithecus hypoleucos
Southern Plains Gray Langur, Semnopithecus dussumieri
Tufted Gray Langur, Semnopithecus priam
Genus Trachypithecus
T. vetulus group
Purple-faced Langur, Trachypithecus vetulus
Nilgiri Langur, Trachypithecus johnii
T. cristatus group
Javan Lutung, Trachypithecus auratus
Silvery Lutung or Silvered Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus cristatus
Indochinese Lutung, Trachypithecus germaini
Tenasserim Lutung, Trachypithecus barbei
T. obscurus group
Dusky Leaf Monkey or Spectacled Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus obscurus
Phayre's Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus phayrei
T. pileatus group
Capped Langur, Trachypithecus pileatus
Shortridge's Langur, Trachypithecus shortridgei
Gee's Golden Langur, Trachypithecus geei
T. francoisi group
Francois' Langur, Trachypithecus francoisi
Hatinh Langur, Trachypithecus hatinhensis
White-headed Langur, Trachypithecus poliocephalus
Laotian Langur, Trachypithecus laotum
Delacour's Langur, Trachypithecus delacouri
Indochinese Black Langur, Trachypithecus ebenus
Genus Presbytis
Sumatran Surili, Presbytis melalophos
Banded Surili, Presbytis femoralis
Sarawak Surili, Presbytis chrysomelas
White-thighed Surili, Presbytis siamensis
White-fronted Surili, Presbytis frontata
Javan Surili, Presbytis comata
Thomas's Langur, Presbytis thomasi
Hose's Langur, Presbytis hosei
Maroon Leaf Monkey, Presbytis rubicunda
Mentawai Langur or Joja, Presbytis potenziani
Natuna Island Surili, Presbytis natunae
Odd-Nosed group
Genus Pygathrix
Red-shanked Douc, Pygathrix nemaeus
Black-shanked Douc, Pygathrix nigripes
Gray-shanked Douc, Pygathrix cinerea
Genus Rhinopithecus
Golden Snub-nosed Monkey, Rhinopithecus roxellana
Black Snub-nosed Monkey, Rhinopithecus bieti
Gray Snub-nosed Monkey, Rhinopithecus brelichi
Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur, Rhinopithecus avunculus
Genus Nasalis
Proboscis Monkey, Nasalis larvatus
Genus Simias
Pig-tailed Langur, Simias concolor
Notes

↑ C. Groves, "Order Primates," "Order Monotremata," (and select other orders). Page(s) 152-178 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press (2005). ISBN 0801882214.


ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Brandon-Jones, D., and T. Rowell. Guenons, macaques, and baboons; Colobus and leaf monkeys. in D. W. Macdonald, ed., The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0871968711, 370-405.
Carroll, S. B. 2006. The Making of the Fittest. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 9780393061635.
Groves, C. "Order Primates," "Order Monotremata," (and select other orders).) 152-178 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801882214
Jacobs, G. H., M. Neitz, J. F. Deegan, and J. Neitz. 1996. Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys. Nature 382: 156–158.
Kim, K. 2002. Colobus guereza. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved February 13, 2009.




Extinct primate families by suborder


Strepsirrhini: Cheirogaleidae · Lemuridae · Lepilemuridae · Indriidae · Daubentoniidae · Lorisidae · Galagidae
Haplorrhini: Tarsiidae · Cebidae · Aotidae · Pitheciidae · Atelidae · Hylobatidae · Hominidae · Cercopithecidae


Extant species of family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) (subfamily Cercopithecinae)Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Order: Primates · Suborder: HaplorrhiniCercopithecini

Allenopithecus
Allen's Swamp Monkey (A. nigroviridis)


Miopithecus
(Talapoins)
Angolan Talapoin (M. talapoin) · Gabon Talapoin (M. ogouensis)
 
Erythrocebus
Patas Monkey (E. patas)
 
Chlorocebus
(Vervet monkeys)
Green Monkey (C. sabaeus) · Grivet (C. aethiops) · Bale Mountains Vervet (C. djamdjamensis) · Tantalus Monkey (C. tantalus) · Vervet Monkey (C. pygerythrus) · Malbrouck (C. cynosuros)
 
Cercopithecus
(Guenons)
Dryas Monkey (C. dryas) · Diana Monkey (C. diana) · Roloway Monkey (C. roloway) · Greater Spot-nosed Monkey (C. nictitans) · Blue Monkey (C. mitis) · Silver Monkey (C. doggetti) · Golden Monkey (C. kandti) · Sykes' Monkey (C. albogularis) · Mona Monkey (C. mona) · Campbell's Mona Monkey (C. campbelli) · Lowe's Mona Monkey (C. lowei) · Crested Mona Monkey (C. pogonias) · Wolf's Mona Monkey (C. wolfi) · Dent's Mona Monkey (C. denti) · Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey (C. petaurista) · White-throated Guenon (C. erythrogaster) · Sclater's Guenon (C. sclateri) · Red-eared Guenon (C. erythrotis) · Moustached Guenon (C. cephus) · Red-tailed Monkey (C. ascanius) · L'Hoest's Monkey (C. lhoesti) · Preuss's Monkey (C. preussi) · Sun-tailed Monkey (C. solatus) · Hamlyn's Monkey (C. hamlyni) · De Brazza's Monkey (C. neglectus)
 Papionini

Macaca
(Macaques)
Barbary Macaque (M. sylvanus) · Lion-tailed Macaque (M. silenus) · Southern Pig-tailed Macaque (M. nemestrina) · Northern Pig-tailed Macaque (M. leonina) · Pagai Island Macaque (M. pagensis) · Siberut Macaque (M. siberu) · Moor Macaque (M. maura) · Booted Macaque (M. ochreata) · Tonkean Macaque (M. tonkeana) · Heck's Macaque (M. hecki) · Gorontalo Macaque (M. nigrescens) · Celebes Crested Macaque (M. nigra) · Crab-eating Macaque (M. fascicularis) · Stump-tailed Macaque (M. arctoides) · Rhesus Macaque (M. mulatta) · Formosan Rock Macaque (M. cyclopis) · Japanese Macaque (M. fuscata) · Toque Macaque (M. sinica) · Bonnet Macaque (M. radiata) · Assam Macaque (M. assamensis) · Tibetan Macaque (M. thibetana) · Arunachal Macaque (M. munzala)


Lophocebus
(Crested mangabeys)
Grey-cheeked Mangabey (L. albigena) · Black Crested Mangabey (L. aterrimus) · Opdenbosch's Mangabey (L. opdenboschi) · Uganda Mangabey (L. ugandae) · Johnston's Mangabey (L. johnstoni) · Osman Hill's Mangabey (L. osmani)
 
Rungwecebus
Kipunji (R. kipunji)
 
Papio
(Baboons)
Hamadryas Baboon (P. hamadryas) · Guinea Baboon (P. papio) · Olive Baboon (P. anubis) · Yellow Baboon (P. cynocephalus) · Chacma Baboon (P. ursinus)
 
Theropithecus
Gelada (T. gelada)
 
Cercocebus
(White-eyelid
mangabeys)
Sooty Mangabey (C. atys) · Collared Mangabey (C. torquatus) · Agile Mangabey (C. agilis) · Golden-bellied Mangabey (C. chrysogaster) · Tana River Mangabey (C. galeritus) · Sanje Mangabey (C. sanjei)
 
Mandrillus
Mandrill (M. sphinx) · Drill (M. leucophaeus)
 Category

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