Historian

This is a guide to the world's major historians categorized by their area of study. See also History for overview of historiography

## Contents

* 1 Historiography
* 2 World history
* 3 Ancient history
* 4 Medieval history
* 5 Modern history
* 5.1 Canada
* 5.2 Caribbean
* 5.3 U.S., History
* 5.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction
* 5.3.2 Neoabolitionist
* 5.3.2.1 Dunning School
* 6 Latin America
* 6.1 Brazil
* 7 Europe
* 7.1 Belgium
* 7.2 Britain
* 7.2.1 Ireland, history
* 7.3 Czech historians
* 7.4 History of France
* 7.4.1 Annales School
* 7.4.2 outside France
* 7.5 History of Germany
* 7.5.1 20th century scholars in Germany
* 7.5.2 outside Germany
* 7.5.3 Holocaust
* 7.5.4 Italy, history
* 7.5.5 Netherlands
* 7.6 Norway
* 7.6.1 Poland
* 7.6.2 Russia
* 7.6.3 Slovenia, history
* 7.6.4 Spain
* 7.7 Serbia
* 7.8 The Middle East
* 7.9 Asia
* 7.9.1 China
* 7.9.2 Korea, history
* 7.9.3 India
* 7.9.4 Japan
* 7.9.5 Australia
* 8 Religion
* 8.1 Christianity
* 8.1.1 Lutheranism
* 8.1.2 Mormonism
* 8.1.3 The Papacy
* 9 Marxist
* 10 Art history
* 11 Economic history
* 12 Military History
* 12.1 Maritime history
* 12.2 Espionage
* 13 History of ideas
* 13.1 History of international relations
* 14 History of science and technology
* 14.1 notes

## Historiography[edit]

* Marc Bloch, a leader of the Annales School
* Fernand Braudel, a leader of the Annales School
* Herbert Butterfield, Whig Interpretation of History [1]
* R. G. Collingwood[2]
* Geoffrey Elton[3]
* Richard J. Evans[4]
* Pieter Geyl[5]
* J. H. Hexter[6]
* Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, a leader of the Annales School
* Leopold von Ranke, German; the leading historians of the 19th century; strong influence on German and American scholarship based on research in primary sources and telling it "as it happened"
* Hayden White (1928- )[7]
* Wilhelm Dilthey

## World history[edit]

see World history

* Francis F ukuyama (1952- ) The End of History and the Last Man (1992)[8]
* William H. McNeill (born 1917) The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (1965);[9]
* Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Russian-American macrosociology; Social and Cultural Dynamics (4 vol., 1937–41)[10]
* Oswald Spengler, German; Decline of the West (1918–22)
* Arnold J. Toynbee, British; A Study of History (1934–61)[11]
* Eric Voegelin (1901 – 1985) Order and History (1956-85)[12]
* Immanuel Wallerstein, world systems; leftist but not Marxist

## Ancient history[edit]

* see also Ancient Rome
* Thucydides
* Xenophon
* Herodotus
* Josephus
* Livy
* Julius Caesar
* Suetonius
* Tacitus

* Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) - Roman Empire
* Michael Grant Greece and Rome[13]
* Peter Green (1924- )- Ancient Greece[14]
* Barbara Levick (1932- ) Roman emperors [15]
* Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831) - Rome
* M. I. Rostovtzeff (1870-1952) [16]
* Howard H. Scullard (1903-1983) - Rome [17]
* Ronald Syme (1903 - 1989) Rome[18]

## Medieval history[edit]

* Geoffrey of Monmouth
* Geraldis Cambrensis

* Placido Puccinelli (1609-1685), - Italy
* Marc Bloch (1886-1944, French) France, methodology; Annales School
* John Boswell (1947-1994) - Homosexuality
* Norman Cantor (1930-2004), England, historiography
* Georges Duby (1924-1996), France; Annales School
* François-Louis Ganshof (1895-1980), Dutch
* Patrick Geary
* Johan Huizinga Dutch
* George Sarton, science
* Jacques Le Goff, French, Annales School
* Rev. F. X. Martin (Irish) - Mediævalist and campaigner
* Rosamond McKitterick \- Frankish and Carolingian history
* Henri Pirenne (1862-1935) - the "Pirenne Thesis" downplays barbarian invasions and emphasizes role of Islam[19]
* Eileen Power
* Miri Rubin \- religion
* Stephen Runciman (1903-2000) - the Crusades
* Richard Southern (1912-2001), religion
* Sidney Painter
* John Julius Norwich

## Modern history[edit]

### Canada[edit]

* Francis Parkman \- French colonial; French and Indian War
* Donald Creighton \- Developed the Laurentian thesis
* Lionel Groulx (1878-1967) - history of Quebec
* Harold Innis \- Economic history
* Jack Granatstein \- Political and military
* W.L. Morton \- Manitoba

### Caribbean[edit]

* Eric Williams (1911-1981) - slavery

### U.S., History [edit]

* Stephen Ambrose (1936-2002) - Biographer of Eisenhower, Nixon; military history
* Thomas A. Bailey, diplomatic
* Bernard Bailyn, Revolution, colonial
* Jared Sparks, Founding Fathers
* George Bancroft (1800-1891) - colonial and Revolution
* Charles A. Beard (1874-1948) - economic interpretation [20]
* H.W. Brands, biography, business[21]
* Alan Brinkley \- 1930s, conservatism
* William Cronon \- environmental history
* John Hope Franklin \- African Americans; liberal
* Milton Friedman, monetary history; leading conservative
* John A. Garraty, biography, Progressive era; textbooks[22]
* Elizabeth Fox Genovese, slavery, women; formerly a Marxist, but became a leading conservative
* Eugene Genovese, slavery, South; formerly a Marxist, but now a leading conservative[23]
* Richard Hildreth, politics to 1840; conservative
* Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970) - Progressivism, politics, historiography
* Russell Kirk, conservative ideas
* Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson
* Seymour Martin Lipset, political sociology of movements
* David McCullough (1933- ) - popular biographies of Harry Truman, Teddy Roosevelt, John Adams
* Forrest McDonald, political history, presidents; a leading conservative[24]
* Edmund Morgan, colonial and Revolution
* David Nasaw \- biography
* Frank Lawrence Owsley, antebellum South
* Francis Parkman \- French and Indian War; Canada
* Vernon L. Parrington, history of ideas and literature; leading liberal
* Ulrich B. Phillips, slavery, South' leading conservative
* David M. Potter, coming of Civil War
* Theodore Roosevelt, West, War of 1812
* Arthur Schlesinger Sr., social history
* Arthur Schlesinger Jr., political history, biography; leading liberal
* Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) - Frontier Thesis and sectionalism thesis
* Frank Vandiver, military
* C. Vann Woodward (1908-1999) - South after 1877
* Howard Zinn (1922- ) - Left
* William Cooper Nell, Abolitionist, The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
* Henry Lee III
* John Daly Burk
* David Ramsay

#### Civil War and Reconstruction[edit]

* Bruce Catton \- combat
* David Herbert Donald, politics
* Shelby Foote \- (1916-2005) battles

#### Neoabolitionist[edit]

* George Washington Williams
* W.E.B. DuBois
* Herbert Aptheker
* Philip Foner
* Dwight Dumond
* David W, Blight
* Martin Duberman
* Paul Finkelman
* Eric Foner
* John Hope Franklin
* Lawrence Levine
* Leon Litwack
* William S. McFeely
* James M. McPherson
* Gary Nash
* Leonard Richards
* Kenneth Stampp
* Howard Zinn

##### Dunning School[edit]

* E. Merton Coulter
* William Archibald Dunning
* Walter Lynwood Fleming
* Charles W. Ramsdell

## Latin America[edit]

### Brazil[edit]

* Sergio Buarque de Holanda
* Gilberto Freyre
* Caio Prado
* Fernando Novais \- the crisis of colonial system

## Europe[edit]

* Norman Davies
* Elizabeth Eisenstein, printing
* John Lukacs, Cold War
* Henri-Jean Martin, early printing and writing
* Robert Roswell Palmer, French Revolution
* J. Salwyn Schapiro
* Norman Stone, World War I
* Gordon Wright, World War II

### Belgium[edit]

* Henri Pirenne (1862-1935)[25]

### Britain[edit]

* Venerable Bede (672 - 735)
* Geoffrey of Monmouth (died circa 1154)
* Angus Calder \- World War II.
* Maurice Cowling \- political history.
* Eamon Duffy \- 15th-17th century religious history
* Geoffrey Rudolph Elton \- Tudor period
* Antonia Fraser \- 17th century
* James Anthony Froude, (1818-1894)[26]
* J. H. Hexter \- Revolution; methodology
* Gertrude Himmelfarb \- Victorian social and cultural history.
* Christopher Hill (1912-2003) - Revolution
* David Hume (1711-1776)[27]
* John Lingard[28]
* John Edward Lloyd (1861-1947) - Early Welsh history
* Lewis Namier (1888-1960)- 18c politics, 20c diplomacy, prospography[29]
* Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1929-1902) -- Civil War[30]
* Andrew Roberts (1963- ), political and military
* A. L. Rowse (1903-1997) Elizabethan
* John Robert Seeley (1834-1895)
* David Starkey (born 1945) - Tudor
* E. P. Thompson, (1924-1993), working class
* Lawrence Stone, family, Revolution
* George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-1962), 17th-18th centuries;
* Hugh Trevor-Roper, 17th century
* C. V. Wedgwood (1910-1997), Glorious Revolution

#### Ireland, history[edit]

* R. F. Foster[31]

### Czech historians[edit]

* Bohuslav Balbín (1621–88)
* Gelasius Dibner (1719-1790)
* Josef Dobrofský (1753-1829)
* František Palacký (1798-1876) - 5 vol history to 1526
* Jaroslav Goll (1846-1929) - leader of scientific school
* Václav Novotný (1869-1932) -Hussites
* Josef Pekař (1870-1937), social and economic

### History of France[edit]

* Voltaire (1694-1778)
* Augustin Thierry (1795-1856) - Revolution
* François Guizot (1787-1874) - Revolution; classical liberal
* Jules Michelet (1798-1874) - Revolution
* Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) -ancien regime; classical liberal
* Gabriel Monod (1844 - 1912) - editor Revue Historique (1875- )
* Henri Berr (1863-1954) -editor of Revue de synthèse historique (1900- )
* Charles-Victor Langlois (1863-1929) - methods
* Charles Seignobos (1854-1842) - methods
* Alphone Aulard (1849-1928) - Revolution
* Albert Mathiez (1874-1932) - Revolution
* Georges Lefebvre (1874-1959) - Revolution; Marxist
* Albert Soboul (1914-1982) - Revolution; Marxist
* François Furet (1927- ) - Revolution; leading conservative

#### Annales School[edit]

* Marc Bloch (1886-1944) - Medieval
* Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) - geography
* Robert Mandrou (1921-1984) - psychology
* Georges Duby (1924-1996) - Medieval
* Ernest Labrousse (1895-1986) - quantitative
* Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) - Mediterranean
* Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie peasants
* Jacques Le Goff medieval
* Pierre Goubert (1915- ) - 18th century
* Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929- ) - peasantry
* Roland Mousnier \- early modern
* Michel Vovelle (1933- ) -religion
* Jacques Revel, current leader of Annales School

#### outside France[edit]

* Keith M. Baker \- Revolution
* David Chandler \- Napoleon
* Alfred Cobban \- Revolution
* Natalie Zemon Davis \- early modern
* William Doyle \- Revolution
* Alistair Horne \- modern military
* Robert R. Palmer \- Revolution
* Robert O. Paxton \- Vichy
* Eugen Weber \- modern
* John B. Wolf (1907–96) Louis XIV
* Gordon Wright (1912-2000) - 20th century

### History of Germany[edit]

* Heinrich von Treitschke

#### 20th century scholars in Germany[edit]

* Martin Broszat, Nazi era
* Werner Conze
* Fritz Fischer \- World War I
* Klaus Hildebrand
* Andreas Hillgruber
* Eberhard Jäckel -Nazi era
* Jürgen Kocka \- Bielefeld school; scoial history
* Hartmut Kaelble
* Friedrich Meinecke
* Hans Mommsen
* Wolfgang Mommsen
* Ernst Nolte
* Detlev Peukert
* Gerhard Ritter
* Oswald Spengler \- world history
* Michael Sturmer -20c; geography
* Klemens von Klemperer \- Nazi era
* Hans-Ulrich Wehler Bielefeld School; new social history; 19c
* Michael Wolffsohn
* Rainer Zitelmann \- Nazi era

#### outside Germany[edit]

* Thomas Carlyle Frederick the Great[32]

* Alan Bullock \- Hitler[33]
* Gordon A. Craig \- Army[34]
* Richard J. Evans \- Nazi era[35]
* Ian Kershaw, Hitler[36]
* Claudia Koonz \- Women in Nazi era[37]
* Timothy Mason -Nazis[38]
* George Mosse—19c-20c culture [39]
* Steven Ozment Reformation [40]
* Hans Rothfels \- military
* Fritz Stern \- cultural[41]
* Henry Ashby Turner \- 20c esp business[42]

#### Holocaust[edit]

* Yehuda Bauer
* Martin Broszat
* Christopher Browning
* Lucy Dawidowicz
* Norman Finkelstein
* Henry Friedlander
* Saul Friedländer
* Daniel Goldhagen
* Raul Hilberg
* Michael Marrus
* Hans Mommsen
* R. J. Rummel

#### Italy, history[edit]

* Renzo De Felice [43]

#### Netherlands[edit]

* Petrus Johannes Blok, survey[44]
* J. C. H. Blom, survey[45]
* Pieter Geyl, Dutch revolt; historiography[46]
* Johan Huizinga (1872-1945), cultural history[47]
* Jonathan Israel, Dutch Republic[48]
* Louis De Jong, World War II[49]
* John Lothrop Motley, American historian of the Dutch Revolt[50]
* Jan Romein, (1893-1962), theoretical and world history[51]
* Jan de Vries, economic history[52]

### Norway[edit]

* Halvdan Koht (1873-1965) - peasants; Ibsen

#### Poland[edit]

* Norman Davies (1939-) - modern Polish history.
* Franciszek Bujak (1875-1953)
* Jan Rutkowski (1886-1949),

#### Russia[edit]

* M. I. Rostovtzeff (1870-1952) early [53]
* E. H. Carr (1892-1982) A History of Soviet Russia, (14 vol 1950-1978)[54]
* Robert Conquest 20c
* Leopold Labedz (1920–93)
* Roy Medvedev Stalin
* Richard Pipes \- 20c
* William Taubman \- Nikita Khrushchev

#### Slovenia, history[edit]

* Bogo Grafenauer (1916–1995)

#### Spain[edit]

* Ida Altman \- Early modern
* Maria Luisa Ávila-Muslim Spain, Women
* Robert I. Burns -Medieval
* Brian A Catlos -Muslim Spain
* Roger Collins Muslim Spain
* Olivia Remie Constable,\- Medieval History
* Hipólito Escolar \- printing
* Pierre Guichard \- Muslim Spain
* S.I Imamuddin Muslim Spain
* Manuela Marin\- Women
* Julian Ribera y Tarragó
* Samuel Miklos Stern

### Serbia[edit]

* Ilarion Ruvarac (1832-1905)
* Vladimir Dedijer

### The Middle East[edit]

* Ibn Khaldun
* Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (b. circa 1262) Shi'i historian wrote Al-Fakhīr
* ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni (1226-1283) Ta’rīkh-I-Jahān Gushā (‘A History of the World-Conqueror Chingis Khān)
* Rashid al-Din (circa 1247-1318) Jāmi‛-al-Tawārīkh (‘A Comprehensive Collection of Histories'), Ta’rīkh–i-Ghāzānī \- a history of the Mongols and Turks
* George Antonius (1891-1941) - Arab nationalism
* Anders Bjørkelo
* Caroline Finkel
* H.A.R. Gibb (1895-1971)
* Marshall G.S. Hodgson (1922-1968) World Historian, Ismai'ili history
* Albert Hourani
* Walid Khalidi Palestinian historian
* Bernard Lewis \- the Middle East
* D. S. Margoliouth
* Rex Sean O'Fahey
* Michael Oren
* David Pryce-Jones
* Fazlur Rahman (1919-1988)
* Knut Vikør
* W. Montgomery Watt (1909-2006), life of Muhammad

### Asia[edit]

#### China[edit]

* Sima Qian \- Compiled Records of the Grand Historian
* John King Fairbank, survey [55]
* Merle Goldman 20th c.[56]
* Jacques Gernet, survey [57]
* Immanuel Chung-yueh Hsü, survey [58]
* Ray Huang [59]
* Roderick MacFarquhar, Mao [60]
* Michael, Franz
* Frederick W. Mote imperial [61]
* Joseph Needham, science [62]
* Benjamin Schwartz
* Jonathan D. Spence [63]
* Studies of Modern Chinese History: Reviews and Historiographical Essays

#### Korea, history[edit]

* Bruce Cumings \- modern Korea
* Il-yeon
* Kim Bu-sik \- early annalist
* Kim Dae-Mun
* Lee Ki-baek \- (1924-2004)
* Suh Dae-sook \- Korean War and North Korea
* Yu Deuk-gong \- Balhae

#### India[edit]

* A. L. Basham (1914-1986)
* Urvashi Butalia
* Bipin Chandra
* Nicholas Dirks
* Ranajit Guha
* Ayesha Jalal
* Christian Lassen
* Patrick Olivelle
* Sumit Sarkar Indian marxist historian[64]
* Tanika Sarkar
* Percival Spear, British scholar of Imperialism
* Romila Thapar
* Thomas Trautmann, British Orientalism

#### Japan[edit]

* Beasley, W.G.[65]
* Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito
* Coox, Alvin D. World War II
* Dower, John. 1940s
* Gluck, Carol. intellectual
* Hall, John W.
* Harootunian, H. D. intellectual
* Iriye, Akira.diplomacy
* Jansen, Marius B. 19th century
* McClain, James L.
* Najita, Tetsuo. intellectual
* Sansom, G. B.[66]
* Smith, Thomas C. economics
* Totman, Conrad. political

#### Australia[edit]

* Manning Clark
* Geoffrey Blainey

## Religion[edit]

### Christianity[edit]

* Sydney Ahlstron, American religion
* Eusebius of Caesarea (275–339) - "Father of Church history"
* Alexander Campbell Cheyne, Scottish Ecclesiastical Historian
* Kenneth Scott Latourette
* John Gilmary Shea (1824-1892) Father of American Catholic History

#### Lutheranism[edit]

* Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim (1694-1755)

#### Mormonism[edit]

* Leonard J. Arrington \- 1975-1982
* Fawn M. Brodie
* Jan Shipps

#### The Papacy[edit]

* Pastor, Ludwig von. History of the Popes From the Close of the Middle Ages, (1894-1930), 16 vol, older Catholic history online from books.google.com

## Marxist[edit]

* Elizabeth Fox Genovese, slavery, women; formerly a Marxist, but became a leading conservative
* Eugene Genovese, slavery, South; formerly a Marxist, but now a leading conservative[67]* Ranajit Guha \- India
* Christopher Hill \- 17th century England.
* Eric Hobsbawm \- modern world; an actual Communist
* Maxime Rodinson Islam
* E. P. Thompson, British 18th and 19th century working class, very influential[68]

## Art history[edit]

* Nicholas Pevsner (1903-1983) History of art and English architecture
* Josef Strzygowski (born 1862) - Architectural history

## Economic history[edit]

* Niall Ferguson, 19th-20th century
* Robert Fogel US slavery; health
* David S. Landes, Europe
* W. W. Rostow, industrialization
* R. H. Tawney, Industrial Revolution
* Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
* see Business history
* see Railway history

## Military History[edit]

* see Military History
* Correlli Barnett - naval[69]
* Martin van Creveld \- technology[70]
* Jack Granatstein \- Canadian[71]
* Victor Davis Hanson \- ancient and modern; conservative scholar[72]
* Alistair Horne - French[73]
* Michael Howard (1922- ) - Europe[74]
* John Keegan (1934-) -warfare, combat[75]
* Basil Liddell Hart (1895-1970) -World War I[76]
* Edward Luttwak (1942- ) stretegy[77]
* S. L. A. Marshall \- combat behavior[78]
* Geoffrey Parker, early modern Europe[79]
* Peter Paret -ideas[80]
* Gordon Prange \- World War II-Pacific[81]
* Gerhard Ritter \- German[82]
* Hew Strachan \- World War I.[83]
* Gerhard Weinberg \- World War II[84]

### Maritime history[edit]

* see also Naval History
* Robert G. Albion[85]
* Howard I. Chapelle[86]
* John Hattendorf[87]
* Paul Kennedy, world; naval[88]
* Alfred Thayer Mahan, sea power[89]
* Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) - World War II, Columbus, Jones[90]

### Espionage[edit]

* John Earl Haynes, American historian of Communist espionage[91]
* David Kahn, historian of codes[92]
* Nigel West[93]

## History of ideas[edit]

* Arthur Lovejoy (1873-1962). the Great Chain of Being [94]
* Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997)
* J. C. D. Clark, 18th century Britain; conservative
* John P. Diggins, American political thought;[95] conservative
* Michel Foucault (1926 - 1984)
* Peter Gay (1923- ) Enlightenment; 20th century
* Perry Miller, American; Puritanism
* J. G. A. Pocock, political thought[96]
* Quentin Skinner, political thought[97]

### History of international relations[edit]

* Harry Elmer Barnes, World wars; revisionist (denied German Guilt in 1914)
* Herbert Butterfield
* Gordon A. Craig, Germany
* John Lewis Gaddis, Cold War.
* Klaus Hildebrand
* Andreas Hillgruber
* Paul Kennedy, British and world; "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers"
* William L. Langer, (1896-1977)
* Eduard Mark
* Arno J. Mayer
* W.N. Medlicott
* Lewis Bernstein Namier
* Paul W. Schroeder, 19c Europe
* A.J.P. Taylor (1906-1990) - Europe and England
* Harold Temperley, (1879-1939), British editor of "British Documents on the Originis of the War, 1898-1914"
* Odd Arne Westad \- Professor at the London School of Economics
* Ernest Llewellyn Woodward, (1890-1971)

## History of science and technology[edit]

* John L. Heilbron, physics, quantification, astronomy, religion and science[98]
* Richard L. Hills, technology
* Thomas P. Hughes, technology
* Melvin Kranzberg, technology
* Daniel J. Kevles, science and politics, physics, biology, eugenics
* Thomas Kuhn, astronomy, historiography[99]
* Joseph Needham, China;[100] fare -left
* David F. Noble, industrial development
* Abraham Pais, physics; Einstein
* A. I. Sabra, optics, Islamic science
* George Saliba, Islamic science
* George Sarton, medieval

#### notes[edit]

1. ↑ C.T. McIntire, Herbert Butterfield (2004) excerpt and text search
2. ↑ See The Idea of History: With Lectures 1926-1928
3. ↑ See The Practice of History
4. ↑ See []
5. ↑ Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1555-1609 (1958) online edition
6. ↑ See
7. ↑ See [1] and [2]
8. ↑ See revised edition
9. ↑ See McNeill, The Pursuit of Truth: A Historian's Memoir (2005)
10. ↑ B. V. Johnston, Pitirim A. Sorokin an Intelellectual Biography (1995)
11. ↑ William H. McNeill, Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life (1990)
12. ↑ Jeffrey C. Herndon, Eric Voegelin and the Problem of Christian Political Order (2007) excerpt and text search
13. ↑ see excerpt and text search
14. ↑ See
15. ↑ See
16. ↑ See
17. ↑ see online edition
18. ↑ see
19. ↑ Kenneth W. Frank, "Pirenne Again: A Muslim Viewpoint," The History Teacher, Vol. 26, No. 3 (May, 1993), pp. 371-383 in JSTOR
20. ↑ Beard had two highly influential books, Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913), and "Rise of American Civilization (1927, with Mary Beard); see Kent Blaser, "The Rise of American Civilization and the Contemporary Crisis in American Historiography," The History Teacher, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Nov., 1992), pp. 71-90 in JSTOR
21. ↑ his books
22. ↑ See his books
23. ↑ see his books
24. ↑ See his books
25. ↑ F. M. Powicke, "Henri Pirenne," The English Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 201 (Jan., 1936), pp. 79-89 in JSTOR
26. ↑ James Anthony. Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1856) 10 vol complete text online
27. ↑ David Hume,  The History of England: From the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Abdication of James II, 1688 (6 vols, 1754-1762). online edition
28. ↑ John Lingard, The History of England, (1850), online edition
29. ↑ See Linda Colley, Lewis Namier (1989).
30. ↑ See J. S. A. Adamson, "Eminent Victorians: S. R. Gardiner and the Liberal as Hero." Historical Journal 1990 33(3): 641-657. in Jstor
31. ↑ see
32. ↑ see
33. ↑ see
34. ↑ see
35. ↑ see
36. ↑ see
37. ↑ see
38. ↑ see
39. ↑ see
40. ↑ see
41. ↑ see
42. ↑ see
43. ↑ See
44. ↑ Petrus Johannes Blok. History of the People of the Netherlands (5 vol 1898-1912) part 1 to 1500, online from Google; part 2 to 1559. online from Google; part 3: The War with Spain 1559-162, online from Google; part 4 on Golden Age online from Google; online edition from Google, vol 5 on 18th and 19th century
45. ↑ J. C. H. Blom, and E. Lamberts, eds. History of the Low Countries (2006) 504pp excerpt and text search; also complete edition online
46. ↑ Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1555-1609 (1958) online edition
47. ↑ Peter Burke, "Historians and Their Times: Huizinga, Prophet of 'Blood and Roses.'" History Today 1986 36(Nov): 23-28. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: EBSCO; William U. Bouwsma, "The Waning of the Middle Ages by Johan Huizinga." Daedalus 1974 103(1): 35-43. Issn: 0011-5266; R. L. Colie, "Johan Huizinga and the Task of Cultural History." American Historical Review 1964 69(3): 607-630 in JSTOR; Robert Anchor, "History and Play: Johan Huizinga and His Critics," History and Theory, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb., 1978), pp. 63-93 in JSTOR
48. ↑ Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (1995) complete online edition; also excerpt and text search
49. ↑ J. C. H. Blom, "Ludovico Locuto, Porta Aperta: Enige Notities over Deel XII En XIII Van L. De Jongs Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden in De Tweede Wereldoorlog." [After Louis Spoke, Everything Was Clear: Some Notes on Volumes 12 and 13 of Louis De Jong's Kingdom of the Netherlands in World War Ii]. Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden 1990 105(2): 244-264. Issn: 0165-0505 review of a great masterpiece.
50. ↑ John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84 (2 vol. 1856) Gutenberg editions online and History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609 (4 vol., 1860–67) Gutenberg editions online For a criticism of Motler see Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians." New England Quarterly 1962 35(3): 318-336. in Jstor
51. ↑ A. C. Otto, "Theorie En Praktijk in De Theoretische Geschiedenis Van Jan Romein" [Theory and Practice in the "Theoretical History" of Jan Romein]. Theoretische Geschiedenis 1994 21(3): 257-270. Issn: 0167-8310
52. ↑ See Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 223-229 in JSTOR
53. ↑ See
54. ↑ See Michael Cox, , ed., E.H. Carr: a critical appraisal, (2000)
55. ↑ See
56. ↑ See []
57. ↑ See
58. ↑ See
59. ↑ See online
60. ↑ See
61. ↑ See []
62. ↑ See
63. ↑ See survey
64. ↑ See his books
65. ↑ see 1963 history
66. ↑ See 1962 history
67. ↑ see his books
68. ↑ See his books
69. ↑ See
70. ↑ See
71. ↑ See
72. ↑ See
73. ↑ See
74. ↑ See
75. ↑ See
76. ↑ See
77. ↑ See []
78. ↑ See []
79. ↑ see his books
80. ↑ See his books
81. ↑ See his books
82. ↑ See his books
83. ↑ See
84. ↑ See
85. ↑ see [ his books]
86. ↑ see [ his books]
87. ↑ see [ his books]
88. ↑ See his books
89. ↑ See full text of major books
90. ↑ See his books
91. ↑ see his books
92. ↑ see his book
93. ↑ see his books
94. ↑ Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea. (1936); John P. Diggins, "Arthur O. Lovejoy and the Challenge of Intellectual History," Journal of the History of Ideas Volume 67, Number 1, January 2006, pp. 181-208 in Project Muse; Daniel J. Wilson, Arthur O. Lovejoy and the Quest for Intelligibility (1980)
95. ↑ John P. Diggins, The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism (1984)
96. ↑ J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Tradition (1975).
97. ↑ Quentin Skinner, "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas," History & Theory 8 (1969): 3–53.
98. ↑ See his books
99. ↑ Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (1957); Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (1962, 1970); Steven Fuller, Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times (2000)
100. ↑ See