One-party state

Short description: State where only one party may form a government

For a political party that dominates the political system under a nominal liberal democratic system, see dominant-party system. This article is about explicit one-party states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see Telephone call recording laws#One-party consent states. "Party-state" redirects here. For the party-state political system in the Republic of China, see Dang Guo.

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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The expression "de facto one-party" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]

Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]

One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[8] To account for this, the governments have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[9] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[10] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[10] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[10] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party governments can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Current one-party states
* 2 De facto one-party states
* 3 Former one-party states
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## Current one-party states

The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country  | Head of party  | Leader title  | Party  | Ideology  | Date of establishment  | Duration  | Constitutional basis  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

China[11] |  Xi Jinping | General Secretary  | Template:CCP flag | Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Marxism-Leninism  | 1 October 1949  | 76 years, 327 days  | Article 1 of the Constitution: "Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."[12] | Eight minor parties have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department[13]
Cuba[14] |  Miguel Díaz-Canel  | First Secretary  | File:Flag of the Communist Party of Cuba.svg Communist Party of Cuba  | Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Guevarism
Left-wing nationalism | 3 October 1965  | 65 years, 130 days  | Article 5 of the Constitution: "The Communist Party of Cuba, unique, Martiano, Fidelista, and Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, sustained in its democratic character as well as its permanent linkage to the people, is the superior driving force of the society and the State."  |
Eritrea[15] |  Isaias Afwerki  | Chairperson  |  People's Front for Democracy and Justice  | Eritrean nationalism
Statism
Left-wing nationalism | 16 February 1994  | 32 years, 189 days  |  |
Laos[16] |  Thongloun Sisoulith  | General Secretary  | File:Flag of LPRP.svg Lao People's Revolutionary Party  | Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
Marxism-Leninism  | 2 December 1975  | 50 years, 265 days  | Article 3 of the Constitution: "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be the masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus."  |
North Korea[17] |  Kim Jong Un | General Secretary  |  Workers' Party of Korea  | Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
Juche
Communism | 9 September 1948  | 77 years, 349 days  | Article 11 of the Constitution: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall conduct all activities under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea."
File:Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic  | File:Brahim Ghali 2.jpeg Brahim Ghali  | Secretary General  |  Polisario Front  | Sahrawi nationalism
Arab socialism | 27 February 1976  | 50 years, 178 days  | Article 32 of the Constitution: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State."  | State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
Vietnam[18] |  Tô Lâm  | General Secretary  |  Communist Party of Vietnam  | Ho Chi Minh Thought
Marxism-Leninism  | 2 September 1945[note 1] | 80 years, 356 days  | Article 4 of the Constitution: " Communist Party of Vietnam - the Vanguard of the working class, concurrently the vanguard of the labouring people and Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, labouring people and entire nation, and acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh Thought, is the force leading the State and society."  | Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988.

## De facto one-party states

A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[22] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[23][24][25] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.

Country  | Party  | Date of establishment  | Information

|
|
|

Azerbaijan  | New Azerbaijan Party  | 2010  | Although Azerbaijan is officially a constitutional democracy, and opposition parties remain active within the country, the New Azerbaijan Party and the ruling Aliyev family have maintained power uninterrupted since 1993. Founded by Heydar Aliyev, the former head of state of the Azerbaijan SSR, his son Ilham Aliyev has maintained the presidential position since 2003. Aliyev amended the Constitution to remove term limits in 2009, and while presidential elections are held, Aliyev consistently receives over 80% of the vote. Legislatively, the National Assembly has nominal powers under the Azerbaijan Constitution, but in practice power is heavily concentrated in the ruling party. Between 1993 and 2010, major opposition parties were allowed some representation in the Assembly in each election. However, since 2010, no opposition parties have held seats in the Assembly. There are nominal opposition parties and independents but they are supportive of the Aliyev regime.[26][27] Consequently, parliamentary elections are not considered free or fair.[28][27]
Cambodia  | Cambodian People's Party  | 2017  | While Cambodia is constitutionally a multi-party state,[29] the Cambodian People's Party dominates its political system, and the party dissolved its main opposition party in 2017, making Cambodia a de facto one-party state.[30]
Cameroon  | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement  | 1997  | Although multiparty elections have been held since 1992 and other parties have minimal legislative seats, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), the ruling party since independence, has always retained control of the National Assembly. The Cameroonian political system invests overwhelming power in the hands of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and the RDPC exists essentially to support Biya and his policies. The RDPC has held supermajorities in the National Assembly since 2002, and in the Senate since its formation in 2013.
Equatorial Guinea  | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea  | 2013  | Equatorial Guinea, historically a one party-state under the PDGE from 1987 to 1992, has one nominal opposition party with the Convergence for Social Democracy. However, the opposition held at most 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies between 1999, and 2013, and has held no seats in either the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate since 2013. The PDGE, by comparison, has held all seats in the Senate since 2013 and in the Chamber of Deputies since 2022 (CPDS did not run any candidates in 2017).
Nicaragua  | Sandinista National Liberation Front  | 2021  | Although Nicaragua has been practicing multiparty elections since 1990, the country has become a de facto one-party state with Sandinista National Liberation Front as the sole dominating party and was consolidated after the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.[31]
Russia  | United Russia  | 2009  | As of 2009, United Russia won a majority of seats in almost every Russian municipality. Opposition candidates stated they were hindered from campaigning for the elections, and some were denied places on the ballot. There were allegations of widespread ballot stuffing and voter intimidation, as well as statistical analysis results supporting these accusations.
Rwanda  | Rwandan Patriotic Front  | 1994
Togo  | Union for the Republic  | 2024  | The official continuation of the Rally of the Togolese People, which ruled Togo as a one-party state under Gnassingbe Eyadema from 1967 to 1994, the Union for the Republic, has maintained power under Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbe, since its establishment in 2012. Although opposition parties exist within the country and other parties nominally hold seats in the National Assembly, the Union for the Republic has maintained an absolute majority since 2018 due to opposition boycotts while other represented parties only expedite the ruling party's legislation. This is demonstrated by the legislature's extension of Gnassingbe's term limit in 2019, extending it to 2030. With the 2024 Togolese parliamentary election, the UPLR received 108 seats out of 113, while also enabling Gnassingbe's revision of the Constitution switch from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary one. With the parliamentary supermajority enabling Gnassingbe to become prime minister, the lack of term limits for the prime ministerial position, and the transformation of the presidency into a ceremonial figurehead, the party solidified Gnassingbe to rule for life like his father previously.
Venezuela[32] | United Socialist Party of Venezuela  | 2017  | Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in 2024, at which point, because of new laws, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations banned, leaving only a controlled opposition.[33][34]
Uganda  | National Resistance Movement | 1986  | Since assuming office in 1986 at the end of the Ugandan civil war, Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda as a dictator. Political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006 in the wake of the 2005 Ugandan multi-party referendum which was won by pro-democracy forces. Since 2006, Museveni has used legal means, patronage, and violence to maintain power.[35][36][37]

## Former one-party states

Country  | Party  | Ideology  | Date of establishment  | Date of dissolution  | Duration  | Continent

|
|
|
|
|
|

Republic of Afghanistan | National Revolutionary Party  | Pashtun nationalism
Pashtunization
Republicanism
Secularism | 1977[38][39] | 1978  | 1 year, 73 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |  People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism
Pashtun nationalism
Anti-imperialism  | 1978  | 1979  | 1 year, 238 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan  |  People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front)  | Communism (until 1990)
Marxism–Leninism (until 1990)
Afghan nationalism
Anti-imperialism  | 1979  | 1992  | 12 years, 217 days  | Asia
Albanian Kingdom |  Albanian Fascist Party  | Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Fascism
Italophilia
Serbophobia
Hellenophobia  | 1939  | 1943  | 4 years, 55 days  | Europe
Albanian Kingdom | Guard of Greater Albania  | Albanian nationalism
Fascism | 1943  | 1943  | 43 days  | Europe
Albanian Kingdom  | National Front  | Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Anti-communism
Republicanism
Big tent
Agrarian socialism | 1943  | 1943  | 76 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania  |  Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Hoxhaism
Anti-revisionism
Albanian nationalism
State atheism | 1944  | 1945  | 289 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania  |  Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front)  | 1945  | 1946  | 159 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Albania  | 1946  | 1990  | 44 years, 334 days  | Europe
Algeria  |  National Liberation Front  | Arab socialism
Algerian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Anti-imperialism  | 1962  | 1989  | 26 years, 235 days  | Africa
People's Republic of Angola  | File:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (bandeira).svg People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola  | Communism
Left-wing nationalism
Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1991  | 15 years, 200 days  | Africa
File:Flag of SSRA.svg Armenia  | Communist Party of Armenia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 28 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Armenia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
Federal State of Austria  |  Fatherland Front  | Clerical fascism | 1934  | 1938  | 3 years, 316 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg Azerbaijan  | Azerbaijan Communist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 244 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia | Azerbaijan Communist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
Bangladesh  | Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League  | Mujibism
Bengali nationalism  | 1975  | 1975  | 203 days  | Asia
Bangladesh  | Jatiya Party  | Bangladeshi nationalism
Conservatism
Authoritarianism
Militarism | 1988  | 1990  | 2 years, 270 days  | Asia
Dahomey  | Dahomeyan Democratic Party  | African nationalism  | 1963  | 1965  | 1 year, 354 days  | Africa
Benin Benin  |  People's Revolutionary Party of Benin  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism (nominally)  | 1975  | 1990  | 14 years, 91 days  | Africa
File:Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia  | National Partnership  | Collaborationism, Nazism | 1939  | 1945  | 6 years, 33 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1946-1948).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1967-1971).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1971 – 1990).svg Bulgaria  |  Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1946  | 1990  | 43 years, 122 days  | Europe
State of Burma  | Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[40] |  | 1943  | 1944  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
State of Burma  |  | 1944  | 1945  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Burma  | File:Burma Socialist Programme Party flag.svg Burma Socialist Programme Party  | Burmese Way to Socialism | 1962  | 1988  | 26 years, 200 days  | Asia
Republic of Burundi  |  Union for National Progress  | Burundian nationalism
Tutsi interests  | 1974  | 1992  | 17 years, 246 days  | Africa
File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR (1919-1927).svg Byelorussia  | Communist Party of Byelorussia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1920  | 1922  | 2 years, 152 days  | Europe
Cambodia (Sangkum era)  | Sangkum  | Khmer nationalism
National conservatism
Royalism
Statism
Buddhist socialism
Economic nationalism | 1955  | 1970  | 14 years, 361 days  | Asia
Kampuchea  | Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism
Socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Revisionism
Left-wing nationalism | 1979  | 1989  | 10 years, 114 days  | Asia
Republic of Cameroon  | Cameroonian National Union  | Big tent | 1966[41] | 1985  | 18 years, 204 days  | Africa
Cameroon  | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement  | Big tent
Nationalism
Francophilia  | 1975  | 1990  | 15 years, 0 days  | Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde  |  African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1981  | 5 years, 203 days  | Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde  |  African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1981  | 1990  | 9 years, 251 days  | Africa
Carpatho-Ukraine | Ukrainian National Union (1939) (uk)[42] | Nationalism[43] | 1939[44] | 1939  | 60 days  | Europe
Central African Republic  | Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa  | African nationalism
Anti-colonialism
Progressivism
Anti-imperialism  | 1962  | 1980  | 18 years, 0 days  | Africa
Central African Republic  | Central African Democratic Union  | African nationalism
Republicanism | 1980  | 1981  | 1 year, 185 days  | Africa
Central African Republic  | Central African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
Democratic socialism
Social democracy
Republicanism | 1987  | 1991[45] | 4 years, 75 days  | Africa
Chad  | Chadian Progressive Party  | African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-imperialism
African socialism
Federalism | 1962  | 1973  | 10 years, 355 days  | Africa
Chad  | National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution  | African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-imperialism
African socialism
Federalism | 1973  | 1975  | 2 years, 7 days  | Africa
Chad  | National Union for Independence and Revolution | Nationalism | 1984  | 1990  | 6 years, 162 days  | Africa
Guangzhou  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1927  |  | Asia
Hunan  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1927  |  | Asia
Jinggang  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1927  | 1928  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Southwest Jiangxi  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1930  | 1931  | 1 year, 0 days  | Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic  |  Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1931  | 1937  | 5 years, 319 days  | Asia
File:Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg Xinjiang  | People's Anti-Imperialist Association  | Six Great Policies  | 1935  | 1942  | 6 years, 243 days  | Asia
Republic of China[note 2]/Taiwan  |  Kuomintang  | Tridemism | Template:DTS | Template:DTS | 62 years, 14 days  | Asia
Yan'an  | Chinese Communist Party  | Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism  | 1937  | 1949  | 12 years, 0 days  | Asia
File:Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg Comoros  | Comorian Union for Progress  | Nationalism | 1982  | 1990  | 8 years, 0 days  | Africa
Republic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo  | Congolese Party of Labour  | Communism, Marxism–Leninism | 1969  | 1992  | 23 years, 47 days  | Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica  | Peliquista Party  | Nationalism
Personalism
Authoritarianism | 1917  | 1919  | 2 years, 197 days  | North America
Template:Country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia  |  Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front)  | Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Husakism | 1948  | 1989  | 41 years, 278 days  | Europe
Dahomey  | Dahomeyan Unity Party  | African nationalism
Republicanism | 1961  | 1963  | 2 years, 216 days  | Africa
Danzig  |  Nazi Party | Nazism | 1937[46][47] | 1939  | 1 year, 315 days  | Europe
Djibouti  | People's Rally for Progress  | Issa interests  | 1981  | 1992  | 10 years, 339 days  | Africa
Dominican Republic  | Dominican Party  | Trujillism
National conservatism
Right-wing populism
Antihaitianismo  | 1931  | 1961  | 30 years, 148 days  | North America
East Germany |  Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1949  | 1950  | 174 days  | Europe
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1950  | 1989  | 39 years, 246 days  | Europe
Egypt  | Liberation Rally  | Egyptian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism | 1953  | 1957  | 4 years, 0 days  | Africa
National Union  | Nasserism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism | 1957  | 1962  | 5 years, 0 days  | Africa
Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism | 1961  | 1976  | 15 years, 0 days  | Africa
El Salvador  |  National Pro Patria Party  | Fascism
Anti-communism
Conservatism
Agrarian oligarchy | 1933  | 1944  | 11 years, 0 days  | Central America
El Salvador  |  National Coalition Party  | Nationalism
Conservatism
Militarism
Protectionism | 1962  | 1979  | 17 years, 106 days  | Central America
Equatorial Guinea  | United National Workers' Party  | African nationalism
Personalism
Anti-imperialism
Anti-colonialism
Anti-racism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-intellectualism
Totalitarianism | 1970  | 1979  | 9 years, 49 days  | Africa
Equatorial Guinea  | Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea  | African nationalism
Militarism | 1987  | 1991  | 4 years, 36 days  | Africa
Eritrea  |  Eritrean People's Liberation Front  | Left-wing nationalism | 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

| 1994  | 3 years, 0 days  | Africa
Estonia  | Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1918  | 1919  | 188 days  | Europe
Estonia  | Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution)  | Estonian nationalism
Personalism | 1935  | 1940  | 5 years, 134 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Estonian SSR (1940-1953).svg Estonia  | Communist Party of Estonia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1940  | 1940  | 19 days  | Europe
Ethiopia  | Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1984  | 1987  | 2 years, 163 days  | Africa
Ethiopia  |  Workers' Party of Ethiopia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1987  | 1991  | 4 years, 65 days  | Africa
Gabon  | Gabonese Democratic Party  | Conservatism | 1968  | 1990  | 22 years, 71 days  | Africa
File:Flag of Georgian SSR (1921-1922).svg Georgia  | Communist Party of Georgia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1921  | 1922  | 1 year, 308 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg Transcaucasia | Communist Party of Georgia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1922  | 1922  | 293 days  | Asia
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Nazi Germany |  National Socialist German Workers' Party | Nazism | 1933  | 1945  | 11 years, 313 days  | Europe
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories  |  National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands  | Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism | 1941  | 1945  | 3 years, 143 days  | Europe
File:Ghana flag 1964.svg Ghana  | Convention People's Party  | Nkrumaism
African socialism
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism | 1964  | 1966  | 2 years, 24 days  | Africa
Grenada  | New Jewel Movement  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1979  | 1983  | 4 years, 226 days  | North America
Guatemala  | Progressive Liberal Party  | Ubicoism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Anti-communism | 1931  | 1944  |  | Central America
Guatemala  | File:MLN Logo.svgNational Liberation Movement  | Neo-fascism
Ultraconservatism
Anti-communism | 1954  | 1958  |  | Central America
Guinea  | Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
African socialism
Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1984  |  | Africa
Guinea-Bissau  | African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1974  | 1991  |  | Africa
Haiti  |  National Unity Party  | Black nationalism
Haitian nationalism
Right-wing populism
Anti-communism
Anti-Americanism  | 1957  | 1985  | 28 years, 38 days  | North America
Hawaii  | Reform Party  | Americanisation
Annexationism  | 1894  | 1898  | 4 years, 39 days  | North America
Government of National Unity  |  Arrow Cross Party  | Magyarism
Fascism
Collaborationism
Agrarianism  | 1944  | 1945  | 203 days  | Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary  |  Hungarian Working People's Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism | 1949  | 1956  | 7 years, 72 days  | Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary  | Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Kádárism | 1956  | 1989  | 32 years, 350 days  | Europe
Indonesia  | Indonesian National Party  | Nationalism
Marhaenism | 1945  | 1945  | 78 days  | Asia
Iran Imperial State of Iran  | Rastakhiz Party  | Monarchism
Populism
Secularism
Democratic centralism
Third Position | 1975  | 1978  | 3 years, 244 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq  | Iraqi Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism | 1964  | 1968  | 4 years, 3 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq  |  Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party  | Saddamist Ba'athism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Militarism | 1968  | 2003  | 34 years, 266 days  | Asia
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Fascist Italy  |  National Fascist Party  | Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism | 1928[48] | 1943  |  | Europe/Africa
Italian Social Republic  |  Republican Fascist Party  | Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism
Antisemitism
Collaborationism | 1943  | 1945  |  | Europe
Ivory Coast  | Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
Conservatism
Populism
Houphouëtism
Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1990  |  | Africa
Empire of Japan | Imperial Rule Assistance Association  | Shōwa statism
Militarism | 1940  | 1945  |  | Asia
Philippine Executive Commission  |  Association for Service to the New Philippines  | Filipino nationalism
National conservatism
Fascism
Japanophilia
Collaborationism | 1942  | 1943  | 310 days  | Asia
Kampuchea  |  Communist Party of Kampuchea  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Agrarianism
Autarky
Khmer nationalism
Ultranationalism | 1975  | 1979  | 2 years, 265 days  | Asia
Kenya  | Kenya African National Union  | Kenyan nationalism
Conservatism | 1969 (de facto)
1982 (de jure)  | 1991  |  | Africa
Template:Country data First Republic of Korea | Liberal Party  | Ilminism
Conservatism
Korean nationalism  | 17 December 1951  | 19 April 1960  |  | Asia
Template:Country data Third Republic of Korea | Democratic Republican Party  | Korean nationalism
Conservatism
Corporatism | 2 February 1963  | 12 December 1979  |  | Asia
Template:Country data Fifth Republic of Korea | File:Flag of the Democratic Justice Party (1987-1990).svgDemocratic Justice Party  | Conservatism
Authoritarianism | 15 January 1981  | 16 December 1987  |  | Asia
File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia  | Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement  | Croatian irredentism
Croatian ultranationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Clerical fascism
Fascist corporatism
Political Catholicism
Anti-communism | 1941  | 1945  | 4 years, 28 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg Latvia  | Communist Party of Latvia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
democratic centralism
state socialism | 1918  | 1920  | 1 year, 27 days  | Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1940-1953).svg Latvia | Communist Party of Latvia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1940  | 1940  |  | Europe
Liberia  | True Whig Party  | Black conservatism
Centralization
Protectionism
Whiggism (until 1940s)  | 1878  | April 1980  |  | Africa
Libya  | Arab Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism | 1971  | 1977  |  | Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia | Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1919  | 1919  |  | Europe
Lithuania  |  Lithuanian Nationalist Union  | Lithuanian nationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism | 1926[49] | 1940  | 14 years  | Europe
File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR (1940-1953).svg Lithuania  | Communist Party of Lithuania  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1940  | 1940  |  | Europe
Democratic Republic of Madagascar  | National Front for the Defense of the Revolution  | Left-wing nationalism
Scientific socialism | 1976  | 1989  |  | Africa
Malawi  | Malawi Congress Party  | Ubuntu
Conservatism
African nationalism
Anti-colonialism | 1964  | 1993  |  | Africa
Mali  | Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
African socialism  | 1960  | 1968  |  | Africa
Mali  | Democratic Union of the Malian People  | African socialism
Democratic centralism | 1976  | 1991  |  | Africa
Manchukuo  |  Concordia Association  | Fascism
Monarchism
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism | 1932[50] | 1945[50] |  | Asia
Mauritania  | Mauritanian People's Party  | Nationalism
Centralism
Islamic socialism | 1961  | 1978  |  | Africa
Mexico  | Institutional Revolutionary Party  | Revolutionary nationalism
Big tent | Template:DTS | [[2000 Mexican general election|Template:DTS]]  | 71 years, 120 days  | North America
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1930-1940).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg Mongolia  | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1921  | 1990  |  | Asia
File:Flag of Mozambique (1974-1975).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svg Mozambique  | File:Flag of FRELIMO (until 2004).svg FRELIMO  | Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1990  | 15 years, 159 days  | Africa
Niger  | Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1974  |  | Africa
Niger  | National Movement for the Development of Society  | Conservatism | 1989  | 1991  |  | Africa
File:Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg Vietnam (partially)  |  Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1945  |  | Asia
File:Flag of North Vietnam (1955–1975).svg North Vietnam  | Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought | 1955  | 1976  |  | Asia
North Yemen  |  General People's Congress  | Yemeni nationalism
Arab nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Big tent | 1982  | 1988  |  | Asia
National Government  |  National Rally  | Fascism
Nazism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism
Collaborationism  | 1940  | 1945  | 4 years, 225 days  | Europe
File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire  | Union and Progress Party[51] | İttihadism  | Template:DTS | 1918  |  | Asia/Europe
Paraguay  |  Colorado Party  | Conservatism
National conservatism | 1947  | 1962  |  | South America
Persia  | Communist Party of Persia  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1920  | 1921  |  | Asia
File:Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg Republic of the Philippines  |  Association for Service to the New Philippines  | Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism | 1943  | 1945  |  | Asia
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Poland  |  Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity)  | Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1947  | 1982  |  | Europe
Poland  |  Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth)  | Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1982  | 1989  |  | Europe
Portugal |  National Union  | Salazarism
corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano | 1930[52] | 1945[52] |  | Europe
Portugal |  National Union  | Salazarism
corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano | 1948[53] | 1969[note 3] |  | Europe
Portugal |  People's National Action (formerly National Union)  | Corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano | 1970  | 1974  |  | Europe
Romania |  National Renaissance Front  | Big tent
Romanian nationalism
Monarchism  | 1938  | 1940  |  | Europe
National Legionary State  |  Iron Guard  | Legionarism
Clerical fascism
Christian nationalism | 1940  | 1941  |  | Europe
File:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1948  | 1968  |  | Europe
File:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism | 1968  | 1980  |  | Europe
File:Flag of Romania (1948-1952).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svgFile:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).svg Romania |  Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy)  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism | 1980  | 1989  |  | Europe
Rwanda  | Parmehutu  | Hutu Power | 1965  | 1973  |  | Africa
Rwanda  |  National Revolutionary Movement for Development  | Hutu Power
Ultranationalism
Social conservatism
Anti-communism | 1978  | 1991  |  | Africa
San Marino  | Sammarinese Fascist Party  | Italian fascism
Corporatism | 1926  | 1943  |  | Europe
San Marino  | Republican Fascist Party of San Marino  | Italian fascism | 1943  | 1944  |  | Europe
Senegal  | Socialist Party of Senegal  | African nationalism
African socialism  | 1966  | 1974  |  | Africa
Seychelles  | Seychelles People's Progressive Front  | Communism
Marxism-Leninism  | 1979  | 1991  |  | Africa
Sierra Leone  | All People's Congress  | African nationalism
Democratic socialism | 1978  | 1991  |  | Africa
File:Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovak Republic |  Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity  | Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism  | 1939  | 1945  |  | Europe
Somalia  | Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party  | Islamic socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism
Somali nationalism  | 1976  | 1991  |  | Africa
People's Republic of Southern Yemen  |  National Liberation Front,

File:Flag of the Yemeni Socialist Party (bigger star version).svg Yemeni Socialist Party

| Arab nationalism
Arab socialism | 1967  | 1978  |  | Asia
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen  | File:Flag of the Yemeni Socialist Party (bigger star version).svg Yemeni Socialist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1978  | 1990  |  | Asia
Democratic Republic of Yemen  | File:Flag of the Yemeni Socialist Party (bigger star version).svg Yemeni Socialist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1994  | 1994  |  | Asia
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Communist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1918[54] | 1922  | 4 years, 297 days  | Europe/Asia
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1918  | 1918[54] | 48 days  | Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Russian Communist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1922  | 1925[54] | 3 years, 1 day  | Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | All-Union Communist Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Stalinism | 1925[54] | 1952[54] | 26 years, 287 days  | Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Communist Party of the Soviet Union  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1952[54] | 1990[55] | 37 years, 361 days  | Europe/Asia
File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain  | Patriotic Union  | Spanish nationalism
Political Catholicism
Monarchism
Conservatism | 1924  | 1930  |  | Europe
Spanish State  |  FET y de las JONS  | Francoism
Falangism
Spanish nationalism
traditionalism
National Catholicism
anti-liberalism
corporatism | 1939  | 1976[56] |  | Europe
Democratic Republic of the Sudan  |  Sudanese Socialist Union  | Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Anti-communism | 1971  | 1985  |  | Africa
Sudan  | National Congress Party  | Islamism
Arab nationalism
Salafism
Social conservatism | 1989  | 2005  |  | Africa
File:Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic  | Arab Liberation Movement  | Syrian nationalism
Modernization
Pro-Western  | 1953  | 1954  |  | Asia
Syrian Arab Republic  |  Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front)  | Neo-Ba'athism
Pan-Arabism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Militarism | 8 March 1963  | 2012[57][58]
2024 (de-facto) [note 4][59] |  | Asia
São Tomé and Príncipe  | Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism | 1975  | 1990  |  | Africa
Template:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964) |  Tanganyika African National Union  | African nationalism
African socialism
Ujamaa  | 1961  | 1977  |  | Africa
Tanzania  | Chama Cha Mapinduzi  | Ujamaa
African socialism  | 1977  | 1992  |  | Africa
Togo  | Party of Togolese Unity  | African nationalism  | 1962  | 1963  |  | Africa
Togo  | Rally of the Togolese People  | African nationalism
Right-wing populism | 1969  | 1991  |  | Africa
Tunisia  | Neo Destour  | Tunisian nationalism
Bourguibism
Arab nationalism
Secularism | 1963  | 1964  |  | Africa
Tunisia  | Socialist Destourian Party  | Tunisian nationalism
Secularism
Bourguibism  | 1964  | 1981  |  | Africa
Turkey (one-party period)  |  Republican People's Party  | Kemalism | 1923  | 1945  |  | Asia/Europe
Turkmenistan  | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan | Turkmen nationalism
Secularism
Social conservatism
Catch-all party | 1992  | 2008  |  | Asia
File:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1930-1933).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1933-1939).svg Tuva |  Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1921  | 1944  |  | Asia
Uganda  |  Uganda People's Congress  | Social democracy
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism | 1969  | 1971  |  | Africa
File:Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukraine | Communist Party of Ukraine  | Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism | 1919  | 1922  |  | Europe
Template:Country data United Arab Republic | National Union  | Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism | 1958  | 1961  |  | Africa
Template:Country data Upper Volta Upper Volta  | Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally  | African nationalism
Pan-Africanism | 1960  | 1966  |  | Africa
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia  | Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy  | Royalism
Yugoslav nationalism
Agrarianism
Centralism
Anti-liberalism  | 1929  | 1931  |  | Europe
File:Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svgFile:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia  |  League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia)  | Marxism–Leninism
Titoism
Yugoslavism  | 1945  | 1990  |  | Europe
Zaire  | Popular Movement of the Revolution | Mobutism
Zairean nationalism
Authenticité  | 1970  | 1990  |  | Africa
Zambia  |  United National Independence Party  | African socialism
African nationalism  | 1972  | 1990  |  | Africa
Zanzibar  |  Afro-Shirazi Party  | African nationalism
Marxism–Leninism | 1964  | 1977  |  | Africa

## See also

* Dominant-party system
* Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
* Multi-party system
* Outline of democracy
* Political factionalism
* Political organisation
* Two-party system
* Uniparty
* Unitary parliamentary republic
* Landslide victory

## Notes

1. ↑ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[19] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[20][21]
2. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
3. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
4. ↑ While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtailed independent political activities.

## References

1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012) (in en). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. pp. 611. ISBN 9781608716791. https://books.google.com/books?id=2KFvJwi8_jwC&pg=PA611.
2. ↑ "One-Party". https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/one-party-states.
3. ↑ Angiolillo, Fabio (2023-04-27). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies" (in en). Journal of Peace Research 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (2010-05-01). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018-08-10). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336.
6. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022-05-12). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Malesky, Edmund; Schuler, Paul (2011-10-26). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x.
8. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
9. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
11. ↑ "China" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), 2023-01-26, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#government, retrieved 2023-02-05
12. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/law ​sregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html.
13. ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3136835/communist-party-not-chinas-only-political-party-there-are-eight.
14. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
15. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2018-07-17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44848184.
16. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/laos/freedom-world/2020.
17. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile" (in en). 18 August 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-korea.
18. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile" (in en). 30 March 2022. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam.
19. ↑ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby". https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Did-The-Vietnam-War-Affect-The-PJ7JU393ERV.
20. ↑ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26937807. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
21. ↑ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019. https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/40931/ho-chi-minh-on-independence-and-freedom.
22. ↑ McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). "One-Party State". doi:10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100250211.
23. ↑ Ziemer, Klaus (1995). "The African One-Party State". in Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Bach, Daniel (in en). State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence. St Antony’s/Macmillan Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 97–105. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7. ISBN 978-1-349-23826-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23826-2_7. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
24. ↑ Mitchinson, Naomi (January 1984). "One party rule in Africa" (in en). The Round Table 73 (289): 38–44. doi:10.1080/00358538408453617. ISSN 0035-8533. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538408453617. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
25. ↑ Schachter, Ruth (June 1961). "Single-Party Systems in West Africa" (in en). American Political Science Review 55 (2): 294–307. doi:10.2307/1952240. ISSN 0003-0554. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400123329/type/journal_article.
26. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Country Profile" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Columbia University Press. pp. 23. doi:10.7312/alts70456. ISBN 978-0-231-70456-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/alts70456. Retrieved 5 September 2025.
28. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Nations in Transit 2021 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan/nations-transit/2021.
29. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA". Office of the Council of Ministers. 25 January 2017. https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539/.
30. ↑ Barrett, Chris (2022-11-10). "Biden, Albanese urged to fight repression in Cambodia" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/biden-albanese-urged-to-fight-repression-in-cambodia-20221109-p5bwvy.html.
31. ↑ "Under Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has become a one-party state" (in en). The Economist. 2022-11-10. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/11/10/under-daniel-ortega-nicaragua-has-become-a-one-party-state.
32. ↑ "NA: "Regime wants to build a one-party political system" (in es). 2020-06-18. https://www.eluniversal.com/politica/73521/an-regimen-quiere-construir-un-sistema-politico-unipartidista.
33. ↑ Itriago Acosta, Andreina (April 2, 2024). "'Anti-Fascism' Law to Tighten Crackdown on Venezuelan Opposition". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/-anti-fascism-law-to-tighten-crackdown-on-venezuelan-opposition.
34. ↑ Maria Delgado, Antonio (April 5, 2024). "Maduro prepared harsh law to further punish criticism of Venezuela regime". Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article287431415.html.
35. ↑ Tapscott, Rebecca (2021) (in English). Arbitrary States: Social Control and Modern Authoritarianism in Museveni's Uganda. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885647-4. https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/49735. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
36. ↑ Arriola, Leonardo R., ed (2023) (in English). Democratic Backsliding in Africa?: Autocratization, Resilience, and Contention. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192867322.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-286732-2. https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/60999. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
37. ↑ PesaCheck (2021-06-22). "Has Uganda held a fair and transparent election in the last 30 years?" (in en). https://pesacheck.org/is-it-true-that-uganda-has-not-held-a-fair-and-transparent-election-in-over-30-years-5d8548d42059.
38. ↑ (in en) Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=X0CLyC39MEgC&pg=PA70.
39. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/afghan1977.html.
40. ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X. https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C.
41. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. https://journals.openedition.org/cea/533. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
42. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph. Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/30834/1/SENSE_Carpathian Ukraine.pdf.
43. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРТІЙНОЇ МОНОПОЛІЇ.pdf.
44. ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання". Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/32865/1/СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРТІЙНОЇ МОНОПОЛІЇ.pdf.
45. ↑ "Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/central-african-republic-unions-strike-democracy-1990-1993.
46. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book 40: 226–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602316. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
47. ↑ Hepburn, A. (2004-04-07) (in en). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=81vNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56.
48. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (1971-06-18) (in en). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70.
49. ↑ "Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937". https://cris.mruni.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28fde780-25ce-44fa-bbba-7887e33ada25/content.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007) (in en). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136.
51. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat’s Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time" (in en). End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Republic". http://portugal-info.net/history/second-republic.htm.
53. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988) (in en). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2sZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 Henderson, Jane (2011-05-04) (in en). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gBncBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1.
55. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003) (in en). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mN6O0Hc-LYC&pg=PA222.
56. ↑ "BOE-A-1976-11502 Ley 21/1976, de 14 de junio, sobre el Derecho de Asociación Política.". https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1976-11502.
57. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm.
58. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syrian-rockets-bombard-homs.
59. ↑ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. https://eaworldview.com/2021/02/how-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule/.

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Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government

Forms|

* Absolute monarchy
* Autocracy
* Benevolent dictatorship
* Constitutional dictatorship
* Corporate republic
* Communist state
* Counterintelligence state
* Dictablanda
* Dictatorship
* Dominant-party state
* Mafia state
* Military dictatorship
* Ochlocracy
* One-party state
* Oligarchy
* Police state
* Theocracy
* Tsarist autocracy

Concepts|

* Authoritarian capitalism
* Authoritarian democracy
* Authoritarian socialism
* Despotism
* Enlightened absolutism
* Fascism
* Illiberal democracy
* Imperialism
* Inverted totalitarianism
* Nazism
* Right-wing authoritarianism
* Soft despotism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Stalinism
* Maoism
* Third Position
* Totalitarian democracy
* Tyranny
* Tyranny of the majority

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