Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy

Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron. The CEM spectrum can be obtained either by collecting essentially all the electrons leaving the surface (integral technique), or by selecting the ones in a given energy range by means of a beta ray spectrometer (differential or depth selective CEMS).

This method allows the use of simple and inexpensive detecting equipment, mainly flow-type proportional detectors in which large counting rates can be obtained. This last characteristic makes possible the study of samples with the natural abundance of the Mössbauer isotope. The information furnished by the integral measurements can be increased by using various angles of incidence or by depositing thin layers of inert material on the sample.

## Theory

In the energy range used in CEMS, the incident radiation can interact with the absorber through two kinds of processes: (a) conventional interactions – photoelectric and Compton effects, and (b) nuclear resonant absorption – Mössbauer effect. Due to conventional interactions the beam is attenuated and electrons are emitted from the sample. The nuclear de-excitation following the resonant absorption takes place by emission of either a gamma ray or an internal conversion (IC) electron. In the latter case, the atom is left in an ‘excited’ state with a hole in an inner shell; the energy excess is given away with emission of Auger electrons and/or X-rays. Thus, the electrons emitted from the sample as a consequence of the Mössbauer absorptions are: (a) primary (IC or Auger) electrons originated in the de-excitations of the nuclei excited by the incident beam, and (b) secondary electrons originated by conventional interactions of photons (or resonant absorption of gamma rays) emitted after resonant absorptions.

## References

* Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Bl (1984) 70–84

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Spectroscopy

Vibrational|

* FT-IR
* Raman
* Resonance Raman
* Rotational
* Rotational–vibrational
* Vibrational
* Vibrational circular dichroism
* Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy

UV–Vis–NIR|

* Ultraviolet–visible
* Fluorescence
* Vibronic
* Near-infrared
* Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI)
* Raman optical activity spectroscopy
* Raman spectroscopy
* Laser-induced

X-ray and
photoelectron|

* Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
* Photoelectron
* Atomic
* Emission
* X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
* EXAFS

Nucleon|

* Gamma
* Mössbauer

Radiowave|

* NMR
* Terahertz
* ESR/EPR
* Ferromagnetic resonance

Others|

* Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
* Auger spectroscopy
* Astronomical spectroscopy
* Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
* Circular dichroism spectroscopy
* Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
* Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
* Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
* Correlation spectroscopy
* Deep-level transient spectroscopy
* Dual-polarization interferometry
* Electron phenomenological spectroscopy
* EPR spectroscopy
* Force spectroscopy
* Fourier-transform spectroscopy
* Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
* Hadron spectroscopy
* Hyperspectral imaging
* Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
* Inelastic neutron scattering
* Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
* Mössbauer spectroscopy
* Neutron spin echo
* Photoacoustic spectroscopy
* Photoemission spectroscopy
* Photothermal spectroscopy
* Pump–probe spectroscopy
* Saturated spectroscopy
* Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
* Spectrophotometry
* Time-resolved spectroscopy
* Time-stretch
* Thermal infrared spectroscopy
* Video spectroscopy
* Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules

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