Furongian

Short description: Fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian

Furongian

~497 – 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma

PreЄ

Chronology

Cambrian graphical timeline

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-540 --

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-520 --

-515 --

-510 --

-505 --

-500 --

-495 --

-490 --

-485 --

Ediacaran

Early O

Fortunian

"Stage 2"

"Stage 3"

"Stage 4"

Wuliuan

Drumian

Guzhangian

Paibian

Jiangshanian

"Stage 10"

Orsten Fauna

Burgess Shale

Kaili biota

Archaeocyatha extinction

Emu Bay Shale

Sirius Passet biota

Chengjiang biota

First Trilobites

SSF diversification, first brachiopods & archaeocyatha

First halkieriids, mollusсs, hyoliths SSF

Baykonurian glaciation

Dresbachian extinction

Major Glacial period

Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the ICS, as of 2021.[1]
Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago

Etymology
Name formality| Formal
Name ratified| 2003
Former name(s)| Cambrian Series 4
Usage information
Celestial body| Earth
Regional usage| Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used| ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit| Epoch
Stratigraphic unit| Series
First proposed by| Shanchi et al., 2002
Time span formality| Formal
Lower boundary definition| FAD of the Trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus
Lower boundary GSSP| Paibi section, Paibi, Hunan, China
[ ⚑ ] 28°23′22″N 109°31′33″E﻿ / ﻿28.3895°N 109.5257°E﻿ / 28.3895; 109.5257
GSSP ratified| 2003[2]
Upper boundary definition| FAD of the Conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus.
Upper boundary GSSP| Greenpoint section, Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada
[ ⚑ ] 49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W﻿ / ﻿49.6829°N 57.9653°W﻿ / 49.6829; -57.9653
GSSP ratified| 2000[3]

The Furongian  is the fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Naming
* 2 Definition
* 3 Subdivisions
* 4 Biostratigraphy
* 5 References

## Naming

The Furongian was also known as the Cambrian Series 4, and the name replaced the older term Upper Cambrian and equivalent to the local term Hunanian. The present name was ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2003. Fúróng (芙蓉) means 'lotus' in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state".[5]

## Definition

The lower boundary is defined in the same way as the GSSP of the Paibian Stage. Both begin with the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.[6] The upper boundary is the lower boundary and GSSP of the Tremadocian Stage which is the first appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus around 485.4 million years ago.[7]

## Subdivisions

The following table shows the subdivisions of the Furongian series/epoch:[4]

Series  | Stage  | Age (Ma)

|
|

Lower Ordovician
Floian | 477.7
Tremadocian | 485.4
Furongian
Stage 10 | 489.5
Jiangshanian | 494
Paibian | 497
Series 3
Guzhangian | 500.5
Drumian | 504.5
Wuliuan | 509

## Biostratigraphy

The base of two of three stages of the Furongian are defined as the first appearance of a trilobite. The base of the Paibian is the first appearance of Glyptagnostus reticulatus and the base of the Jiangshanian is the first appearance of Agnostotes orientalis.[5][8] The still unnamed Cambrian Stage 10 might be defined as the first appearance of Lotagnostus americanus or the conodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis.[9]

The Furongian can be divided into a number of trilobite zones:

Series  | Stage  | Trilobite zone  | Trilobite GSSP

|
|
|

Furongian  | Stage 10 | Saukia zone (upper part), Eurekia apopsis zone, Tangshanaspis Zone, Parakoldinioidia zone, Symphysurina zone[9] | Lotagnostus americanus (undecided)
Jiangshanian | Ellipsocephaloides zone, Saukia zone (lower part)[9] | Agnostotes orientalis
Paibian | ? (?)  | Glyptagnostus reticulatus
Cedaria

## References

1. ↑ "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale.
2. ↑ Peng, S. C.; Babcock, L. E.; Robison, R. A.; Lin, H. L.; Rees, M. N.; Saltzman, M. R. (2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)". Lethaia 37 (4): 365–379. doi:10.1080/00241160410002081. http://www.palaeontology.geo.uu.se/ISCS/ISCS_GSSPs.html. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
3. ↑ Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System". Episodes 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Geologic Timescale Foundation. https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/index.php?parentid=77.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren; Robison, Richard; Lin, Huanling; Rees, Margaret; Saltzman, Matthew (30 November 2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)". Lethaia 37 (4): 365–379. doi:10.1080/00241160410002081. http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
6. ↑ "GSSP for the Paibian". https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/paibian.htm.
7. ↑ "GSSP for the Cambrian - Ordovician Boundary". https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/camord.htm.
8. ↑ "GSSP for Jiangshanian". https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=145&top_parentid=0.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Landing, E.; Westrop, S.R.; Adrain, J.M. (19 September 2011). "The Lawsonian Stage - the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD and HERB carbon isotope excursion define a globally correlatable terminal Cambrian stage". Bulletin of Geosciences: 621–640. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1251.

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Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic era
(present–66.0 Mya)|

| Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya)|

* Holocene (present–11.784 kya)
* Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya)

|

Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya)|

* Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya)
* Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya)

Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya)|

* Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya)
* Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya)
* Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)

Mesozoic era
(66.0–251.902 Mya)|

| Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya)|

* Late (66.0–100.5 Mya)
* Early (100.5–145.0 Mya)

|

Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya)|

* Late (145.0–163.5 Mya)
* Middle (163.5–174.1 Mya)
* Early (174.1–201.3 Mya)

Triassic (201.3–251.902 Mya)|

* Late (201.3–237 Mya)
* Middle (237–247.2 Mya)
* Early (247.2–251.902 Mya)

Paleozoic era
(251.902–541.0 Mya)|

| Permian (251.902–298.9 Mya)|

* Lopingian (251.902–259.8 Mya)
* Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya)
* Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya)

|

Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya)|

* Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya)
* Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya)

Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya)|

* Late (358.9–382.7 Mya)
* Middle (382.7–393.3 Mya)
* Early (393.3–419.2 Mya)

Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya)|

* Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Mya)
* Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Mya)
* Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Mya)
* Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Mya)

Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya)|

* Late (443.8–458.4 Mya)
* Middle (458.4–470.0 Mya)
* Early (470.0–485.4 Mya)

Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya)|

* Furongian (485.4–497 Mya)
* Miaolingian (497–509 Mya)
* Series 2 (509–521 Mya)
* Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Mya)

Proterozoic eon
(541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)|

| Neoproterozoic (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)|

* Ediacaran (541.0–~635 Mya)
* Cryogenian (~635–~720 Mya)
* Tonian (~720 Mya–1 Gya)

|

Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Gya)|

* Stenian (1–1.2 Gya)
* Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Gya)
* Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Gya)

Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Gya)|

* Statherian (1.6–1.8 Gya)
* Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Gya)
* Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Gya)
* Siderian (2.3–2.5 Gya)

Archean eon (2.5–4 Gya)|

| Eras|

* Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
* Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)
* Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
* Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)

|

Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)|

|  |

|

kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
See also: Geologic time scale

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