Ice-ice

Kappaphycus sp. with ice-ice

Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the seaweed's tissues.[1] Bacteria involved include those in the Vibrio-Aeromonas and Cytophaga-Flavobacteria complexes.[2] The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white.[2] The disease is known from seaweeds including Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, economically important sources of carrageenan.[2][3] In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004,[1] and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009.[4] A rise in surface sea temperatures of 2–3 degrees Celsius can trigger ice-ice outbreaks.[4]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 DOST.gov.ph:
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hurtado, A. Q.; Critchley, A. T.; Trespoey, A.; Lhonneur, G. B. (8 July 2006). "Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calaguas Is., Camarines Norte, Philippines". Journal of Applied Phycology 18 (3-5): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9032-z.
3. ↑ Largo, D. B.; Fukami, K; Nishijima, T; Ohno, M (December 1995). "Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)". Journal of Applied Phycology 7 (6): 539–543. doi:10.1007/BF00003940.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 JakartaPost: Rising sea temperatures bad news for seaweed farmers

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