Watergate

The Watergate Affair was a political scandal leading to President Richard M. Nixon's resignation. It began when members of the campaign to reelect Richard Nixon Plumbers unit broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate Hotel looking for information on the cover-up of the Chappaquiddick incident involving Sen. Edward M. Kennedy and the death of a young woman.[1] President Nixon had no prior knowledge of the burglary plans, nor gave consent to the escapade, yet his loyalty to subordinates led to Nixon consenting to cover up activities and transferring money from the Presidential election campaign fund to pay for the legal defense of those who were involved. Nixon resigned when it became clear he had lost support within his own party and Congress, which had Democratic majorities in both branches, was likely to impeach him for obstruction of justice.

## Contents

* 1 The Watergate break-in
* 2 From burglary to political scandal
* 3 Deep Throat
* 4 Congressional investigations
* 5 The tapes
* 6 David Frost interview
* 7 Further reading
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes and references

## The Watergate break-in[edit]

On June 17, 1972, five men (James W. McCord Jr, Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzales, Bernard Barker, and Eugenio Martinez) were caught breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. The burglars included James W. McCord, a former CIA employee, and several Cuban expatriates with ties to the CIA. The subsequent investigation of the break-in revealed that the intruders were acting on behalf of the Committee to Reelect the President (often called CRP, and sometimes pronounced and spelled, particularly by Nixon's detractors, as "CREEP"). They, along with accomplices E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, were convicted of burglary and wiretapping in Jan. 1973.

## From burglary to political scandal[edit]

Evidence that emerged at the burglary trial suggested that the break-in had the approval of higher-level government officials who were attempting to cover up their involvement. This possibility was aggressively pursued by investigative reporters in the print media, with Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward playing particularly critical roles. Woodward and Bernstein, as well as others, discovered evidence that the break-in was only part of a wider effort of political "dirty tricks" designed to discredit Democratic candidates. They also uncovered the existence of a secret slush fund used to finance these activities.[2]

## Deep Throat[edit]

Mark Felt (1913 - 2008) studied at the University of Idaho and the George Washington University Law School; he joined the FBI in 1942. In the 1970s Felt was second in the FBI hierarchy. In 1981, he was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan of the felony of violating civil rights in 1972 and 1973.

> On 19th October, 1972, White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman told Nixon a secret source had identified Mark Felt as someone who was leaking information about Watergate to the press. Nixon considered sacking Felt but Haldeman urged caution: "He knows everything that`s to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything... If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything."

> During the Watergate Scandal some people speculated that Mark Felt was Deep Throat. "It was not I and it is not I," Felt told Washingtonian magazine in 1974. In a press conference in August 1976 Felt denied once again being Deep Throat. He added that he would admit it if it was true as he thought it would have been his moral duty to remove a corrupt politician from power. However, he said, it was not possible to take credit for something he did not do.

> In May, 2005, Felt's lawyer, John O'Connor, went public with the news. Felt was quoted as saying: "I don’t think being Deep Throat was anything to be proud of. You should not leak information to anyone." However, he added: "If you know your government is engaging in illegal and/or immoral acts, then you have an obligation to speak out that overrides confidentiality agreements and secrecy laws. It's never wrong to inform on serious criminal acts no matter who is perpetrating them." [3]

> Mark Felt, at age 91, finally admitted to that historic, anonymous role in an article in Vanity Fair, 2005.[4]

## Congressional investigations[edit]

In April 1973, with a Senate investigation underway, several top Nixon aides, including H. R. Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman, resigned over the scandal, and White House counsel John Dean III was fired. Dean subsequently testified during televised hearings beginning in May, exposing Nixon's participation in the Watergate cover-up and massive illegalities in Republican fundraising in 1972.

The hearings also revealed that since 1971 Nixon had recorded conversations and telephone calls in his office. The president, however, refused to turn the tapes over to the Senate Watergate committee, citing executive privilege. In Oct. 1973 Nixon ordered Elliot Richardson, the attorney general, to fire Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor who had subpoenaed the tapes, but Richardson chose to resign instead. Richardson's assistant, William Ruckelshaus, also refused to fire Cox and was himself fired. Finally, it was the solicitor general, Robert Bork, who fired Cox. The incident, which became known as the "Saturday Night Massacre," led to widespread calls for Nixon's impeachment.

The White House released edited transcripts of the tapes in April 1974, and eventually the tapes themselves, after the Supreme Court rejected Nixon's claim to executive privilege. But the damage was done; President Nixon's behavior—his cover-up of the burglary and refusal to turn over evidence—and the erosion of the public's confidence in his administration. The House Judiciary Committee began looking into Nixon's affairs.[5] A 26 year old staffer and future Democratic nominee for President, Hillary Rodham Clinton, served as a researcher for the Committee.[6] She was asked to listen to the tapes, gaining an unprecedented insight into a high government officials daily communication.[7]

The Committee issued three articles of impeachment on July 30, 1974. The document indicted Nixon for illegal wiretapping, misuse of the CIA, perjury, bribery, obstruction of justice, and other abuses of executive power.

"In all of this," the articles of impeachment summarize, "Richard M. Nixon has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as President and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States." Impeachment appeared inevitable, and Nixon resigned on Aug. 9, 1974.

Nixon was succeeded in office the same day by Vice President Gerald R. Ford, who a month later issued a full pardon to Nixon for any crimes he might have committed in office, thus eliminating the possibility of future prosecution. A number of other administration officials served time in prison for their offenses, including former attorney general John Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Dean, and G. Gordon Liddy, a former FBI agent who helped plan the Watergate break-in.

## The tapes[edit]

Nixon was caught by a recording system whose installation he had himself ordered. It transpired during the course of the investigation that all conversations in the President's office had been secretly recorded for years for historic purposes.[8] During the investigation the White House was forced to release transcripts of Watergate-related tapes. These transcripts showed that at the very least Nixon was participating in near-daily, ongoing discussions of how to manage the spreading Watergate scandal. Many dubious actions, such as the payment of "hush money" to the defendants, were openly discussed and, seemingly, considered.

Tension was heightened when a tape with a key conversation, recorded a week after the burglary, turned out to have an eighteen-minute gap. To date the gap has not been explained, nor has anyone managed to recover the erased material. White House chief Alexander Haig provoked derision by a suggestion that the erasure had been caused by "some sinister force." Nixon's secretary Rose Mary Woods told the press that she could have erased the tape by accident while talking on the phone; when the press asked her to demonstrate, it became clear that this explanation was literally a long stretch.[9] Later analysis by acoustics firm Bolt, Baranek and Newman concluded that the gap was the result of at least five separate erasures; since the tape recorder had a two-button interlock to prevent accidental erasure, the conclusion was that it must have been a deliberate action.[10]

## David Frost interview[edit]

In 1977, Nixon had an interview with British journalist David Frost. The event is recounted in Peter Morgan's play and film Frost/Nixon, although altered to further demonize Nixon (such as his quote of "it's not illegal if the president does it" being attributed to Watergate instead of the bombing runs in Cambodia, the true context of the quote).

## Further reading[edit]

* Consortium News. Robert Parry's explanation of Watergate.

## See also[edit]

* Hillary Clinton and Watergate

## Notes and references[edit]

1. ↑ G. Gordon Liddy Interview by John Hawkins.
2. ↑ Bernstein, Carl and Woodward, Bob. All The President's Men
3. ↑ Mark Felt: Biography
4. ↑ "I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat".
5. ↑ John Dean later wrote: "By a vote of 26 to 12, the House Judiciary Committee decided against including an article in the bill of impeachment charging Nixon with tax fraud. And President Ford's pardon eliminated any risk of a criminal tax prosecution. But nothing hurt Nixon more in the public's eyes. The public understood tax fraud, and in particular, the backdating of a document such as Nixon's deed of gift." Reviving The Creative Works Tax Deduction: Why the CARE Act, Pending In Congress, Should Be Made Law, By JOHN W. DEAN, Apr. 25, 2003. writ.news.findlaw.com
6. ↑ How Richard Nixon Created Hillary Clinton, Sam Tanenhaus, Nov 5, 2015. bloomberg.com
7. ↑ Living History, Hillary Clinton, Simon and Schuster, 2004, p.68.
8. ↑ Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson also made secret recordings: JFK Library and Museum to Host Presidential Tapes Conference, JFK Library, February, 2003
9. ↑ Rosemary Woods demonstrating how she may have erased tape recordings.
10. ↑ National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap, New York Times, 2003