Masmuda

The Masmuda (Arabic: المصمودة, romanized: Maṣmūda, Berber: ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⴷⵏ[1]) is a Berber tribal confederation, one of the largest in the Maghreb, along with the Zenata and the Sanhaja.[2]Historical Arabic sources locate them within the Maghreb, primarily in territories that fall within the borders of present-day Morocco, with additional communities noted in what is now Algeria.

Today, the Masmuda confederacy largely corresponds to the speakers of the Tashelhit language. The Masmuda are related to the Schleuh people[3] and are also considered to be one of the ancestors of the Schleuhs[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Establishment
* 2 Subtribes
* 3 References
* 4 See also

## History

### Establishment

Al-Istakhri (10th century) gives only a broad ethnogeographic classification, placing the Masmuda in the Maghreb.[5] Later authors provide more detailed information, notably al-Bakri (11th century), al-Idrisi (12th century), and Ibn Idhari (13th–14th centuries).[5] Based on these writers, the main Masmuda settlement areas in the Maghreb can be summarized as a series of zones located predominantly in present-day Morocco, with references to Masmuda presence in Buna (modern Annaba), Tlemcen, and Tihert in present-day Algeria.[5]

They subsequently crossed into the Islamic Iberian Peninsula, establishing settlements across regions that correspond to modern-day Spain and Portugal.[6]

By the 16th century, due to the occupation of many of their former lands by the Banu Hilal and the Banu Ma'qil, the Masmuda were mostly restricted to the more mountainous regions of their former domains.[7]

## Subtribes

Before the arrival of the Banu Hilal in the late 12th century, the Masmuda were divided largely into three groups: the Ghumara in the north, the Barghawata in the central part of Morocco, and the Masmuda proper in the south.[7]

The anonymous author of the Kitāb Mafāk̲h̲ir al-Barbar (roughly translates as "The Book of the Glories of the Berbers"), a work compiled in 1312 [8] lists the sub-tribes of the Masmuda as: Haha, Regraga, Warika (Ourika), Hazmira, Gadmiwa, Henfisa, Hezerga, Doukkala, Hintata, Maghous, and Tehlawa.[9]

In the north, the Masmuda were generally part of the Ghumara, along with two smaller tribes mentioned by the 11th-century writer al-Bakri: the Aṣṣada, settled between Ksar el-Kebir and Ouazzane, and another tribe settled near Ceuta.[7]

In the south, they were divided widely into two groups: the Masmuda of the plains (north of the Atlas mountains) and the Masmuda of the mountains. In the plains, the main groups were: the Dukkala, the Banu Magir, the Hazmira, the Ragraga, and the Haḥa.[7] The Masmuda of the mountains occupied the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas mountain regions. In the High Atlas mountains, from east to west, the main groups were: the Glawa, the Haylana (or Aylana), the Warika (or Ourika), the Hazraja, the Aṣṣadan (including the Maṣfiwa, the Maghous, and the Dughagha or Banu Daghugh tribes), the Hintata (including the Ghayghaya tribe), the people of Tinmal, the Ṣawda (or Zawda), the Gadmiwa, and the Ganfīsa (including the Saksawa or Saksiwa), Banu Wawazgit (tifnoute).[7] In the Anti-Atlas and Sous regions, the Masmuda tribes included: the Saktana and the Hargha. Other tribes are mentioned by the 12th-century writer al-Idrisi, but their names are difficult to decipher in existing manuscripts.[7]

According to Ibn Khaldun, the Haskura, or Hasakira group—originally of Sanhaja descent and later settled in the Atlas Mountains—were frequently linked with the Masmuda because of their support for the Almohad cause. Their main tribes were the Zamrawa, the Mughrana, the Garnana, the Ghujdama, the Faṭwaka, the Maṣṭawa, the Hultana, and the Hantifa.[7]

## References

1. ↑ Múrcia, Carles; Sànchez, Carles Múrcia (2021). Gramàtica amaziga: Estàndard del diasistema amazic septentrional. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. ISBN 9788491686583. https://books.google.com/books?id=R1RBEAAAQBAJ.
2. ↑ Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. pp. 14. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001298165.
3. ↑ "Almohades en arabe al-Muwaḥḥidūn" (in fr). https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/groupe-personnage/Almohades/104942#:~:text=Les Almohades sont des Berbères,le Maghreb et l'Andalousie.. ""Berbères du groupe des Masmoudas, apparentés aux Chleuhs ""
4. ↑ Bourges, Hervé; Wauthier, Claude (January 1979) (in fr). Les 50 Afriques (1): Maghreb, Afrique du Nord-Est, Corne de l'Afrique, Afrique sahélo-soudanienne, golfe du Bénin. FeniXX. p. 100. ISBN 979-10-369-1545-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Nb7_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90. ""Le prédicateur Ibn Toumert, installé dans le Haut Atlas au milieu des tribus berbères des Masmuda (ancêtres des Chleuh)""
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 García-Abad Alonso, Juan Javier; De Felipe, Helena (2022-10-17). "Los asentamientos de Maṣmūda a ambos lados del Estrecho (siglos VIII-X). Estudio comparado de los paisajes actuales". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VI, Geografía (15): 116-117. doi:10.5944/etfvi.15.2022.34219. ISSN 2340-146X. https://doi.org/10.5944/etfvi.15.2022.34219.
6. ↑ García-Abad Alonso, Juan Javier; Felipe Rodríguez, Elena de Jesús de (2022-10-17). "Los asentamientos Masmuda a ambos lados del Estrecho (Siglos VIII-X): estudio comparado de los paisajes actuales". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VI, Geografía: 118. doi:10.5944/etfvi.14.2021.34219. ISSN 1130-2968. https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/handle/10017/59357.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Template:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8. ↑ Bearman, P., ed (2012). "Kitāb Mafāk̲h̲ir al-Barbar". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (online ed.). Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
9. ↑ unknown (2005) (in ar). مفاخر البربر. Morocco: دار أبي رقراق للطباعة والنشر. pp. 172. ISBN 978-9954-423-46-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=5nZyAAAAMAAJ&q=حاحة+ورجراجة.

## See also

* Banu Dānis (Masmuda clan in al-Andalus)
* Hintata

Template:Berber tribes of Morocco Template:Ethnic groups in Morocco Template:Ethnic groups in Algeria Template:Berber

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