Naṭronai Ii., B. Hilai

Gaon of the academy at Sura early in the second half of the ninth century; he succeeded Sar Shalom. His father had occupied the position about thirty years before. Although Naṭronai was of advanced age when he entered on the office, and although his official term embraced less than a decade, an unusually large number of responsa were issued by him. Questions were addressed to him from all parts of the Diaspora; and his answers, about 300 of which have been preserved in various compilations (e.g., in "Sha'are Ẓedeḳ," "Teshubot ha-Ge'onim," and "Ḳebuẓat ha-Ḥakamim"), show his thorough mastery of the subjects treated as well as his ability to impart knowledge. He always employed the language with which his correspondents were most conversant. With equal ability he handled the Aramaic dialect of his predecessors and the Neo-Hebraic; and he is said to have been the first of the Geonim to use the Arabic language for scholastic correspondence.

Violently opposing the Karaites, Naṭronai endeavored to enforce the observance of every rabbinic provision emanating from or as explained by either of the two great Babylonian academies; and as the Karaites rejected the ritualistic forms of these schools, he made strenuous efforts to establish uniformity among the Rabbinites. Hence the origin of many a ritualistic formula is traced to him ("Siddur R. Amram," passim; see also Zunz, "Ritus," p. 220).

Naṭronai was also credited with a mastery of transcendentalism. It was said that by this means he caused himself to be mysteriously transported to France, where he instructed the people, and then was as mysteriously transported back to Babylonia. The gaon Hai, however, denied this, suggesting that some adventurer may have impersonated Naṭronai and imposed on the Jews of France ("Ṭa'am Zeḳenim," ed. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1854, pp. 55a, 56a et seq.; comp. Harkavy, "Zikkaron la-Rishonim wegam la-Aḥaronim," iv., p. xxiii.).

Bibliography:

  * Grätz, Gesch. 2d ed., v. 248;
  * Halevy, Dorot ha-Rishonim, iii. 122a et seq.;
  * Kaminka, in Winter and Wünsche, Die Jüdische Litteratur, ii. 22;
  * Weiss, Dor, iv. 114 et seq.



W. B. S. M.