Race and ethnicity in the NHL

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The National Hockey League (NHL) evolved from a mono-ethnic and primarily Canadian professional athletic league to span North America.[1][2][3][4][5] The distribution of ethnic groups has been gradually changing since the inception of the NHL.[6] The league consists of a variety of players from varying nationalities and diverse backgrounds. Once known as a league riddled with racism and exclusiveness, the NHL has made some positive steps toward a more diverse and inclusive institution.[7]

The NHL began its expansion of player nationalities in the 1970s when players hailed from the United States, Sweden, and Finland.[8] The share of Canadians in the league dropped to 75% by the 1980s and is now slightly less than 50%.[8] In 2011, the NHL was composed of 93% of players who identified as white, with the remaining 7% identifying as varying ethnicities.[9][needs update]

## Contents

* 1 History of representation
* 2 Racism and discrimination
* 3 Non-black minorities
* 3.1 Asian descent
* 3.1.1 NHL career
* 3.1.2 Franchise career
* 3.2 First Nation/Native American descent
* 3.3 Latin American descent
* 3.4 Middle Eastern descent
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## History of representation

A number of ice hockey leagues for players of African descent formed in Canada as early as the late-19th century. The Coloured Hockey League was an all-black ice hockey league established in 1895. Operating across the Maritime provinces of Canada, the league operated for several decades until 1930.

Although other minor ice hockey leagues saw integration in the early 20th century (including the Quebec Senior Hockey League), the major league NHL did not see its first non-white player until November 16, 1926, with Indigenous Native American Taffy Abel broke the NHL colour barrier that day with the New York Rangers.[10]

On March 13, 1948, Larry Kwong was an Asian playing with the New York Rangers.[11] Born in Vernon, British Columbia, Kwong was a Chinese Canadian of Cantonese descent.[12] In 1953, Fred Sasakamoose was the first Cree NHL player, and the first Canadian indigenous player in the NHL, debuting with the Chicago Black Hawks. On January 18, 1958, Willie O'Ree became the first Black Canadian to play in the NHL. Playing with the Boston Bruins, he was also the first NHL player of African descent.[13] Val James was the first African American player to play in the NHL, called up by the Buffalo Sabres in 1982.[14] His stints with the Buffalo Sabres and Toronto Maple Leafs were short-lived and he eventually retired in 1987 due to injury.[14] The number of black NHL players was 26 by the end of the 20th century and sat at 32 in 2016.[9]

## Racism and discrimination

In the 1970s, there were zero African-American players in the NHL. That number rose to 26 in the 1980s and rose slightly to 32 in the 1990s. Though seemingly minute, it was a significant change in the racial demographic of the NHL at the time.

Herb Carnegie was the first black player to play on ice in a professional hockey game. Val (Valmore) James, the first U.S.-born African American hockey player called up by the Buffalo Sabres in 1982, refrained from openly discussing his experiences with racism in the league until three decades after retiring from the sport.

The depth of his ordeal was so profound that he reported being unable to watch hockey for a full decade without being haunted by memories of discrimination in the league.[14]

> "When I started skating, I set out to be a hockey player, not a black hockey player," he wrote. "However, the two concepts quickly became intertwined. And not by choice. From early on, there were some people who were determined to prove that being black and being a hockey player were mutually exclusive."[15]

Further insights into James's life and experiences can be found in the autobiography Black Ice: The Val James Story, authored by Valmore James and John Gallagher.[16][15]

## Non-black minorities

In addition to black and white players, other races and ethnicities represented in the NHL include players of Asian, Latino, and Middle Eastern descent.

Template:NHLDraftStarLegend

* Bold = Currently playing in NHL
* Italics = Stanley Cup champions
* * = Yet to have played an NHL game for their respective team

### Asian descent

Nat. | Name  | Birthplace  | Pos  | Seasons  | Teams Played  | Ethnicity  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Kevin Bahl | New Westminster, BC | D | 2020–present | 2 NJD, CGY  | Biracial, Punjabi |
| Arshdeep Bains | Surrey, BC | LW | 2023–present | 1 VAN  | Punjabi |
| Victor Bartley | Ottawa, ON | D | 1998–2015 | 2 NSH, MTL  | Biracial, Taiwanese | [17]
| Robin Bawa | Duncan, BC | RW | 1987–1999 | 4 WSH, VAN, SJS, ANA  | Punjabi | [18]
| Chris Beckford-Tseu | Toronto, ON | G | 2007–2008 | 1 STL  | Jamaican-Chinese[19] | [20]
| Jacob Bryson | London, ON | D | 2021–present | 1 BUF  | Biracial, Korean |
| Cody Ceci | Ottawa, ON | D | 2013–present | 7 OTT, TOR, PIT, EDM, SJS, DAL, LAK  | Biracial, one quarter-Filipino | [21]
| Matt Dumba | Regina, SK | D | 2013–present | 5 MIN, ARI, TBL, DAL, PIT  | Romanian-German-Filipino | [22]
/ | Spencer Foo | Edmonton, AB | RW | 2017–2024 | 2 CGY, VGK*  | Chinese |
| Yutaka Fukufuji | Kushiro, Japan | G | 2006–2007 | 1 LAK  | Japanese |
| Akito Hirose | Calgary, AB | D | 2022–present | 1 VAN  | Japanese |
| Taro Hirose | Winnipeg, MB | LW | 2018–2024 | 1 DET  | Japanese |
| Josh Ho-Sang | Toronto, ON | RW | 2016–2019 | 1 NYI  | Jamaican-Jewish-Chinese | [23]
| Peter Ing | Toronto, ON | G | 1989–1994 | 3 TOR, EDM, DET  | Biracial, Chinese | [24]
| Paul Kariya | North Vancouver, BC | LW | 1994–2010 | 4 ANA, COL, NSH, STL  | Japanese-Scottish | [25]
| Steve Kariya | North Vancouver, BC | RW | 1999–2000 | 1 VAN  | Japanese-Scottish |
| Jujhar Khaira | Surrey, BC | LW | 2014–present | 3 EDM, CHI, MIN  | Punjabi | [26]
| Larry Kwong | Vernon, BC | C | 1947–1948 | 1 NYR  | Chinese | [27]
| Manny Malhotra | Mississauga, ON | C | 1998–2016 | 7 NYR, DAL, CBJ, SJS, VAN, CAR, MTL  | Punjabi-French Canadian | [28]
| Andreas Martinsen | Bærum, Norway | LW | 2015–2019 | 3 COL, MTL, CHI  | Ugandan Indian-Norwegian | [29]
| Jon Matsumoto | Ottawa, ON | C | 2010–2012 | 2 CAR, FLA  | Japanese-German |
| Jim Paek | Seoul, South Korea | D | 1987–2003 | 3 PIT, LAK, OTT  | Korean | [30]
| Zayne Parekh | Nobleton, ON | D | 2025–present | 1 CGY  | Gujarati-Korean |
| Richard Park | Seoul, South Korea | RW | 1996–2010 | 4 PIT, NYI, MIN, VAN  | Korean | [31]
| Jason Robertson | Arcadia, CA | LW | 2019–present | 1 DAL  | Scottish-Filipino | [32]
| Nicholas Robertson | Arcadia, CA | LW | 2020–present | 1 TOR  | Scottish-Filipino |
| Bobby Robins | Peshtigo, WI | RW | 2014–2015 | 1 BOS  | Biracial, Filipino |
| Raymond Sawada | Richmond, BC | RW | 2008–2011 | 1 DAL  | Japanese-Italian |
| Devin Setoguchi | Taber, AB | RW | 2007–2018 | 5 SJS, MIN, WPG, CGY, LAK  | Biracial, Japanese | \-  |  | Kiefer Sherwood | Columbus, OH | RW | 2018–present | 5 ANA, COL, NSH, VAN, SJS  | Biracial, Japanese |
| Kole Sherwood | New Albany, OH | RW | 2018–2022 | 2 CBJ, NSH  | Biracial, Japanese |
| Devin Shore | Ajax, ON | C | 2015–present | 6 DAL, ANA, CBJ, EDM, SEA, MIN  | Biracial, Filipino |
| Jonas Siegenthaler | Zürich, Switzerland | D | 2018–present | 2 WSH, NJD  | Swiss-Thai |
| Dylan Sikura | Aurora, ON | C | 2018–present | 4 CHI, VGK, COL, ANA*  | Slovak-Japanese | [34]
| Jordan Spence | Sydney, Australia | D | 2021–present | 2 LAK, OTT  | Biracial, Japanese |
| Tim Stapleton | La Grange, IL | C | 2008–2012 | 3 TOR, ATL, WIN  | Irish-Filipino | [35]
| Jamie Storr | Brampton, ON | G | 1994–2004 | 2 LAK, CAR  | Biracial, Japanese |
| Nick Suzuki | London, ON | C | 2019–present | 1 MTL  | Japanese-Scottish | [36]
| Ryan Suzuki | London, ON | C | 2024–present | 1 CAR  | Japanese-Scottish |
| David Tanabe | White Bear Lake, MN | D | 1999–2008 | 2 BOS, CAR  | Japanese | [37]
| Mike Wong | Minneapolis, MN | C | 1975–1976 | 1 DET  | Chinese-Native | [38]
| Kailer Yamamoto | Spokane, WA | RW | 2017–present | 3 EDM, SEA, UTA  | Biracial, his father is half-Japanese and his mother is half-Hawaiian | [39][40]
/ | Brandon Yip | Vancouver, BC | RW | 2009–2014 | 3 COL, NSH, PHX  | Biracial, Three quarter-Chinese and one quarter-Irish | [41]

#### NHL career

These are the top-ten players of Asian descent by career points, goals, and assists. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; G/G = Goals per game; A/G = Assists per game

Points  | Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | P/G

|
|
|
|
|
|

Paul Kariya | LW | 989 | 402 | 587 | 989 | 1.00
Jason Robertson | LW | 374 | 168 | 226 | 394 | 1.05
Nick Suzuki | C | 455 | 138 | 237 | 375 | .82
Manny Malhotra | C | 991 | 116 | 179 | 295 | .30
Devin Setoguchi | RW | 516 | 131 | 130 | 261 | .51
Matt Dumba | D | 737 | 84 | 174 | 258 | .35
Richard Park | RW | 738 | 102 | 139 | 241 | .33
Devin Shore | C | 498 | 52 | 92 | 144 | .29
Kailer Yamamoto | RW | 315 | 60 | 77 | 137 | .43
David Tanabe | D | 449 | 30 | 84 | 114 | .25

Goals  | Player | Pos | G | G/G

|
|
|

Paul Kariya | LW | 402 | .41
Jason Robertson | LW | 168 | .45
Nick Suzuki | C | 138 | .30
Devin Setoguchi | RW | 131 | .25
Manny Malhotra | C | 116 | .12
Richard Park | RW | 102 | .14
Matt Dumba | D | 84 | .11
Kailer Yamamoto | RW | 60 | .19
Devin Shore | C | 52 | .10
Kiefer Sherwood | RW | 43 | .16

Assists  | Player | Pos | A | A/G

|
|
|

Paul Kariya | LW | 587 | .59
Nick Suzuki | C | 237 | .52
Jason Robertson | LW | 226 | .60
Manny Malhotra | C | 179 | .18
Matt Dumba | D | 174 | .24
Richard Park | RW | 139 | .19
Devin Setoguchi | RW | 130 | .25
Devin Shore | C | 92 | .18
David Tanabe | D | 84 | .19
Kailer Yamamoto | RW | 77 | .24

#### Franchise career

These are the top-ten players of Asian descent, by career points, goals, and assists, when counting only their production with a specific franchise. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; G/G = Goals per game; A/G = Assists per game

Points  | Player | GP | G | A | Pts | P/G | Team

|
|
|
|
|
|

Paul Kariya (LW) | 606 | 300 | 369 | 669 | 1.10 | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Jason Robertson (LW) | 374 | 168 | 226 | 394 | 1.05 | Dallas Stars
Nick Suzuki (C) | 455 | 138 | 237 | 375 | .82 | Montreal Canadiens
Matt Dumba (D) | 598 | 79 | 157 | 236 | .39 | Minnesota Wild
Paul Kariya (LW) | 164 | 55 | 106 | 161 | .98 | Nashville Predators
Devin Setoguchi (RW) | 267 | 84 | 75 | 159 | .60 | San Jose Sharks
Manny Malhotra (C) | 344 | 53 | 92 | 145 | .42 | Columbus Blue Jackets
Paul Kariya (LW) | 168 | 36 | 87 | 123 | .73 | St. Louis Blues
Richard Park (RW) | 316 | 45 | 75 | 120 | .38 | New York Islanders
Kailer Yamamoto (RW) | 244 | 50 | 68 | 118 | .48 | Edmonton Oilers

Goals  | Player | G | G/G | Team

|
|
|

Paul Kariya (LW) | 300 | .50 | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Jason Robertson (LW) | 168 | .45 | Dallas Stars
Nick Suzuki (C) | 138 | .30 | Montreal Canadiens
Devin Setoguchi (RW) | 84 | .31 | San Jose Sharks
Matt Dumba (D) | 79 | .13 | Minnesota Wild
Paul Kariya (LW) | 55 | .34 | Nashville Predators
Manny Malhotra (C) | 53 | .15 | Columbus Blue Jackets
Kailer Yamamoto (RW) | 50 | .22 | Edmonton Oilers
Richard Park (RW) | 45 | .14 | New York Islanders
Richard Park (RW) | 37 | .17 | Minnesota Wild

Assists  | Player | A | A/G | Team

|
|
|

Paul Kariya (LW) | 369 | .61 | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Nick Suzuki (C) | 237 | .52 | Montreal Canadiens
Jason Robertson (LW) | 226 | .60 | Dallas Stars
Matt Dumba (D) | 157 | .26 | Minnesota Wild
Paul Kariya (LW) | 106 | .65 | Nashville Predators
Manny Malhotra (C) | 92 | .27 | Columbus Blue Jackets
Paul Kariya (LW) | 87 | .52 | St. Louis Blues
Devin Setoguchi (RW) | 75 | .28 | San Jose Sharks
Richard Park (RW) | 75 | .24 | New York Islanders
Kailer Yamamoto (RW) | 68 | .28 | Edmonton Oilers

### First Nation/Native American descent

Nat. | Name  | Birthplace  | Pos  | Seasons  | Teams Played  | Ethnicity  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| George Armstrong | Skead, Ontario | RW | 1949–1971 | 1 TOR  | Biracial Ojibwe-Canadian | [42]
| Bryan Trottier | Val Marie, Saskatchewan | C | 1975–1994 | 1 NYI, PIT  | Biracial Cree-Canadian | [43]
| Ted Nolan | Garden River, Ontario | LW | 1981–1986 | 1 DET, PIT  | Ojibwe-Canadian | [44]
| Grant Fuhr | Spruce Grove, Alberta | G | 1981–2000 | 6 EDM, TOR, BUF, LAK, STL, CGY  | Biracial Cree and Afro-Canadian | [45]
| Everett Sanipass | Elsipogtog First Nation, New Brunswick | LW | 1986–1991 | 1 CHI, QUE  | Mi'kmaq | [46]
| Craig Berube | Calahoo, Alberta | LW | 1986–2003 | 1 PHI, TOR, CGY, WSH, NYI  | Biracial Cree-Canadian | [47]
| Theoren Fleury | Oxbow, Saskatchewan | RW | 1988–2003 | 1 CAL, NYR  | Métis Canadian | [48]
| Gino Odjick | Maniwaki, Québec | LW | 1990–2002 | 1 MTL, NYI, VAN, PHI  | Biracial Algonquian-Canadian | [49]
| Blair Atcheynum | Estevan, Saskatchewan | RW | 1992–2001 | 1 OTT, NSH, STL, CHI  | Cree descent | [42]
| Arron Asham | Portage la Prairie, Manitoba | RW | 1998–2014 | 1 MTL, NYI, NJD, PHI, PIT, NYR  | Métis Canadian | [42]
| Jordin Tootoo | Churchill, Manitoba | RW | 2003–2017 | 1 NSH, NJD, DET, CHI  | Inuit | [50]
| René Bourque | Lac La Biche, Alberta | LW | 2005–2017 | 1 MTL, CAL, CLB, CHI  | Métis Canadian | [51]
| Carey Price | Vancouver, British Columbia  | G  | 2007–2022  | MTL  | Biracial Dakelh-Canadian  | [52]
| T. J. Oshie | Mount Vernon, Washington  | RW  | 2008–2024  | STL, WSH  | Biracial Ojibwe-American  | [53]
| Michael Ferland | Swan River, Manitoba | LW | 2014–2020 | 1 CAR, CAL, VAN  | Cree descent | [54]
| Chris Simon | Wawa, Ontario | LW | 1992-2013 | 1 CAR, CAL, VAN  | Biracial Ojibwe-Canadian | [55]
| Brandon Montour | Ohsweken, Ontario  | D  | 2016–present  | ANA, BUF, FLO, SEA  | Mohawk descent  | [56]
| Henry Maracle | Ayr, Ontario  | LW  | 1930-31  | NYR  | Mohawk descent  | [57]
| Ethan Bear | Regina, Saskatchewan  | D  | 2018–present  | EDM, CAR, VAN  | Cree descent  | [58]
| Zach Whitecloud | Brandon, Manitoba  | D  | 2018–present  | VGK, CGY[59] | Dakota-Canadian  | [56]
| Garrett Pilon | Mineola, New York  | C  | 2021–present  | WSH, OTT  | Métis American  | [60]
| Rich Pilon | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan  | D  | 1989-2002  | NYI, NYR, STL  | Métis descent  | [61]
| Fred Sasakamoose | Debden, Saskatchewan  | C  | 1954  | CHI  | Cree  | [62]
| Reggie Leach | Riverton, Manitoba  | RW  | 1971-1983  | BOS, CGS, PHI, DET  | Ojibwe  | [63]
| Jamie Leach | Winnipeg, Manitoba  | RW  | 1990-1994  | PIT, HAR, FLO  | Ojibwe descent  | [64]
| Stan Jonathan | Ohsweken, Ontario  | LW  | 1976-1983  | BOS, PIT  | Tuscarora  | [65]
| Jonathan Cheechoo | Moose Factory, Ontario  | RW  | 2003-2010  | SJS, OTT  | Cree  | [66]
| Dwight King | Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan  | LW  | 2011-2017  | LAK, MTL  | Métis descent  | [67]
| Connor Dewar | The Pas, Manitoba  | C  | 2022–Present  | MIN, TOR, PIT  | Métis descent  | [68]
| D.J. King | Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan  | C  | 2007-2012  | STL, WSH  | Métis descent  | [67]
| Calen Addison | Brandon, Manitoba  | D  | 2021–Present  | MIN  | Métis descent  | [69]
| Travis Hamonic | St. Malo, Manitoba  | D  | 2011–Present  | NYI, CGY, VAN, OTT  | Métis descent  | [70]
| Brady Keeper | Cross Lake, Manitoba  | D  | 2019–Present  | FLO  | Cree  | [71]
| Michael McNiven | Winnipeg, Manitoba  | G  | 2022  | MTL  | Métis descent  | [72]
| Jim Neilson | Big River, Saskatchewan  | D  | 1963-1979  | NYR, CGS, CLE  | Cree  | [73]
| Ted Hodgson | Hobbema, Alberta | RW  | 1967  | BOS  | Cree  | [74]
| Harry York | Ponoka, Alberta | C  | 1997-2000  | STL, NYR, PIT, VAN  | Cree  | [75]
| Scott Daniels | Prince Albert, Saskatchewan  | LW  | 1993-1999  | HFD, PHI, NJD  | Cree  | [76]
| Dale McCourt | Falconbridge, Ontario  | C  | 1978-1984  | DET, BUF, TOR  | Cree  | [77]

### Latin American descent

Nat. | Name  | Birthplace  | Pos  | Seasons  | Teams Played  | Ethnicity  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Scott Gomez | Anchorage, Alaska | C | 1999–2016 | 1 NJ, NYR, MTL  | Colombian Mexican American | [78]
| Bill Guerin | Worcester, Massachusetts | RW | 1991–2010 | 1 NJD, EDM, BOS, DAL, STL, SJS, NYI, PIT  | Nicaraguan American | [79]
| Auston Matthews | San Ramon, California | C | 2016–present | 1 TOR  | Half Mexican American | [80]
| Al Montoya | Chicago, Illinois | G | 2006–2018 | 1 NYI, MTL, FLA, WIN  | Cuban American | [81]
| Matt Nieto | Long Beach, California | LW | 2013–present | 1 COL, SJS, PIT  | Mexican American | [82]
| Max Pacioretty | New Canaan, Connecticut | LW | 2008–2025 | 1 MTL, VGK, CAR  | Half Mexican American | [83]
| Bryce Salvador | Brandon, Manitoba | D | 2001–2015 | 1 STL, NJD  | Half Afro-Brazilian Half Ukrainian |
| Raffi Torres | Toronto, Ontario | LW | 2001–2016 | 1 EDM, SJ, PHO  | Half Mexican Canadian Half Peruvian (of Italian, Greek, and Serbian ancestry) | [84]

### Middle Eastern descent

Nat. | Name  | Birthplace  | Pos  | Seasons  | Teams Played  | Ethnicity  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Justin Abdelkader | Muskegon, Michigan | LW | 2008–2021 | 1 DET  | Jordanian-American | [85]
| Ramzi Abid | Montreal, Québec | LW | 2000–2014 | 3 PHO, PIT, ATL  | Lebanese-Canadian | [86]
/ | Nick Cicek | Winnipeg, Manitoba | D | 2022–2024 | 1 SJS  | Turkish-Canadian |
| John Hanna | Sydney, Nova Scotia | D | 1958–1968 | 2 NYR, MTL  | Lebanese-Canadian | [87]
| Ed Hatoum | Beirut, Lebanon | RW | 1968–1971 | 2 DET, VAN  | Lebanese | [88]
| Nazem Kadri | London, Ontario | C | 2010–present | 3 TOR, COL, CGY  | Lebanese-Canadian | [89]
| Alain Nasreddine | Montreal, Québec | D | 1995–2010 | 3 NYI, MTL, PIT  | Biracial Lebanese-Canadian | [90]
| Brandon Saad | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | LW | 2011–present | 4 CHI, CBJ, COL, STL, VGK  | Syrian American | [91]
| Mika Zibanejad | Huddinge, Sweden | C | 2010–present | 2 OTT, NYR  | Biracial Iranian-Finnish | [92]

## See also

* Baseball color line
* Black players in ice hockey
* List of black NHL players
* Black players in professional American football
* History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League
* Race and ethnicity in the NBA

## Notes

## References

1. ↑ Farber, Michael (1999-10-04). "Soul on Ice: A growing number of Black players are making their mark in a league that until recently has been known for its insensitivity". Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/vault/1999/10/04/267567/soul-on-ice-a-growing-number-of-black-players-are-making-their-mark-in-a-league-that-until-recently-has-been-known-for-its-insensitivity. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
2. ↑ NBC's Portrayal of U.S. and Canadian Hockey Players on the Olympic Stage: A Textual Analysis of Gender, Race, and Nationality Issues in the Commentary. January 1, 2008. ISBN 978-0-549906230. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-CCfJ8WkJEC&q=ice+hockey+white+sport&pg=PA96. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
3. ↑ Shephard, Roy J. (November 27, 2014). An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319116716. https://books.google.com/books?id=sI6eBQAAQBAJ&q=ice+hockey+white+sport&pg=PA63. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
4. ↑ Drake, Matt (March 28, 2014). "Being black in the NHL: From breaking the colour barrier to the Norris trophy". http://www.habseyesontheprize.com/2014/3/28/5493088/the-history-of-black-players-in-the-nhl.
5. ↑ Ernst, Max (March 1, 1994). "Soul on Ice: Do hockey and Hip-Hop mix?". Vibe: 32. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9ysEAAAAMBAJ. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
6. ↑ Eichler, Jan (2013). Integration of Minorities into the National Hockey League (PDF) (BA). Masaryk University Faculty of Arts : Department of English and American Studies. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
7. ↑ Sell, Dave (April 1, 1990). "Blacks and Hockey Maintain a Tenuous Relationship". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-01-sp-877-story.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "NHL Nationality Breakdown". http://www.quanthockey.com/TS/TS_PlayerNationalities.php.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Thrashers Top NHL With Highest Percentage of Black Players". January 4, 2011. http://www.wsbtv.com/news/thrashers-top-nhl-with-highest-percentage-of-black/241852512.
10. ↑ "Taffy Abel". http://www.taffyabel.com.
11. ↑ Ward, Rachel (March 19, 2018). "NHL trailblazer Larry Kwong dies at 94" (in en). http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/larry-kwong-calgary-nhl-1.4582793.
12. ↑ "CBC targets Chinese hockey fans with Mandarin broadcasts of NHL playoffs". April 20, 2008. http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=377919.
13. ↑ Harris, Cecil (2003). Breaking the Ice: The Black Experience in Professional Hockey. Toronto. p. 20. ISBN 1897415052. https://books.google.com/books?id=8E74agb2dk4C&q=nhl+"willie+o'ree". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sommerstein, David (February 26, 2015). "All Things Considered: As First Black American NHL Player, Enforcer Was Defenseless Vs. Racism". https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/02/26/389284068/as-first-black-american-nhl-player-enforcer-was-defenseless-vs-racism?t=1659801689979.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Borzi, Pat (2015-02-04). "N.H.L. Trailblazer Finds Forgiveness in the Tip of a Pen" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/04/sports/hockey/val-james-first-us-born-black-player-in-nhl-publishes-autobiography.html.
16. ↑ "Black Ice: The Val James Story". https://ecwpress.com/products/black-ice.
17. ↑ "The Faceoff: Victor Bartley". December 17, 2019. https://en.khl.ru/news/2019/12/17/462849.html.
18. ↑ Sachdeva, Sonny (May 31, 2021). "Q&A: Robin Bawa on the journey that made him the first South Asian NHLer". https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/qa-robin-bawa-journey-made-first-south-asian-nhler/.
19. ↑ Nevala, Matt (November 29, 2005). "Tiger on the prowl around the Aces' goal". Anchorage Daily News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10E33FFDE9DDE158&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
20. ↑ "NHL Profile: Chris Beckford-Tseu". https://www.nhl.com/player/chris-beckford-tseu-8470751.
21. ↑ @DallasStars. "We learned today Cody Ceci is a quarter Filipino ☺️". https://twitter.com/DallasStars/status/1908205272071323871. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
22. ↑ Foslien, Hannah (June 30, 2020). "Filipino-Canadian NHL player speaks out against racism in hockey". NBC Universal. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/filipino-canadian-nhl-player-speaks-out-against-racism-hockey-n1232361. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
23. ↑ Feschuk, Dave (October 21, 2011). "Feschuk: Toronto teenager 'the elite of the elite'". http://thestar.com/sports/hockey/2011/10/21/feschuk_toronto_teenager_the_elite_of_the_elite.html.
24. ↑ Luo, Hubert (December 14, 2018). "Profile: Peter Ing". https://asianamericansinhockey.com/2018/12/14/profile-peter-ing/.
25. ↑ Douglas, William (June 28, 2017). "Paul Kariya's Hall of Fame call sparks pride in Asian community". https://colorofhockey.com/2017/06/28/paul-kariyas-hall-of-fame-call-sparks-pride-in-asian-community/.
26. ↑ Ireland, Joanne (December 5, 2015). "Oilers' Jujhar Khaira carries pride of South Asian community" (in en-CA). Edmonton Journal. https://edmontonjournal.com/sports/hockey/nhl/edmonton-oilers/oilers-jujhar-khaira-carries-pride-of-south-asian-community.
27. ↑ Douglas, William (March 21, 2018). "Larry Kwong, the NHL's first player of color, passes away at 94". https://colorofhockey.com/tag/larry-kwong/.
28. ↑ Chitnis, Deepak (2014-01-31). "Meet Manny Malhotra – the only desi player in the National Hockey League". https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/01/31/meet-manny-malhotra-desi-player-national-hockey-league/.
29. ↑ Jarlsbo, Øystein (23 April 2015). "Martinsen nekter å røpe hvilken NHL-klubb som vil ha ham" (in no). http://www.vg.no/sport/ishockey/nhl/martinsen-nekter-aa-roepe-hvilken-nhl-klubb-som-vil-ha-ham/a/23439301/.
30. ↑ Wharnsby, Tim (February 7, 2017). "Jim Paek helping Korea's Olympic hockey team 'get better every day". http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/wharnsby/jim-paek-south-korea-olympics-1.3970639.
31. ↑ Scoggins, Chip (February 19, 2018). "Former Wild player Richard Park instrumental in getting South Korean hockey off the ground". https://www.startribune.com/former-wild-player-richard-park-instrumental-in-getting-south-korean-hockey-off-the-ground/474440643/.
32. ↑ DeFranks, Matthew (August 4, 2019). "Stars prospect Jason Robertson hasn't forgotten his roots while forging his own NHL path". The Dallas Morning News. https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/stars/2019/08/04/stars-prospect-jason-robertson-hasn-t-forgotten-his-roots-while-forging-own-nhl-path/.
33. ↑ Kawahara, Riku (October 8, 2015). "Former San Jose Sharks Player Devin Setoguchi signs with HC Davos of Switzerland". http://nikkeivoice.ca/former-san-jose-sharks-player-devin-setoguchi-signs-with-hc-davos-of-switzerland/.
34. ↑ Galati, Luke (July 9, 2014). "Draft Day: Dylan Sikura's Journey to becoming a Chicago Blackhawk". http://nikkeivoice.ca/draft-day-dylan-sikuras-journey-to-becoming-a-chicago-blackhawk/.
35. ↑ "Bulldog Spotlight: Tim Stapleton". November 8, 2005. https://umdbulldogs.com/news/2005/11/8/MHOCKEY_1778.aspx.
36. ↑ Webster, Danny (July 24, 2018). "Suzuki feels more confident with Golden Knights". https://www.nhl.com/news/vegas-prospect-nick-suzuki-looking-to-make-nhl-this-season/c-299549048.
37. ↑ "Database". March 7, 2021. https://asianamericansinhockey.com/database/.
38. ↑ Baker, Geoff (March 24, 2021). "Everett Silvertips' Brendan Lee hopes to be an 'influencer' in helping stop surge in anti-Asian hate". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/hockey/everett-silvertips-brendan-lee-hopes-to-be-an-influencer-in-helping-counter-surge-in-anti-asian-hate/. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
39. ↑ Kennedy, Ryan (August 4, 2016). "The next Johnny Gaudreau? Meet Kailer Yamamoto". https://thehockeynews.com/news/news/the-next-johnny-gaudreau-meet-kailer-yamamoto.
40. ↑ Eto, Jonathan (July 28, 2017). "Gosei Kailer Yamamoto drafted to the Edmonton Oilers". https://nikkeivoice.ca/gosei-kailer-yamamoto-drafted-to-the-edmonton-oilers/.
41. ↑ Frei, Terry (September 11, 2009). "Rookie Yip looking to make impression, big club". https://www.denverpost.com/2009/09/11/rookie-yip-looking-to-make-impression-big-club/.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "Past Legends". 2016. http://nativehockey.com/past-legends/.
43. ↑ Barnsley, Paul. "Hockey all-time great is proud of his Aboriginal heritage". http://www.ammsa.com/sites/default/files/html-pages/old-site/achieve/AA98-B.Trottier.html.
44. ↑ "Ted Nolan Biography". https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0634361/bio.
45. ↑ Vescey, George (2001-08-23). "Sports of The Times; Hockey's Minority Players Moving Past Trailblazer Stage". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/23/sports/sports-of-the-times-hockey-s-minority-players-moving-past-trailblazer-stage.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print.
46. ↑ "Everett Sanipass". August 5, 2015. http://www.honouredmembers.com/everett-sanipass/.
47. ↑ Hochman, Benjamin (May 24, 2019). "Proud of his First Nations roots, Blues' Berube could make Stanley Cup history". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. https://www.stltoday.com/sports/columns/benjamin-hochman/hochman-proud-of-his-first-nations-roots-blues-berube-could-make-stanley-cup-history/article_bcfbe9a3-a692-5420-bc08-20847d7e56fd.html.
48. ↑ Fleury, Theoren; McLellan Day, Kirstie (2009). Playing with Fire. Toronto: HarperCollins. p. 978-1-55468-239-3.
49. ↑ Beamish, Mike (January 29, 2014). "Ex-Canucks 'Algonquin enforcer' Gino Odjick opens up about post-career, concussion-related struggles". Vancouver Sun. https://vancouversun.com/Sports/Canucks - Hockey/ex-vancouver-canucks-algonquin-enforcer-gino-odjick-opens-up-about-post-career-concussion-related-struggles.
50. ↑ Murphy, Kirsten (June 6, 2003). "Number 22 is number one with Nunavummiut". Nunatsiaq News. http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/30606/news/nunavut/30606_04.html.
51. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (February 7, 2019). "Former NHLers Tootoo, Bourque to help raise funds for scholarships". https://www.windspeaker.com/news/sports/former-nhlers-tootoo-bourque-help-raise-funds-scholarships.
52. ↑ "Carey Price's B.C. hometown, Ulkatcho First Nation rallying behind Canadiens' star goalie". CBC/Radio-Canada. July 1, 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/carey-price-bc-hometown-rallying-behind-canadiens-star-goalie-1.6087750. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
53. ↑ Silber, Sammi (November 4, 2023). "Exclusive: Oshie Proud Of Ojibwe Roots, Holds Native American Heritage Close While Playing 16th NHL Season". The Hockey News. https://thehockeynews.com/nhl/washington-capitals/features/washington-capitals-tj-oshie-native-american-roots-ojibwe-warroad. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
54. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (August 6, 2020). "Indigenous players, coach among those seeking 2020 Stanley Cup glory". https://www.sasktoday.ca/central/local-news/indigenous-players-coach-among-those-seeking-2020-stanley-cup-glory-4153465.
55. ↑ "IFormer NHL enforcer Chris Simon had 'severe' CTE prior to his death". April 18, 2025. https://www.elliotlaketoday.com/local-news/former-nhl-enforcer-chris-simon-had-severe-cte-prior-to-his-death-10525916#:~:text=Simon, who was of Anishinaabe,15 seasons in the NHL..
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Clark, Ryan S. (June 7, 2023). "Zach Whitecloud, Brandon Montour representing Indigenous people while playing for Stanley Cup". ESPN Enterprises, Inc.. https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/37807019/brandon-montour-zach-whitecloud-indigenous-players-stanley-cup. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
57. ↑ "Sorry Fred, but Henry came first - A few facts regarding aboriginal hockey players". https://sihrhockey.org/2020/columns/article.cfm?aid=494.
58. ↑ Bracken, Amber (March 1, 2018). "First Nations celebrate as Indigenous player Ethan Bear makes NHL debut with Oilers". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/hockey/community-celebrates-as-indigenous-hockey-player-ethan-bear-called-up-by-oilers/article38161491/.
59. ↑ "Flames Acquire Whitecloud, Wiebe, Picks From Vegas | Calgary Flames" (in en). 2026-01-19. https://www.nhl.com/flames/news/flames-acquire-whitecloud-wiebe-picks-from-vegas.
60. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (June 22, 2023). "Métis forward helps Bears capture American Hockey League championship". Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA). https://windspeaker.com/news/sports/metis-forward-helps-bears-capture-american-hockey-league-championship. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
61. ↑ "Metis Hockey Players". Metis Heritage and History Research Louis Riel Institute. https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/11993.Metis hockey players.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
62. ↑ Lakoff, Aaron (September 15, 2018). "The Story Of Fred Sasakamoose, An Indigenous Hockey Pioneer". WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2018/09/14/fred-sasakamoose-blackhawks-hockey. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
63. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (September 13, 2018). "Ojibwe Stanley Cup Winner Reggie Leach Is Still Giving Back". ICT. https://ictnews.org/archive/ojibwe-stanley-cup-winner-reggie-leach-is-still-giving-back. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
64. ↑ Anna Rosner (2020). Journeyman: The Story of NHL Right Winger Jamie Leach. Yellow Dog. ISBN 9781773370552.
65. ↑ Weiner, April (July 20, 2011). "Hit Me with Your Best Shot: The 50 Biggest Badasses in NHL History". Bleacher Report Inc.. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/770281-hit-me-with-your-best-shot-the-50-biggest-badasses-in-nhl-history. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
66. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (February 13, 2020). "Former Indigenous NHL star gives back to his First Nation through hockey camp". Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA). https://windspeaker.com/news/sports/former-indigenous-nhl-star-gives-back-his-first-nation-through-hockey-camp. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Allen, Bonnie (November 3, 2022). "Local hockey still thriving in spite of national scandal, say former NHL players now coaching kids". CBC/Radio-Canada. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/local-hockey-northern-saskatchewan-1.6632231. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
68. ↑ Laxso, Brandon (June 3, 2023). "Dewar Honored at Manitoba Legislative Building". NHL Enterprises, L. P.. https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/dewar-honored-at-manitoba-legislative-building-060323-344698668. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
69. ↑ Morriseau, Miles (April 17, 2023). "Four Indigenous players vie for the Stanley Cup". ICT. https://ictnews.org/news/four-indigenous-players-vie-for-the-stanley-cup. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
70. ↑ Hamonic, Travis (December 19, 2019). "Hamonic shares thoughts on indigenous heritage with NHL.com". NHL Enterprises, L. P.. https://www.nhl.com/news/travis-hamonic-talks-indigenous-heritage-312659410. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
71. ↑ Scanlan, Brady (March 28, 2019). "Panthers' Brady Keeper hoping to inspire Indigenous people in NHL debut". Rogers Media. https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/panthers-brady-keeper-hoping-inspire-indigenous-people-nhl-debut/. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
72. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (April 25, 2017). "Métis netminder could be the Canadiens' next Carey Price". Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA). https://windspeaker.com/news/windspeaker-news/metis-netminder-could-be-the-canadiens-next-carey-price. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
73. ↑ Mitchell, Kevin (November 6, 2020). "Jim Neilson, who went from a P.A. orphanage to the NHL, dies at age 78". Saskatoon. https://thestarphoenix.com/sports/hockey/nhl/jim-neilson-who-went-from-a-p-a-orphanage-to-the-nhl-dies-at-age-79. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
74. ↑ Laskaris, Sam (September 11, 2018). "Ermineskin player focuses on staying healthy as he begins university hockey career". Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA). https://windspeaker.com/news/windspeaker-news/ermineskin-player-focuses-on-staying-healthy-as-he-begins-university-hockey-career. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
75. ↑ Douglas, William (November 15, 2013). "Native/First Nation coaches Nolan and Berube join NHL ranks". The Color of Hockey. https://colorofhockey.com/2013/11/15/nativefirst-nation-coaches-nolan-and-berube-join-nhl-ranks/. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
76. ↑ BigEagle, Louise (February 24, 2023). "All Indigenous-coached hockey camp comes to Regina to inspire success on and off the ice". CBC/Radio-Canada. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/indigenous-coached-hockey-school-debut-regina-1.6757700. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
77. ↑ Verdi, Bob (December 23, 2022). "THE VERDICT: Sasakamoose Paved NHL Path for Indigenous Men to Follow". NHL Enterprises, L. P.. https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/the-verdict-sasakamoose-paved-nhl-path-for-indigenous-men-to-follow-319885542. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
78. ↑ "The Gomez Story". http://www.scottygomezfoundation.com/about/gomez-story.
79. ↑ Gulitti, Tom (September 22, 2020). "Wild GM discusses Nicaraguan background for Hispanic Heritage Month". https://www.nhl.com/news/minnesota-wild-general-manager-bill-guerin-five-questions/c-319128068.
80. ↑ Mirtle, James (December 13, 2018). "Maple Leafs' first ever moms trip means something extra special for Auston and Ema Matthews". https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/709896/2018/12/13/maple-leafs-first-ever-moms-trip-means-something-extra-special-for-auston-and-ema-matthews/.
81. ↑ Godin, Joanie (November 9, 2016). "Montoya stays true to his roots". https://www.nhl.com/canadiens/news/montoya-stays-true-to-his-roots/c-283575360.
82. ↑ Pollak, David (April 7, 2014). "San Jose Sharks rookie Matt Nieto helps his mom fight cancer". San Jose Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/04/07/san-jose-sharks-rookie-matt-nieto-helps-his-mom-fight-cancer/.
83. ↑ Cowan, Stu (January 25, 2017). "For Canadiens' Max Pacioretty hockey becomes family affair". https://montrealgazette.com/sports/hockey/nhl/montreal-canadiens/stu-cowan-for-canadiens-max-pacioretty-hockey-becomes-family-affair.
84. ↑ "Raffi Torres: Latino power!". https://las.arts.ubc.ca/raffi-torres-latino-power/.
85. ↑ "Muskegon's Abdelkader has golden touch". June 4, 2009. http://archive.wzzm13.com/news/watercooler/story.aspx?storyid=110061&catid=82.
86. ↑ Andersson, Erin (October 16, 2009). "Nazem Kadri: Canada's new game face". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/hockey/nazem-kadri-canadas-new-game-face/article4295768/?page=1&ranMID=46474&ranEAID=TnL5HPStwNw&ranSiteID=TnL5HPStwNw-DvJvXDw44d1UxHdpvvRkWw/. "...predecessor was Montreal's Ramzi Abid, a left-winger who played several seasons before heading to Europe in 2007."
87. ↑ Jala, David (February 12, 2020). "From local leagues to the NHL, Cape Breton's hockey history full of Lebanese heritage". https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/sports/from-local-leagues-to-the-nhl-cape-bretons-hockey-history-full-of-lebanese-heritage-410349/.
88. ↑ Baker, Geoff (April 25, 2022). "Groundbreaking ex-Canucks player Ed Hatoum fondly remembers time with Seattle Totems". Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/kraken/kraken-main-from-geoff-baker-for-tuesday-print-april-26/. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
89. ↑ McGran, Kevin (June 27, 2009). "Maple Leafs get role model". https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2009/06/27/maple_leafs_get_role_model.html.
90. ↑ Masisak, Corey (March 23, 2020). "A 'real hustler,' Alain Nasreddine earned his chance with the Devils". https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1688834/2020/03/23/a-real-hustler-alain-nasreddine-earned-his-chance-with-the-devils/.
91. ↑ "NHL Profile: Akim Aliu". April 13, 2014. https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/blackhawks-star-saad-s-story-of-coming-to-america-a-happy-one-1.252592.
92. ↑ Holm, Stefan (February 25, 2011). "(K)ungen av Globen" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockey/a/L0P43x/kungen-av-globen.

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