List of home computers

Short description: none

The cassette tape was a common low-cost and low-performance mass storage device for a generation of home computers.

Home computers were a class of microcomputer that existed from 1977 to about 1995. During this time it made economic sense for manufacturers to make microcomputers aimed at the home user. By simplifying the machines, and making use of household items such as television sets and cassette recorders instead of dedicated computer peripherals, the home computer allowed the consumer to own a computer at a fraction of the price of computers oriented to small business. Today, the price of microcomputers has dropped to the point where there's no advantage to building a separate, incompatible series just for home users.

While many office-type personal computers were used in homes, in this list a "home computer" is a factory-assembled mass-marketed consumer product, usually at significantly lower cost than contemporary business computers. It would have an alphabetic keyboard and a multi-line alphanumeric display, the ability to run both games software as well as commercial and user-written application software, and some removable mass storage device (such as cassette tape or floppy disk).

This list excludes smartphones, personal digital assistants, pocket computers, laptop computers, programmable calculators and pure video game consoles. Single-board development or evaluation boards, intended to demonstrate a microprocessor, are excluded since these were not marketed to general consumers.

Pioneering kit and assembled hobby microcomputers which generally required electronics skills to build or operate are listed separately, as are computers intended primarily for use in schools. A hobby-type computer often would have required significant expansion of memory and peripherals to make it useful for the usual role of a factory-made home computer. School computers usually had facilities to share expensive peripherals such as disk drives and printers, and often had provision for central administration.

## Contents

* 1 Attributes
* 2 Manufacturers and models
* 3 List of hobby, kit, or trainer computers
* 4 School computers
* 5 Cardboard and demonstrator "computers"
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Attributes

Attributes are as typically advertised by the original manufacturer. Popular machines inspired third-party sources for adapters, add-on processors, mass storage, and other peripherals.

"Processor" indicates the microprocessor chip that ran the system. A few home computers had multiple processors, generally used for input/output devices. Processor speeds were not a competitive point among home computer manufacturers, and typically the processor ran either at its maximum rated speed ( between 1 and 4 MHz for most processor types here), or at some fraction of the television color subcarrier signal, for economy of design. Since a crystal oscillator was necessary for stable color, it was often also used as the microprocessor clock source. Many processors were second-sourced, with different manufacturers making the same device under different part numbers. Variations of a basic part number might have been used to indicate minor variations in speed or transistor type, or might indicate fairly significant alterations to the prototype's capabilities. In the Eastern Bloc countries, manufacturers made functional duplicates of Western microprocessors under different part number series.

TV indicates the factory configuration produces composite video compatible with a home TV receiver. Some computers came with a built-in RF modulator to allow connection to the TV receiver antenna terminals; others output composite video for use with a free-standing monitor or external RF modulator. Still others had built-in or proprietary monitors. Often a composite video monitor (monochrome or color) would be substituted for the family TV. Some standard types of video controller ICs were popular, but see the very detailed List of home computers by video hardware for a discussion of video capabilities of different models. Memory and TV bandwidth restrictions meant that typical home computers had only a few color choices and perhaps 20 lines of 40 characters of text as an upper limit to their video capabilities. Where the same model was sold in countries using PAL or NTSC television standards, sometimes there would be minor variations in the speed of the processor, because NTSC and PAL use different frequencies for the color information and the crystal for the video system was often also used for the processor clock.

Base mass storage was whatever came in the basic configuration. Some machines had built-in cassette drives or optional external drives, others relied on the consumer to provide a cassette recorder. Cassette recorders had the primary virtue of being widely available as a consumer product at the time. Typically a home computer would generate audio tones to encode data, that could be stored on audio tape through a direct connection to the recorder. Re-loading the data required re-winding the tape. The home computer would contain some circuit such as a phase-locked loop to convert audio tones back into digital data. Since consumer cassette recorders were not made for remote control, the user would have to manually operate the recorder in response to prompts from the computer. Random access to data on a cassette was impossible, since the entire tape would have to be searched to retrieve any particular item. A few manufacturers integrated a cassette tape drive or cassette-like tape mechanism into the console, but these variants were made obsolete by the reduction in cost of floppy diskette drives.

Floppy disk drives were initially very costly compared to the system purchase price. Plug-in ROM cartridges containing game or application software were popular in earlier home computers since they were easier to use, faster, and more reliable than cassette tapes. Once diskette drives became available at low cost, cartridges declined in popularity since they were more expensive to manufacture than reproducing a diskette, and had comparatively small capacity compared to diskettes. A few cartridges contained battery-backed memory that allowed users to save data (for example, game high scores) between uses of the cartridge.

Typically there were several models or variants within a product line, especially to account for different international video standards and power supplies; see the linked articles for variants and consequences of variations. "Compatibility" indicates some measure of compatibility with a parent type, however, sometimes incompatibility existed even within a product family. A "clone" system has identical hardware and is functionally interchangeable with its prototype; a few clone systems relied on illicit copies of system ROMs to make them functional.

## Manufacturers and models

Home computer models and manufacturers  Origin  | Manufacturer  | Model  | Processor  | Year  | Video type  | Mass storage  | Video chip
(see list)  | Compatibility  | Remarks  | Ref

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UK  | Acorn Computers | Atom | 6502 | 1980 | TV | Cassette | 6847 |  |  | [1]

China  | Tsinghua University and other department  | CEC-I Zhonghua teaching machine  | 6502  | 1986  | TV  | cassette, 5.25-inch floppy  |  | Apple  | 64 KB RAM, 32 KB ROM (BASIC, LOGO)  |
USA
USA
USA  | Apple Computer | Apple IIe | 6502 | 1983 | Monitor, TV | Cassette, optional floppy |  | Apple |  | [2]
USA  | Apple Computer | Apple IIc | 65C02 | 1984 | Monitor, TV | floppy disk drive |  | Apple | Portable, but not integrated like a modern laptop | [2]
USA
USA
USA
USA  | Apple Computer  | Macintosh  | 68000 | 1984  | Monitor  | diskette, optional CD ROM  |  |  |  |
UK  | Apricot Computers/Applied Computer Technology | Apricot F1 | 8088 | 1984 | Monitor | floppy disk |  | MS-DOS | Ran MS-DOS but not IBM compatible; several descendant models | [2]
Netherlands
USA  | Atari, Inc. | Atari 8-bit computers | 6502B, -- late 400/800s and XL/XEs use a Custom 6502 variant called "Sally" | 1979–1987 | TV | Cassette, optional floppy disk, cartridge | ANTIC+CTIA/GTIA custom LSI |  | Also used as cartridge video game consoles | [2]
USA  | Atari Corporation | Atari ST | 68000 | 1985 | Monitor, TV | Floppy disk, optional hard disk | Custom LSI |  | Several related models | [3]
USA  | Atari Corporation | Atari TT | 68030 | 1990 | Monitor | Floppy disk, hard disk | Custom LSI | Atari ST | Several related models |
USA  | Atari Corporation | Falcon | 68030 \+ 56001 | 1992 | Monitor, TV | Floppy disk, hard disk | Custom LSI | Atari ST Compatibility modes | Some models has been modified and sold under license with C-Lab brand |
USA  | Bally Consumer Products | Bally Brain video game/home computer | Z80 | 1979 | TV | Cassette, cartridge |  |  | A video game console with programmability | [4]
USA
Romania  | Brasov Computer | CoBra | Z80 | 1986 | Monitor | Cassette, diskette |  | ZX Spectrum | CP/M | [5]
UK  | Camputers
Various
USA  | Coleco | Adam | Z80 | 1983 | Monitor, TV | Cassette (custom built-in), optional floppies | TMS9928A | Colecovision console, Applesoft BASIC, Optional CP/M |  | [2]
USA
USA  | Commodore | VIC-20 | 6502 | 1980 | TV | Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge | VIC custom LSI |  | PET-style BASIC, extended | [1]
USA  | Commodore | Commodore 64 | 6510 | 1982 | TV | Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge | VIC II custom LSI |  | Optional dual processor in cartridge could run CP/M plus version 3.0 | [2]
USA  | Commodore | Commodore SX-64 | 6510 | 1982 | Built-in color monitor | Built-in floppy, optional cassette, cartridge | VIC II custom LSI | Commodore 64 | Portable with keyboard that attached to cover monitor and disk drive | [2]
USA
USA  | Commodore | Commodore 16 and 116 | 8501 (6502) | 1984 | TV | Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge | TED custom LSI |  |  | [2]
USA  | Commodore | Plus/4 | 8501 (6502) | 1984 | TV | Optional cassette, optional floppy, cartridge | TED custom LSI | Commodore 16 |  | [2]
USA
USA  | Commodore | Amiga | 68000 | 1985 | Monitor, composite video | Diskette, optional hard drive | Custom LSI |  | Several models with 680X0 family processors | [6]
Hong Kong
Belgium
Hong Kong  | Vtech  | VTech Laser 200
Hong Kong  | EACA | Video Genie family
Hong Kong  | EACA  | Colour Genie
Hong Kong  | Rabbit  | Rabbit RX83 | Z80 | 1983 | TV | Cassette | 6847 | GEM 1000 | Rebadged and sold by others, see article |
Czechoslovakia  | Didaktik | Alpha, Beta
Czechoslovakia  | Didaktik
UK  | Dragon Data
USSR  | Dubna  | Dubna 48K
USSR  | Elektronika  | BK-0010
USSR  | AGAT  | AGAT-9  | Native/Apple II compatible | 1984 | TV/Monitor | Floppy disk | Custom LSI | Agat computer | Agat computer | [7]
Serbia  | Elektronska Industrija Niš  | Pecom 32, Pecom 64
France  | Exelvision | EXL 100
USA  | Exidy | Exidy Sorcerer
UK  | Locurnals/Intelligent Software  | Enterprise 64 and 128
Hong Kong  | Lambda Electronics  | Lambda 8300
USA  | Various manufacturers  | Apple II clones
USA  | Franklin Computer Corporation | Franklin ACE series
Japan  | Fujitsu | FM Towns series
Japan  | Fujitsu | FM-7 series
Belgium  | GEM (Groupement européen d'études)  | GEM 1000 also known as GEM 1000 Junior Computer, and the French Charlemagne 999  | Z80 | 1985 | TV, monitor | Cassette, cartridge | 6847 |  | French BASIC for the Charlemagne, but uses QWERTY | [8][9][10]
UK  | Grundy Business Systems  | Grundy NewBrain
Brazil  | Gradiente  | Gradiente Expert
USA  | Honeywell | Honeywell 316 | DDP 16 Minicomputer | 1969 | Binary lights | None offered (contemporary systems would have used paper tape) | No video |  | Honorary home computer, marketed but never sold. | [11]
USA  | IBM | IBM PC  | 8088 | 1981 | Monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette, Optional CD Rom | CGA, EGA, VGA |  |  |
USA  | IBM | PCjr | 8088 | 1984 | Monitor, composite video | Cassette, floppy diskette, cartridge | VGA | IBM PC |  | [2]
USA  | IBM | IBM PS/1
USA  | Interact  | Interact Home Computer
USA  | Intelligent Systems Corporation | Compucolor II
USSR  | Intercompex  | Hobbit
USSR  | Iskra  | Iskra-1030 | 8086 compatible | 1989 |  | floppy drive |  |  |  | [12]
Croatia  | Ivasim  | Ivel Ultra | 6502 compatible | 1984 |  | floppy drive |  | Apple II |  | [13]
Croatia  | Ivasim  | Ivel Z3
UK  | Jupiter Cantab | Ace
Sweden  | Luxor | ABC 80
USA  | Mattel | Aquarius
France  | Matra | Matra Alice
UK  | Memotech | Memotech MTX500, MTX512, RS128 | Z80 | 1983 | TV, monitor | Cassette, diskette, hard drive, cartridge |  |  |  | [2]
Australia  | Microbee Systems  | MicroBee series
Brazil  | Comércio de Componentes Eletrônicos  | CCE MC-1000
Brazil  | Microdigital Eletronica | TK82C series
France  | Micronique  | Hector 1 | 8080 | 1979 | TV | Cassette |  | Interact Home Computer |  |
UK  | Miles Gordon Technology | SAM Coupé
Taiwan  | Multitech | Microprofessor III
USA  | Mindset Corporation  | Mindset | 80186 | 1984 | Monitor | Floppy diskette |  | IBM PC semi-compatible |  |
USA  | Montgomery Ward  | CyberVision 2001 | RCA 1802 | 1978 | Monitor | Cassette |  |  |  |
Japan  | NEC | NEC PC-100
Japan  | NEC Home Electronics | PC-6000 series  | Z80 | 1981 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, cartridge |  |  | Several models | [14]
Japan  | NEC | PC-8000 series | Z80 | 1979 | RGB Monitor | Cassette, later models with floppy diskettes, |  |  |  |
Japan  | NEC | PC-8800 series
Japan  | NEC | PC-9800 series | 8086 | 1982 | RGB Monitor | floppy diskettes, diskettes, CD ROM optional |  |  | Several models, also called PC-98 |
USA  | Radio Shack  | TRS-80 Color Computer CoCo, Coco 2, Coco 3  | 6809 | 1980 | Monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette, cartridge |  |  | Several models | [2]
USA  | Radio Shack  | TRS-80 Model I
USA  | Radio Shack  | TRS-80 MC-10
USA  | Radio Shack  | Tandy 1000 series
USA  | RCA | COSMAC VIP | RCA 1802 | 1977 | Monitor | Cassette |  |  |  |
Germany  | Schneider Computer Division  | Euro PC  | 8088 | 1988  | Monitor  | Floppy diskette  | Hercules, CGA | IBM PC XT | Several descendant models including 80286 and 80386SX processor and EGA, VGA adapters  | [15]
UK  | Oric Int'l/Tangerine | Oric-1  | 6502 | 1983 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, optional floppy drive | semi-custom ASIC (ULA) |  |  | [16]
UK  | Oric Int'l/Tangerine | Oric Atmos  | 6502 | 1984 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, optional floppy drive | semi-custom ASIC (ULA) | Oric-1 |  | [16]
UK  | Oric Int'l/Tangerine | Oric Telestrat  | 6502 | 1986 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, optional floppy drive, ROM based Cartridge | semi-custom ASIC (ULA) | Oric-1 |  | [16]
Croatia  | PEL Varaždin  | Galeb
Croatia  | PEL Varaždin  | Orao
Netherlands  | Philips | P2000
Netherlands  | Philips | G7480  | Z80 | 1983 | TV | Cassette, cartridge |  | Magnavox Odyssey 2 | Home computer expansion module for G7400 game console |
Netherlands  | Philips | VG5000  | Z80 | 1986 | TV, Monitor | Cassette |  |  |  |
Netherlands  | Philips | Engineering:Philips :YES
Bulgaria  | Pravetz  | Pravetz series 8, including -83, -83, -84, -8M/E/A/S.  | CM630 (6502 clone) | 1985 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette |  | Apple II | Several models, company later made IBM PC compatibles. | [17]
Bulgaria  | Pravetz  | Pravetz 8D  | 6502 | 1982 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette |  | Oric-1/Atmos |  | [18]
Bulgaria  | Pravetz  | IMKO-1 | 6502 | 1980 | TV, Monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette |  | Apple II | High cost compared to later Western home computers | [17]
New Zealand  | Progeni Systems / Polycorp  | Poly-1  | 6809 | 1981 | Built-in colour monitor | Floppy diskette | SAA5050 Teletext |  |  | [19][20][21]
Brazil  | Prológica  | Prológica CP-400
East Germany  | VEB Robotron | KC 85
East Germany  | VEB Robotron | KC 87
East Germany  | VEB Robotron | Z1013
South Korea  | Samsung | SPC-1000 | Z80 | 1983 | dedicated mono or RGB monitor | cassette |  |  |  |
South Korea  | Samsung | SPC-1500 | Z80 | 1987 | dedicated mono or RGB monitor | cassette |  | Sharp X1 |  | [22]
Japan  | Sega | SC-3000
Japan  | Sega | AI Computer | NEC V20 | 1986 | TV | cartridge |  |  |  |
Japan  | Sharp | MZ series
Japan  | Sharp | Sharp X1
Japan  | Sharp | X68000
UK  | Sinclair Research | ZX80
UK  | Sinclair Research | ZX81 | Z80 | 1981 | TV | Cassette | Custom ASIC | ZX80 | See also List of ZX80/81 clones and Timex Sinclair | [1]
UK  | Sinclair Research | ZX Spectrum
UK  | Sinclair Research | Sinclair QL | 68008 | 1984 | TV, monitor | "Microdrive" tape | ZX8301 Custom ASIC |  | Spin-off to several related products, see List of Sinclair QL clones | [2]
Japan  | Sord Computer Corporation | Sord M200 Smart Home Computer | Z80 | 1977 | TV | Floppy disk |  |  |  | [23]
Japan
USA  | Spectravideo | SV-318 | Z80 | 1983 | TV | Cassette, floppy disk | Custom ASIC |  |  |
Taiwan  | Tatung | Tatung Einstein | Z80 | 1984 | dedicated monitor | floppy disk |  |  |  |
New Zealand  | Technosys  | Aamber Pegasus
USA  | Texas Instruments | TI-99/4, TI-99/4A
Czechoslovakia  | Tesla | PMD 85
Czechoslovakia  | Štátny majetok Závadka š.p., Závadka nad Hronom  | MAŤO | 8080 | 1989 | TV, monitor | Cassette |  | PMD 85 | Also made as a kit | [24]
France  | Thomson  | TO7
France  | Thomson  | MO5 aka Olivetti Prodest PC128
USA/
UK/
Portugal  | Timex Sinclair | Timex Sinclair 1000 and 1500 | Z80 | 1982 | TV, monitor | Cassette, optional cartridge |  | ZX80, ZX81 |  | [2]
USA/
UK/
Portugal  | Timex Sinclair | Timex Sinclair 2048
Portugal  | Timex Sinclair | Timex Computer 2048
USA/
UK/
Portugal  | Timex Sinclair | Timex Computer 2068
Portugal/
Poland  | Timex Sinclair | Komputer 2086
Japan  | Tomy | Tomy Tutor (US) /Grandstand Tutor (UK)
USSR  | Vector  | Vector-06C
USA  | Videobrain  | VideoBrain Family Computer
Hungary  | Videoton  | TVC  | Z80 | 1986 | TV | Cassette, floppy diskette |  |  |  | [25]
Hungary  | Microkey  | Primo  | Z80 (compatible) | 1984 | TV | Cassette |  |  |  | [26]
Norway  | West Computer AS  | West PC-800 | 6502, Z80 | 1984 | TV, monitor | Cassette, floppy diskette |  | Apple II, CP/M |  | [27]
Origin  | Manufacturer  | Model  | Processor  | Year  | Video Type  | Mass storage  | Video Chip
(see list)  | Compatibility  | Remarks  | Ref

## List of hobby, kit, or trainer computers

See also: Engineering:List of early microcomputers

This type of microcomputer required significant electronics skills to assemble or operate. They were sometimes sold in kit form that required the user to insert and solder components in a printed circuit board. They may have had just blinking lights and toggle switches, or a hexadecimal display and a numeric keypad. While some units were possibly expandable to the "checkbook balancing/homework typing" stage, most were intended more for education on the use and application of microprocessors. See also Microprocessor development board, Single-board computer.

* Altair 8800
* Apple I and also Replica 1
* Applix 1616
* Compukit UK101
* Dick Smith Super-80 Computer
* Educ-8 non-microprocessor kit computer
* Elektor Junior Computer
* Elektor TV Games Computer
* Ferguson Big Board
* Galaksija, a build-it-yourself home computer that created a wave of enthusiasts
* Heathkit H8 and relations
* Heathkit H11
* Heath ET-100 8088 trainer
* Kenbak-1
* KIM-1
* LNW-80
* MK14
* Mark-8
* Micro-Professor MPF-I
* Nascom 1 and Nascom 2
* Newbear 77-68
* Processor Technology SOL 20
* PSI Comp 80 (computer)
* SCELBI
* Sinclair ZX80 kit
* Tangerine MICROTAN 65
* TEC-1
* Wave Mate Bullet
* Z 1013

## School computers

These were aimed at the class room, not the living room. Some types were popular in the centrally planned economies of eastern Europe where Western computers were scarce, or in the early days of computer education in Western schools. Popular home computers of the period[clarification needed] were fitted with various types of network interfaces[clarification needed] to allow sharing of files, large disk drives, and printers, and often allowed a teacher to interact with a student, supervise the system usage, and carry out administrative tasks from a host computer.

* Acorn Archimedes (and derivatives)
* Aster CT-80
* BBC Micro
* Commodore SuperPET/SP9000
* Compis
* IQ 151
* LINK 480Z
* Regency Systems R2C
* Research Machines 380Z Industrial and school systems
* Tiki 100
* TIM-011
* Unisys ICON

## Cardboard and demonstrator "computers"

Logic demonstrators illustrated some of the logical principles of computer circuits, but were incapable of automatic operation or non-trivial calculations. Some were literally cardboard, others used combinations of switches and lamps to show how logical operations worked. Some products demonstrated logical operations purely mechanically.

* CARDboard Illustrative Aid to Computation cardboard computer logic demonstrator
* Digi-Comp I, mechanical logic demonstrator
* Digi-Comp II, mechanical logic using marbles
* Geniac, non-electronic logic demonstrator
* Minivac 601, logic trainer that demonstrated computer circuits

## See also

* History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
* Homebrew Computer Club
* Homebuilt computer
* List of home computers by video hardware classified by video interface
* List of computers running CP/M contains a list of personal computers running CP/M. These were usually intended for small office use.
* List of Soviet computer systems includes many "home" systems as well as office and "big iron" systems.
* Market share of personal computer vendors
* Popular Electronics
* Simon (computer), a relay computer (demonstrator) from 1950
* SWTPC
* TV Typewriter

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Survey of 150 computers, Computing Now, September 1984 pp. 8-31
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Survey of 200 computers, Computing Now ISSN 0823-6437, April 1985 pp. 14-44,
3. ↑ Eric Jensen The Atari 520ST, BYTE Vol.11 No. 6 ISSN 0360-5280 pg. 233-238
4. ↑ What's New, BYTE Magazine July 1979 pg. 240
5. ↑ Walgenbach, Kerstin & Stefan. "HCM: East-European Home-Computer ...". http://www.homecomputer.de/pages/easteurope_ro.html.
6. ↑ Bill Markwick, The Amiga 500, Electronics and Technology Today February 1988 pp. 18-20
7. ↑ Rezun, Miron (1996). Science, technology, and ecopolitics in the USSR. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 71–72. ISBN 0-275-95383-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=rrULmz5IVZQC&q=agat+computer&pg=PA71.
8. ↑ "Silicium : Avis de recherche 1". https://silicium.org/oldskool/wanted.htm.
9. ↑ "Charlemagne". Vidéo7. August 1983. https://oldskool.silicium.org/images/wanted/charlemagnepub.jpg.
10. ↑ "GEM 1000 Junior Computer / Charlemagne 999". Old computers. http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=420. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
11. ↑ Atkinson, P. (2010). "The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer: Products and Non-Products in Design History". Journal of Design History 23 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1093/jdh/epq010.
12. ↑ "Iskra 1030 retrieved 2012 Dec 4". http://rk86.com/frolov/iskra-1030m.htm.
13. ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=1220&st=1.
14. ↑ "ASCII EXPRESS : PC-8800・PC-6000 NECのニューマシン、遂にデビュー" (in ja). ASCII 5 (11). 1981.
15. ↑ "Schneider EuroPC II - MCbx". https://oldcomputer.info/pc/euroPC2/index.htm.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=79&st=1.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=956&st=1.
18. ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=988&st=1.
19. ↑ The Poly Preservation Project
20. ↑ "Kiwi Nuggets Forum: Poly 1 Educational Computer". https://www.creationz.co.nz/kiwinuggets/2007/03/poly-1-educational-computer_07.html.
21. ↑ ""Preserving our Heritage NZ-made Computers", Bob Doran, CS Dept. University of Auckland & Andrew Trotman, CS Dept. University of Otago". https://www.cs.otago.ac.nz/homepages/andrew/papers/2010-5.pdf.
22. ↑ "History of Korean Gaming - Hardcore Gaming 101 (Samsung section)". http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/korea/part1/company-samsung.htm.
23. ↑ Japan, Information Processing Society of. "M200 Smart Home Computer Series-Computer Museum". https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0087.html.
24. ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=943.
25. ↑ "Videoton TV Computer". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=39.
26. ↑ Képes, Gábor. "Computing is for everyone - computers for everyone!". https://www.inventingeurope.eu/story/computing-is-for-everyone-computers-for-everyone.
27. ↑ Gulbrandsen, Eirik (April–May 1985). "West PC-800 en talentfull maskin" (in no). Mikrodata (Computerworld Norge) 3 (3): 8–12. ISSN 0800-269X. https://www.stone-oakvalley-studios.com/uploads/0144cd41/mikrodata_03-1985.pdf.

## External links

* Obsolete technology website -- Information about many old computers.
* old-computers.com -- Web Site dedicated to old computers.
* oldcomputer.info -- Web site with information about many old computers.
* History of Computers -- online magazine featuring pictures and information about many computers made between the 1970s and the early 1990s
* epocalc The complete inventory of microcomputer manufacturers

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