Biochemistry

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

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Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals and chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biological compounds.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Macromolecules
* 1.1 Nucleic acid
* 1.2 Protein
* 1.3 Carbohydrate
* 1.4 Lipid
* 2 Metabolism
* 2.1 Energy
* 2.1.1 Glycolysis
* 2.1.2 Krebs cycle
* 2.2 Proteins
* 2.2.1 Urea cycle
* 3 Signal transduction
* 3.1 Intercellular primary messenger
* 3.1.1 Hormone
* 3.1.2 Neurotransmitter
* 3.2 Cell surface receptor
* 3.3 Ion channel
* 3.4 Second messenger system
* 4 Nobel laureates contributing to Biochemistry
* 5 references

## Macromolecules[edit]

For more information, see: Macromolecules.

### Nucleic acid[edit]

* DNA
* RNA

### Protein[edit]

For more information, see: Protein.

* Enzyme
* Amino acid
* Peptide

### Carbohydrate[edit]

### Lipid[edit]

For more information, see: Lipid.

## Metabolism[edit]

For more information, see: Metabolism.

### Energy[edit]

#### Glycolysis[edit]

For more information, see: Glycolysis.

* NAD

#### Krebs cycle[edit]

For more information, see: Citric acid cycle.

* FAD
* Electron transport chain
* Photosynthesis
* Intermediary metabolism

### Proteins[edit]

#### Urea cycle[edit]

For more information, see: Urea cycle.

## Signal transduction[edit]

For more information, see: Signal transduction.

Signal transduction is the "intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway".[3][4]

### Intercellular primary messenger[edit]

Examples of primary messengers include hormones and neurotransmitters.

#### Hormone[edit]

For more information, see: Hormone.

#### Neurotransmitter[edit]

For more information, see: Neurotransmitter.

### Cell surface receptor[edit]

For more information, see: Cell surface receptor.

### Ion channel[edit]

For more information, see: Ion channel.

### Second messenger system[edit]

For more information, see: Second messenger system.

Examples of second messenger systems include the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system

## Nobel laureates contributing to Biochemistry[edit]

* Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
* Richard J Roberts and PA Sharp
* Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg
* Alexander Fleming, EB Chain and HW Florey
* Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
* Linus Pauling

## references[edit]

1. ↑ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0.
2. ↑ Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Victor W. Rodwell (2006). Harper’s illustrated biochemistry, 27th. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. LCC QP514 .R4. LCCN 2003-029
3. ↑ Anonymous (2025), Signal transduction (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ↑ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). “15\. Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism”, Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0.