Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

Short description: A class of medication used to treat high blood pressure

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine that are used as L-type calcium channel blockers.[1] They are used in the treatment of hypertension.[2]

Compared with certain other L-type calcium channel blockers (for example those of the phenylalkylamine class such as verapamil) that have significant action at the heart, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure mainly by relaxing the smooth muscle of the blood vessel walls.[3]

## Class members

Dihydropyridine class L-type calcium channel blockers include, in alphabetical order (brand names vary in different countries):

Name | Image | Brand name | Citations

|
|
|

Amlodipine |  | Norvasc, Istin, Normodipine, Tenox, Cordi Cor  | [4]
Aranidipine |  | Sapresta (サプレスタ)  | [5]
Azelnidipine |  | CalBlock (カルブロック)  | [6]
Barnidipine |  | Vasexten, Libradin, Cyress, HypoCa  | [7]
Benidipine |  | Coniel  | [8]
Cilnidipine |  | Atelec (アテレック), Cilacar, Cinalong, Siscard  | [9]
Clevidipine |  | Cleviprex  | [10]
Cronidipine |  |  | [11]
Darodipine |  |  | [12]
Dexniguldipine |  |  | [13]
Efonidipine |  | Landel (ランデル)  | [14]
Elgodipine |  |  | [15]
Elnadipine |  |  | [16]
Felodipine |  | Renedil, Plendil  | [17]
Flordipine |  |  | [18]
Furnidipine |  |  | [19]
Iganidipine |  |  | [20]
Isradipine |  | DynaCirc CR  | [21]
Lacidipine |  | Lacipil, Motens, Sakure  |
Lemildipine |  |  |
Lercanidipine |  | Zanidip, Zanidip-Recordati  |
Levamlodipine |  | EsCordi Cor  |
Levniguldipine |  |  |
Manidipine |  | Manyper, Caslot, Madipine  |
Nicardipine |  | Cardene, Cardene SR  |
Nifedipine |  | Adalat, Nifedical, Procardia, Corinfar, Cordaflex  |
Niguldipine |  |  |
Niludipine |  |  |
Nilvadipine |  | Nivadil  |
Nimodipine |  | Nimotop  |
Nisoldipine |  | Sular, Baymycard, Syscor  |
Nitrendipine |  | Baypress, Cardif, Nitrepin, Baylotensin  |
Olradipine |  |  |
Oxodipine |  |  |
Palonidipine |  |  |
Pranidipine |  | Acalas  |
Ryodipine |  |  |
Sagandipine |  |  |
Sornidipine |  |  |
Teludipine |  |  |
Tiamdipine |  |  |
Trombodipine |  |  |
Vatanidipine |  |  |

The pharmaceutical drug finerenone is also a dihydrophyridine derivative, but does not act as a calcium channel blocker but as an antimineralocorticoid.[22]

## See also

* Calcium channel blocker (including section on non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers)
* Calcium channel
* Dihydropyridine receptor

## References

1. ↑ Bladen, Chris; Gündüz, Miyase Gözde; Şimşek, Rahime; Şafak, Cihat; Zamponi, Gerald W. (2014-10-23). "Synthesis and evaluation of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with calcium channel blocking activity". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology 466 (7): 1355–1363. doi:10.1007/s00424-013-1376-z. ISSN 1432-2013. PMID 24149495. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24149495/.
2. ↑ Xu, Lei; Li, Dan; Tao, Li; Yang, Yanling; Li, Youyong; Hou, Tingjun (2016). "Binding mechanisms of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives to L-type calcium channel Cav1.2: a molecular modeling study". Molecular BioSystems 12 (2): 379–390. doi:10.1039/c5mb00781j. ISSN 1742-2051. PMID 26673131. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26673131/.
3. ↑ Frishman, William H. (2007). "Calcium channel blockers: differences between subclasses". American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs: Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions 7 (Suppl 1): 17–23. doi:10.2165/00129784-200707001-00003. ISSN 1175-3277. PMID 19845073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19845073/.
4. ↑ Bulsara, Kishen G.; Cassagnol, Manouchkathe (2022), "Amlodipine", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 30137793, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519508/, retrieved 2023-01-05
5. ↑ Okumura, K.; Ichihara, K.; Nagasaka, M. (1997). "Effects of aranidipine, a novel calcium channel blocker, on mechanical responses of the isolated rat portal vein: comparison with typical calcium channel blockers and potassium channel openers". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 29 (2): 209–215. doi:10.1097/00005344-199702000-00009. ISSN 0160-2446. PMID 9057070.
6. ↑ Wellington, Keri; Scott, Lesley J. (2003). "Azelnidipine". Drugs 63 (23): 2613–2621; discussion 2623–2624. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363230-00004. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 14636080. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14636080/.
7. ↑ Malhotra, H. S.; Plosker, G. L. (2001). "Barnidipine". Drugs 61 (7): 989–996; discussion 997–998. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161070-00007. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 11434453. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11434453/.
8. ↑ Opie, LIONEL H. (2013-01-01), Opie, Lionel H.; Gersh, Bernard J., eds., "3 - Calcium channel blockers" (in en), Drugs for the Heart (Eighth Edition) (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders): pp. 64–92, ISBN 978-1-4557-3322-4, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455733224000120, retrieved 2023-01-05
9. ↑ Shete, Mukesh Madhukar (2016). "Cilnidipine: Next Generation Calcium Channel Blocker". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 64 (4): 95–99. ISSN 0004-5772. PMID 27734656. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734656/.
10. ↑ Deeks, Emma D.; Keating, Gillian M.; Keam, Susan J. (2009). "Clevidipine: a review of its use in the management of acute hypertension". American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs: Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions 9 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1007/BF03256583. ISSN 1175-3277. PMID 19331440.
11. ↑ PubChem. "Cronidipine" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65918.
12. ↑ Matucci, R.; Ottaviani, M. F.; Barbieri, M.; Cerbai, E.; Mugelli, A. (2009-02-12). "Protective effect of darodipine, a calcium antagonist, on rat cardiomyocytes against oxygen radical-mediated injury". British Journal of Pharmacology 122 (7): 1353–1360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701525. ISSN 0007-1188. PMID 9421282.
13. ↑ Hahn, K. A.; Legendre, A. M.; Schuller, H. M. (1997). "Amputation and dexniguldipine as treatment for canine appendicular osteosarcoma". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 123 (1): 34–38. doi:10.1007/BF01212612. ISSN 0171-5216. PMID 8996538. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8996538/.
14. ↑ Tanaka, Hikaru; Shigenobu, Koki (2002). "Efonidipine hydrochloride: a dual blocker of L- and T-type ca(2+) channels". Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 20 (1): 81–92. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2002.tb00084.x. ISSN 0897-5957. PMID 12070536.
15. ↑ Tamargo, J.; López-Sendón, J.; Delpón, E.; González-Morales, M.; de Miguel, E. (1991). "Cardiovascular effects of the new dihydropyridine derivative elgodipine". Arzneimittel-Forschung 41 (9): 895–900. ISSN 0004-4172. PMID 1796916. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1796916/.
16. ↑ PubChem. "Elnadipine" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/208915.
17. ↑ Bansal, Agam B.; Khandelwal, Gaurav (2022), "Felodipine", StatPearls (Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing), PMID 31194320, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542163/, retrieved 2023-01-05
18. ↑ Mayhan, W. G.; Heistad, D. D. (1985). "Effect of flordipine on cerebral blood flow". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 235 (1): 92–97. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 4045730. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4045730/.
19. ↑ Krzemiński, Tadeusz F.; Hudziak, Damian; Sielańczyk, Andrzej W.; Porc, Maurycy; Kedzia, Agnieszka (2008). "Differential effects of furnidipine and its active metabolites in rat isolated working heart". Vascular Pharmacology 49 (2–3): 91–96. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2008.06.005. ISSN 1537-1891. PMID 18656554. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18656554/.
20. ↑ Ishii, Kiyoshi; Matsuo, Hiroshi; Fukaya, Yasuhiro; Tanaka, Sumiyoshi; Sakaki, Hideyuki; Waki, Mitsunori; Araie, Makoto (2003). "Iganidipine, a new water-soluble Ca2+ antagonist: ocular and periocular penetration after instillation". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 (3): 1169–1177. doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0482. ISSN 0146-0404. PMID 12601046. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12601046/.
21. ↑ Schachter, M. (1991). "Isradipine". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 16 (2): 79–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1991.tb00288.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 1830320.
22. ↑ Tushar, Chopra; Okusa, Mark Douglas (2019-01-01), Ronco, Claudio; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Kellum, John A. et al., eds., "Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene" (in en), Critical Care Nephrology (Third Edition) (Philadelphia: Elsevier): pp. 368–373.e1, ISBN 978-0-323-44942-7, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323449427000637, retrieved 2023-01-05

* v
* t
* e

Ion channel modulators

Calcium|

| VDCCs|

| Blockers|

* L-type-selective: Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine
* Aranidipine
* Azelnidipine
* Barnidipine
* Clevidipine
* Cronidipine
* Darodipine
* Dexniguldipine
* Elgodipine
* Elnadipine
* Felodipine
* Flordipine
* Furnidipine
* Iganidipine
* Isradipine
* Lacidipine
* Lemildipine
* Lercanidipine
* Levamlodipine
* Levniguldipine
* Manidipine
* Mepirodipine
* Mesudipine
* Nicardipine
* Nifedipine
* Niguldipine
* Niludipine
* Nilvadipine
* Nimodipine
* Nisoldipine
* Nitrendipine
* Olradipine
* Oxodipine
* Palonidipine
* Pranidipine
* Ryodipine (riodipine)
* Sagandipine
* Sornidipine
* Teludipine
* Tiamdipine
* Trombodipine
* Vatanidipine; Diltiazem derivatives: Clentiazem
* Diltiazem
* Iprotiazem
* Nictiazem
* Siratiazem; Phenylalkylamines: Anipamil
* Dagapamil
* Devapamil
* Dexverapamil
* Emopamil
* Etripamil
* Falipamil
* Gallopamil
* Levemopamil
* Nexopamil
* Norverapamil
* Ronipamil
* Tiapamil
* Verapamil; Others: AH-1058
* Brinazarone
* Budiodarone
* Celivarone
* Cyproheptadine
* Dronedarone
* Fantofarone
* SR-33805
* Tetrahydropalmatine

* N-type-selective: ω-Conotoxins
* ω-Conotoxin GVIA
* Caroverine
* Huwentoxin XVI
* Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
* PD-173212
* Ralfinamide
* Safinamide
* Z160
* Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)

* P-type-selective: ω-Agatoxin IVA
* ω-Agatoxin IVB

* R-type-selective: SNX-482

* T-type-selective: ABT-639
* ML-218
* Niflumic acid
* NNC 55-0396
* ProTx I
* Z944
* Zonisamide

* Non-selective: ω-Agatoxin TK
* ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
* Benidipine
* Bepridil
* Cilnidipine
* Cinnarizine
* Dotarizine
* Efonidipine
* Flunarizine
* Lamotrigine
* Levetiracetam
* Lomerizine
* Loperamide
* Mibefradil
* NP078585
* Ruthenium red
* TROX-1

* α2δ subunit-selective (gabapentinoids): 4-Methylpregabalin
* Arbaclofen
* Arbaclofen placarbil
* Atagabalin
* Baclofen
* Gabapentin
* Gabapentin enacarbil
* Imagabalin
* Mirogabalin
* PD-200,347
* PD-217,014
* PD-299,685
* Phenibut
* Pregabalin

* Others/unsorted: Bencyclane
* Berbamine
* Bevantolol
* Canadine
* Carboxyamidotriazole
* Cycleanine
* Dauricine
* Dimeditiapramine
* Diproteverine
* Enpiperate
* Eperisone
* Elpetrigine
* Ethadione
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Ethosuximide
* Fasudil
* Fendiline
* Fostedil
* Imepitoin
* JTV-519
* Lidoflazine
* Magnesium
* Manoalide
* Mesuximide
* Monatepil
* Naftopidil
* Ochratoxin A
* Osthol
* Otilonium bromide
* Paramethadione
* Phensuximide
* Pinaverium bromide
* Prenylamine
* Rhynchophylline
* Sesamodil
* Silperisone
* Sipatrigine
* Terodiline
* Tetrandrine
* Tolperisone
* Trimethadione
* Valperinol

|

Activators|

* L-type-selective: Bay K8644

Potassium|

| VGKCs|

| Blockers|

* 3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
* 4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
* Adekalant
* Almokalant
* Amiodarone
* Azimilide
* Bretylium
* Bunaftine
* Charybdotoxin
* Clamikalant
* Conotoxins
* Dalazatide
* Dendrotoxin
* Dofetilide
* Dronedarone
* E-4031
* Hanatoxin
* HgeTx1
* HsTx1
* Ibutilide
* Inakalant
* Kaliotoxin
* Linopirdine
* Lolitrem B
* Maurotoxin
* Nifekalant
* Notoxin
* Paxilline
* Pinokalant
* Quinidine
* ShK-186
* Sotalol
* Tedisamil
* Terikalant
* Tetraethylammonium
* Vernakalant

* hERG (KCNH2, Kv11.1)-specific: Ajmaline
* Amiodarone
* AmmTX3
* Astemizole
* Azaspiracid
* AZD1305
* Azimilide
* Bedaquiline
* BeKm-1
* BmTx3
* BRL-32872
* Chlorpromazine
* Cisapride
* Clarithromycin
* Darifenacin
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Diallyl trisulfide
* Domperidone
* E-4031
* Ergtoxins
* Erythromycin
* Gigactonine
* Haloperidol
* Ketoconazole
* Norpropoxyphene
* Orphenadrine
* Pimozide
* PNU-282,987
* Promethazine
* Quinidine
* Ranolazine
* Roxithromycin
* Sertindole
* Solifenacin
* Tamulotoxin
* Terodiline
* Terfenadine
* Thioridazine
* Tolterodine
* Vanoxerine
* Vernakalant

* KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Linopirdine
* XE-991
* Spooky toxin (SsTx)

|

Activators|

* KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Flupirtine
* Retigabine

IRKs|

| Blockers|

* KATP-specific: Acetohexamide
* Carbutamide
* Chlorpropamide
* Glibenclamide (glyburide)
* Glibornuride
* Glicaramide
* Gliclazide
* Glimepiride
* Glipizide
* Gliquidone
* Glisoxepide
* Glyclopyramide
* Glycyclamide
* Metahexamide
* Mitiglinide
* Nateglinide
* Repaglinide
* Tolazamide
* Tolbutamide

* GIRK-specific: Barium
* Caramiphen
* Cloperastine
* Clozapine
* Dextromethorphan
* Ethosuximide
* Ifenprodil
* Tertiapin
* Tipepidine

|

Activators|

* KATP-specific: Aprikalim
* Bimakalim
* Cromakalim
* Diazoxide
* Emakalim
* Levcromakalim
* Mazokalim
* Minoxidil
* Naminidil
* Nicorandil
* Pinacidil
* Rilmakalim
* Sarakalim

* GIRK-specific: ML-297 (VU0456810)

KCa|

| Blockers|

* BKCa-specific: Ethanol (alcohol)
* GAL-021

|

Activators|

* BKCa-specific: Flufenamic acid
* Meclofenamic acid
* Niflumic acid
* Nimesulide
* Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
* Tolfenamic acid

K2Ps|

| Blockers|

* 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
* Arachidonic acid
* Fluoxetine
* Norfluoxetine

|

Activators|

* Riluzole

Sodium|

| VGSCs|

| Blockers|

* Antianginals: Ranolazine

* Antiarrhythmics (class I): Ajmaline
* Aprindine
* Disopyramide
* Dronedarone
* Encainide
* Flecainide
* Lidocaine
* Lorajmine
* Lorcainide
* Mexiletine
* Moricizine
* Pilsicainide
* Prajmaline
* Procainamide
* Propafenone
* Quinidine
* Sparteine
* Tocainide

* Anticonvulsants: Acetylpheneturide
* Carbamazepine
* Cenobamate
* Chlorphenacemide
* Elpetrigine
* Eslicarbazepine acetate
* Ethotoin
* Fosphenytoin
* Lacosamide
* Licarbazepine
* Mephenytoin
* Oxcarbazepine
* Oxitriptyline
* Phenacemide
* Pheneturide
* Phenytoin
* Rufinamide
* Sipatrigine
* Topiramate
* Sodium valproate
* Valnoctamide
* Valproate pivoxil
* Valproate semisodium
* Valproic acid
* Valpromide
* Zonisamide

* Local anesthetics: pFBT
* Amylocaine
* Articaine
* Benzocaine
* Bupivacaine (Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine)
* Butacaine
* Butamben
* Chloroprocaine
* Cinchocaine
* Cocaine
* Cyclomethycaine
* Dimethocaine
* Diphenhydramine
* Etidocaine
* Hexylcaine
* Iontocaine
* Lidocaine
* Mepivacaine
* Meprylcaine
* Metabutoxycaine
* Orthocaine
* Piperocaine
* Prilocaine
* Procaine
* Propoxycaine
* Proxymetacaine
* Risocaine
* Tetracaine
* Trimecaine

* Analgesics: AZD-3161
* DSP-2230
* Funapide
* GDC-0276
* NKTR-171
* PF-04531083
* PF-05089771
* Ralfinamide
* Raxatrigine
* RG7893 (GDC-0287)

* Toxins: Conotoxins
* Neosaxitoxin
* Saxitoxin
* Tetrodotoxin
* Zetekitoxin AB

* Others: Buprenorphine
* Evenamide
* Menthol (mint)
* Safinamide
* Tricyclic antidepressants

|

Activators|

* Aconitine
* Atracotoxins (ω-Atracotoxin, Robustoxin, Versutoxin)
* Batrachotoxin
* Ciguatoxins
* Grayanotoxins
* Poneratoxin

ENaC|

| Blockers|

* Amiloride
* Benzamil
* Triamterene

|

Activators|

* Solnatide

ASICs|

| Blockers|

* A-317567
* Amiloride
* Aspirin
* Ibuprofen
* PcTX1

|

Chloride|

| CaCCs|

| Blockers|

* Crofelemer
* DIDS
* Ethacrynic acid
* Flufenamic acid
* Fluoxetine
* Furosemide
* Glibenclamide
* Mefloquine
* Mibefradil
* Niflumic acid

|

Activators|

* Carbachol

CFTR|

| Blockers|

* Glibenclamide
* Lonidamine
* Piretanide

|

Activators|

* 1,7-Phenanthroline
* 1,10-Phenanthroline
* 4,7-Phenanthroline
* 7,8-Benzoquinoline
* Ivacaftor
* Phenanthridine

Unsorted|

| Blockers|

* Bumetanide
* Flufenamic acid
* Meclofenamic acid
* Mefenamic acid
* Mepacrine
* Niflumic acid
* Talniflumate
* Tolfenamic acid
* Trifluoperazine

|

Others|

| TRPs|

* See here instead.

|

LGICs|

* See here instead.

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Transient receptor potential channel modulators

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*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[VDCCs]: Voltage-dependent calcium channels
*[VGKCs]: Voltage-gated potassium channels
*[IRKs]: Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
*[KATP]: ATP-sensitive potassium channel
*[GIRK]: G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
*[KCa]: Calcium-activated potassium channel
*[K2Ps]: Tandem pore domain potassium channel
*[VGSCs]: Voltage-gated sodium channels
*[ENaC]: Epithelial sodium channel
*[ASICs]: Acid-sensing ion channel
*[CaCCs]: Calcium-activated chloride channel
*[CFTR]: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
*[TRPs]: Transient receptor potential channels
*[LGICs]: Ligand gated ion channels