Muslims

Short description: Adherents of the religion of Islam

Muslims

Prayer in Cairo (1865)
Jean-Léon Gérôme

Total population
c. 2 billion[1][2]
(25% of the global population)[3][4][5]
(Worldwide, 2020 Pew Research Center)
Founder
Muhammad
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia| 259,187,466[6]
Pakistan| 238,985,676[7]
India| 194,810,000[8]
Bangladesh| 153,700,000[9]
Nigeria| 99,100,000[10]
Egypt| 95,000,000[11]
Iran| 82,900,000[12]
Turkey| 82,800,000[13]
Algeria| 42,000,000[14]
Sudan| 40,400,000[15][16]
Religions
80–90% Sunni Islam[17][18]
10–20% Shia Islam[19][20][21]
~1% Ahmadiyya[22]
~1% Other Islamic traditions (Ibadi Islam, Quranism, etc.)[23]

Muslims (from ar المسلمون (al-Muslimūn) 'submitters [to God]')[24] are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet.[25] Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Tawrat (the Torah; from Hebrew: Template:Script/Hebr), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are also associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam.[26] The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[27]

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of the world's total population.[2] In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at:[28] 45% of Africa, 25% of Asia and Oceania (collectively),[29] 6% of Europe,[30] and 1% of the Americas.[31][32][33][34] Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa,[35][36][37] 90% of Central Asia,[38][39][40] 65% of the Caucasus,[41][42][43][44][45][46] 42% of Southeast Asia,[47][48] 32% of South Asia,[49][50] and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa.[51][52]

While there are several Islamic schools and branches, the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims)[53] and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims).[19][20][21] By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population.[54][55] By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world, holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide;[56][57] outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively.[58][59][60] Due to high Muslim population growth, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.[61][62][63]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Qualifier
* 3 In Islamic theology
* 4 Demographics
* 5 Culture
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ (MUZZ-lim, MUUZ-lim, MUUSS-lim) or moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/ (MOZ-ləm, MOSS-ləm)[64]) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[65][66] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[67]). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". In the 20th century the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse.[68][better source needed] The word Mosalman (Persian: مسلمان, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[69] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[70] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[71] and Muslimist.[72] In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philologist Ibn al-Anbari said:

> a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is ‘salima’ to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way ‘Islām’ means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[73]

In several places in the Quran, the word muslim conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of Muhammad, for example:[74]

> "Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim [مُّسۡلِمࣰا], and he was not a polytheist." -- Quran 3:67 [75]

> "Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims [مُسۡلِمُونَ].'" -- Quran 3:52 [76]

## Qualifier

Part of a series on

Islam

Beliefs

* Oneness of God
* Prophets
* Revealed books

* Angels
* Predestination

* Day of Resurrection

Practices

* Profession of faith
* Prayer

* Alms-giving
* Fasting
* Pilgrimage

Texts and sciences

* Quran
* Tafsir
* Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah)
* Aqidah (creed)
* Theology
* Sharia (law)
* Fiqh (jurisprudence)
* Qisas Al-Anbiya

History

* Timeline
* Muhammad

* Ahl al-Bayt
* Sahabah
* Rashidun

* Caliphate
* Imamate
* Spread of Islam

* Succession to Muhammad

Denominations and branches

* Sunni
* Salafiya
* Wahhabi
* Modernism
* Shia
* Ismaili
* Zaidiyyah
* Alawites
* Druze
* Kharijites
* Sufism
* Orders
* Theological branches

Culture and society

* Academics
* Animals
* Art
* Calendar
* Children
* Demographics
* Denominations
* Economics
* Education
* Exorcism
* Feminism
* Festivals
* Finance
* LGBT
* Madrasa
* Moral teachings
* Mosque
* Mysticism
* Philosophy
* Poetry
* Politics
* Proselytizing
* Science
* Slavery
* Social welfare
* Women

Related topics

* Abrogation in Islam
* Criticism of Islam
* Muhammad
* Quran
* Islam and other religions
* Islamism
* Islam and violence
* Islamophobia

* Glossary

* v
* t
* e

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[77] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[78]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[79] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[80] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[81]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[82]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).[citation needed]

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[83][84]

## In Islamic theology

The majority of theological traditions of Islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the Khawārij developed an udnerstanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.[85]

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommanded to say the Istit̲h̲nāʾ, for example, "in-sha'allah I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person.[86]

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an.[87] The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel,[88] the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.[89]

## Demographics

World Muslim population by percentage Muslim distribution worldwide

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[90] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).[56] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims.[90][91] Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world,[92] followed by Bengalis,[93][94] and Punjabis.[95]

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni.[17][18] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%,[19][20][21] and 1%[22] respectively. While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.[96]

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of earth's population,[97] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world,[98] primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[99] with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[100][99]

As of 2010, 49 countries countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population.[100] In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.[100] A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslims population live in non-Muslim-majority developed countries.[100] India's Muslim population is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population).[100] Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million).[99] Sizable minorities are also found in the Americas (5.2 million or 0.6%), Australia (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of Europe (44 million or 6%).[100]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[101] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[101] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[101] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[101]

## Culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Egyptian, Bengali, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, South Asian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Indonesian, and Moro cultures.

## See also

* Cultural Muslims
* Islamic schools and branches
* Mohammedan
* Lists of Muslims
* List of converts to Islam
* Islamic holidays
* Muslim world
* Mumin
* Persecution of Muslims
* Islam by country

## References

1. ↑ https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/04/354870/global-muslim-population-exceeds-2-billion#google_vignette
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Religion Information Data Explorer | GRF". http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false.
3. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 7 October 2009. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/.
4. ↑ "Muslim Population By Country 2021". https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country.
5. ↑ Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group " (data analysis). Fact Tank. US: Pew Research Center.
6. ↑ "Most people in the countries surveyed identify as Buddhist or Muslim". 6 September 2023. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/09/12/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia/pr_2023-09-12_se-asia_0_11/.
7. ↑ "Country Summary" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/summaries, retrieved 2023-10-26
8. ↑ "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research. 1 April 2019. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/.
9. ↑ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2011-01-15. http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh.
10. ↑ "The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/.
11. ↑ "The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/.
12. ↑ "The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/.
13. ↑ "The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/.
14. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html.
15. ↑ "SUDAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT". August 17, 2019. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SUDAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf.
16. ↑ Template:Cite CIA World Factbook
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 See:
* Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
* Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
* Iran, Israel and the United States "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
* "Sunnite". https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite. "They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām."
* Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260. Retrieved 19 December 2011. "A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent."
* "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". 7 October 2009. http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."
* "Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias". BBC News. 6 December 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709. "The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%."
* "Sunni and Shia Islam". Library of Congress Country Studies. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0060). "Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world's Muslims."
* "Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA". USA Today. 24 September 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm. "Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite."
* "Religions". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html. "Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide..."
* Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* Inside Muslim minds "around 80% are Sunni"
* Who Gets To Narrate the World "The Sunnis (approximately 80%)"
* A world theology N. Ross Reat "80% being the Sunni"
* Islam and the Ahmadiyya jama'at "The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the world's Muslim population"
* A dictionary of modern politics "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 From Sunni Islam: See:
* Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
* "Religions". Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html. "Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population"
* Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
* Iran, Israel and the United States "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
* A dictionary of modern politics "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
* "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". 7 October 2009. http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."
* "Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias". BBC News. 6 December 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm. "The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%."
* "Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA". USA Today. 24 September 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm. "Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite."
* Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Shiʿi, Islam". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties. "In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi."
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Religions". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html. "Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide..."
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "﻿Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population﻿". Pew Research Center: 1. October 2009. https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 See:
* Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8. Retrieved 29 March 2014. "Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate"
* DeVries, Larry; Baker, Don; Overmyer, Dan (2011-01-01). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72. Retrieved 29 March 2014. "The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world"
* Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23. Retrieved 29 March 2014. "The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million"
* "Ahmadiyya Muslims". pbs.org. 20 January 2012. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/.
* A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also Ahmadiyya by country.
23. ↑ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity.
24. ↑ "Muslim". etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Muslim.
25. ↑ Esposito, John L., ed (2009). "Muḥammad". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550. Retrieved 27 March 2017. "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.".
26. ↑ "Global Connections . Religion | PBS". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/religion/index.html.
27. ↑ The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad: Selections Annotated & Explained. SkyLight Paths Publishing. 2007. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-59473-222-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=vzx8HlsGnTcC&pg=PR21. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
28. ↑ "Center of Muslim Population Studies (CoMPS)". https://comps.world/.
29. ↑ "Region: Asia-Pacific". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia.aspx.
30. ↑ "Region: Europe". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx.
31. ↑ "Region: Americas". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx.
32. ↑ Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). "Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/31/religion.
33. ↑ "Muslim Population". IslamicPopulation.com. http://www.islamicpopulation.com/.
34. ↑ "Field Listing Religions". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html.
35. ↑ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx.
36. ↑ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx.
37. ↑ "Middle East-North Africa Overview" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2009-10-07. http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/.
38. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape". December 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf.
39. ↑ Rowland, Richard H.. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" (in en). Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2. pp. 161–164. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
40. ↑ Rowland, Richard H.. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" (in en). Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2. pp. 161–164. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
41. ↑ "Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/.
42. ↑ "The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus" (in en). https://eurasianet.org/the-many-languages-of-islam-in-the-caucasus.
43. ↑ "Statistical Service of Armenia". Armstat. http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf.
44. ↑ "Armenia Population". countrymeters.info. http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia.
45. ↑ humans.txt. "Azərbaycan əhalisinin sayı 10 milyon nəfərə çatıb" (in en). http://www.yap.org.az/az/view/news/32999/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-10-milyon-nefere-chatib.
46. ↑ "Middle East :: Georgia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/.
47. ↑ "Oxford Islamic Studies Online" (in en). http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html.
48. ↑ Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring". Oxford Islamic Studies. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html.
49. ↑ "Region: Asia-Pacific". 27 January 2011. http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/.
50. ↑ Burke, Daniel Burke, ed (29 July 2016). "The moment American Muslims were waiting for". http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html.
51. ↑ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx.
52. ↑ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx.
53. ↑ * "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". 7 October 2009. http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."
* Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* "Sunni". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni. "Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims."
* "Religions". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html. "Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population..."
54. ↑ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013) (in en). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9780415448512. https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C.
55. ↑ Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam" (in en-US). The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Number of Muslim by country". nationmaster.com. 27 January 2011. https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/.
57. ↑ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02". http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/.
58. ↑ "Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" (in en), The National, 21 April 2018, https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230, retrieved 13 January 2019
59. ↑ "Muslim Population by Country". Pew Research Center. http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/.
60. ↑ "Islam in Russia". https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/islam-russia-180307094248743.html&ved=2ahUKEwjnwtPN1OXfAhXNSxUIHQhBA4gQFjAMegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw27U7hQK-1THu2LP_Be0os7&ampcf=1&cshid=1547207388328.
61. ↑ "Main Factors Driving Population Growth" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/main-factors-driving-population-growth/.
62. ↑ Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is ...". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/.
63. ↑ Lippman, Thomas W. (2008-04-07). "No God But God". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god. Retrieved 2013-09-24. "Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.".
64. ↑ "Muslim" . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/; moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/
65. ↑ Burns & Ralph, World Civilizations, 5th ed., p. 371.
66. ↑ Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1.
67. ↑ Muslimah . Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2016
68. ↑ "Moslem or Muslim". https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/moslem-or-muslim.
69. ↑ See for instance the second edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H. W. Fowler, revised by Ernest Gowers (Oxford, 1965).
70. ↑ Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1969). Mohammedanism: an historical survey. Oxford University Press. p. 1. "Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ."
71. ↑ Muslimite (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Muslimite (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
72. ↑ Abbas, Tahir (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure. pp. 50. https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba.
73. ↑ Abdelnour, Mohammed Gamal (25 May 2021). A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation. Brill. p. 154. ISBN 9789004461765. https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ.
74. ↑ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, footnote p. 146
75. ↑ "Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:67". https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/67/.
76. ↑ "Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:52". https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/52/.
77. ↑ "Pillars of Islam". 26 April 2017. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859.
78. ↑ Gordon, Matthew; Gordon, Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S (2009). Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, Islam, Info base Publishing, 2009. Infobase. p. 87. ISBN 9781438117782. https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
79. ↑ Lindsay, p. 140–141
80. ↑ Cornell, p. 9
81. ↑ Michael Anthony Sells (1999). Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations. White Cloud Press. p. 151. ISBN 9781883991265. https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
82. ↑ The Later Mughals by William Irvine p. 130
83. ↑ Hooker, Richard (14 July 1999). "arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion". United States: Washington State University. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM.
84. ↑ "Religions". United States: Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html.
85. ↑ Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a sacred law: legal and ethical norms in the Muslim fiqh. Vol. 7. Brill, 1999.
86. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd. “Early Sunnī Doctrine Concerning Faith as Reflected in the ‘Kitāb al-Īmān’ of Abū ’Ubayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām (d. 224/839).” Studia Islamica, no. 32, 1970, pp. 233–54. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1595222. Accessed 9 Jan. 2024.
87. ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie. "Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
88. ↑ Lang 2015, p. 98. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLang2015 (help)
89. ↑ "The Books of Islam". https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/.
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 2009. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf. "Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims."
91. ↑ Esposito, John L. (15 October 2002). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo. and Esposito, John (2005). Islam : the straight path (Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 43. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8.
92. ↑ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252, page xxiii, 14
93. ↑ Richard Eaton (8 September 2009). "Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal". in Barbara D. Metcalf. Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4008-3138-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C.
94. ↑ Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (30 April 2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822353188. https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
95. ↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0. .
96. ↑ Seyfi, Siamak; Michael Hall, C. (28 September 2020). Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices. Routledge. ISBN 9781000177169. https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14.
97. ↑ "The Changing Global Religious Landscape". 5 April 2017. http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/.
98. ↑ Burke, Daniel. "The fastest growing religion in the world is ...". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 ﻿The Future of the Global Muslim Population﻿ (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation-1.pdf.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 ﻿The Future of the Global Muslim Population﻿ (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 "Religion and Education Around the World". Pew Research Center. 13 December 2016. http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf.

## External links

* Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
* Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah – University of Chicago
* Islamophobia Today Newspaper – An Islamophobia news clearing house
* Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia
* WikiSaurus:Muslim
* "Understanding Islam". 7 April 2008. https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/understanding-islam.
* "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html.

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