Manufacture of the International Space Station

Short description: Fabrication of the ISS elements

The Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center - the prime factory for the last stages of fabrication and processing of station components for launch

The project to create the International Space Station required the utilization and/or construction of new and existing manufacturing facilities around the world, mostly in the United States and Europe. The agencies overseeing the manufacturing involved NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency, JAXA, and the Canadian Space Agency. Hundreds of contractors[1] working for the five space agencies were assigned the task of fabricating the modules, trusses, experiments and other hardware elements for the station.

The fact that the project involved the co-operation of sixteen countries working together created engineering challenges that had to be overcome: most notably the differences in language, culture and politics, but also engineering processes, management, measuring standards and communication; to ensure that all elements connect together and function according to plan. The ISS agreement program also called for the station components to be made highly durable and versatile — as it is intended to be used by astronauts indefinitely. A series of new engineering and manufacturing processes and equipment were developed, and shipments of steel, aluminium alloys and other materials were needed for the construction of the space station components.

## Contents

* 1 History and planning
* 2 Engineering designs
* 2.1 Technical schematics
* 3 Manufacturing Information and Processes
* 4 Transportation
* 5 Pre-launch processing and last stages of manufacturing
* 5.1 Space Station Processing Facility
* 5.2 Operations and Checkout Building
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
* 8.1 ISS space agency websites
* 8.2 Manufacturer websites

## History and planning

The project began as Space Station Freedom, a US only effort, but was long delayed by funding and technical problems. Following the initial 1980's authorization (with an intended ten year construction period) by Ronald Reagan, the Station Freedom concept was designed and renamed in the 1990s to reduce costs and expand international involvement. In 1993, the United States and Russia agreed to merge their separate space station plans into a single facility integrating their respective modules and incorporating contributions from the European Space Agency and Japan.[2] In later months, an international agreement board recruited several more space agencies and companies to collaborate to the project. The International Organization for Standardization played a crucial role in unifying and overcoming different engineering methods (such as measurements and units), languages, standards and techniques to ensure quality, engineering communication and logistical management across all manufacturing activities of the station components.[citation needed]

## Engineering designs

Engineering diagrams of various elements of the ISS, with annotations of various parts and systems on each module.

### Technical schematics

* Technical blueprint of components

* Exploded view of truss sections

* Z1 Truss design

* S0 Truss design

* P1 / S1 Truss design

* P3/4 / S3/4 Truss design

* P5 / S5 Truss design

* P6 / S6 Truss design

* Radiator panels

* External Stowage Platform 1

* Destiny lab

* Quest airlock (plan view)

* Quest airlock (isometric view)

* Node 1

* Node 2

* Cupola

* Columbus

* Pirs

* Poisk

* Rassvet

* Japanese Experiment Module

* Typical ISS rack

* Pressurized Mating Adapters

* Zvezda Service Module

* Zarya FGB

## Manufacturing Information and Processes

List of factories and manufacturing processes used in the construction and fabrication of the International Space Station modular components:[citation needed]

Space Station component  | Overseeing agency and contractor(s)  | Manufacturing
facility  | Materials
used  | Manufacturing date  | Mass
(kg)  | Manufacturing Processes  | Factory view

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Zarya (FGB)[3] | NASA, Roscosmos

* Khartron corporation

| Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center |

* Steel
* Aluminum
* Kevlar
* Ceramic blanket

| 1994  | 19,323  |

* Shielded metal arc welding
* Sheet metal cold rolling
* Electroforming

Unity (Node 1),[4] PMA-1 & PMA-2  | NASA

* Boeing
* ArcelorMittal USA
* AK Steel

| Marshall Space Flight Center |

* Steel
* Kevlar

| June 6, 1997  | 11,612  |

* Hot rolling
* Cold rolling
* Computer-aided welding

Zvezda (Service Module)[5] | Roscosmos

* RKK Energia

| Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center |

* Steel
* Aluminum
* Kevlar
* Ceramic blanket

| February 1985  | 19,051  |

* Sheet metal cold rolling
* Electroforming

Z1 Truss & PMA-3  | NASA

* Boeing

| Michoud Assembly Facility

* Operations and Checkout Building

* Steel
* Sheet metal aluminum

| 1999  | 8,755 (Z1)  |

* Hot rolling
* Extrusion
* Submerged arc welding

P6 Truss & Solar Arrays | NASA

* Lockheed Martin
* Boeing
* Alcoa

| Michoud Assembly Facility

* Marshall Space Flight Center

Truss

* Steel
* Aluminum

Solar Arrays

* Crystalline silicon
* Shape-memory alloy
* Copper indium gallium diselenide
* Nylon
* Polyethylene terephthalate

| 1999/2000  | 15,824  |

* Hot rolling
* Aluminum extrusion
* Investment Casting
* Photovoltaic assembly

Destiny (US Laboratory)[6] | NASA

* Boeing

| Marshall Space Flight Center

* Michoud Assembly Facility

* Steel
* Aluminum
* Kevlar

| December 12, 1997  | 14,515  |

* Sheet roll bending
* Computer-Aided welding

External Stowage Platform-1  | NASA

* Airbus DS Space Systems

| Goddard Space Flight Center[7] | Steel  | 2000  | 5,760  |

* Hot rolling
* Automated welding and cutting

Canadarm2 (SSRMS)  | Canadian Space Agency

* NASA

* MDA Space Missions, Brampton Ontario
* David Florida Laboratory

| Titanium | 2000/01  | 4,899  |

* Seamless rolling
* Milling
* Robotic assembly

Quest (Joint Airlock)[8] | NASA

* Boeing

| Marshall Space Flight Center |

* Aluminum
* Steel

| 2000  | 6,064  |

* Cold rolling
* Friction welding

Pirs (Docking Compartment & Airlock)  | RKK Energia  | Korolyov, Moscow Oblast  |

* Steel
* Aluminum
* Titanium

| 1998  | 3,580  |

* Shielded metal arc welding
* Sheet metal roll forming
* Electroforming

S0 Truss[9] | NASA

* Boeing
* ArcelorMittal USA
* AK Steel

| Michoud Assembly Facility

* Operations and Checkout Building
* Boeing factories in Huntington Beach, California

* Stainless steel
* Titanium
* Copper

| 1998/2000  | 13,970  |

* Hot rolling
* Investment casting
* Forging
* TIG Welding

Mobile Base System  | NASA

* Northrop Grumman
* MD Robotics

| Northrop Grumman factory in Carpinteria, CA  |

* Stainless Steel
* Titanium

| 2001  | 1,450  |

* TIG Welding
* Hot rolling

S1 Truss and Radiators  | NASA

* Lockheed Martin
* Boeing

| Michoud Assembly Facility |

* Stainless steel
* Sheet metal titanium

| June 2002  | 14,120  |

* Hot rolling
* Investment casting
* Forging
* TIG Welding
* Friction welding

P1 Truss and Radiators  | NASA

* Lockheed Martin
* Boeing

| Michoud Assembly Facility |

* Stainless steel
* Sheet metal titanium

| July 2002  | 13.748  | same as S1 Truss |
ESP-2  | NASA

* Airbus DS Space Systems

| Goddard Space Flight Center |

* Steel
* Titanium

| October 2005  | 2,676  |

* Punch cutting
* Hot rolling
* Automated welding

P3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays[10] | NASA

* Lockheed Martin
* Boeing

| Michoud Assembly Facility

* Operations and Checkout Building

Truss

* Stainless steel
* Titanium

Solar Arrays

* Crystalline silicon
* Shape-memory alloy
* Copper indium gallium diselenide
* Nylon
* Polyethylene terephthalate

| 2005/06  | 15,900  |

* Hot rolling
* Aluminum extrusion
* Investment Casting
* Photovoltaic assembly

P5 Truss[11] | NASA

* Boeing

| Operations and Checkout Building  | Anodized steel | February 2007  | 1,818  |

* Roll forming
* Anodizing

S3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays | NASA

* Lockheed Martin
* Boeing

| Michoud Assembly Facility

* Operations and Checkout Building

| Same as P3/P4 trusses | May 12, 2005  | 15,900  | Same as P3/P4 trusses |
S5 Truss and ESP-3  | NASA

* Airbus
* Boeing

| Operations and Checkout Building

* Goddard Space Flight Center

| Steel (some anodized)  | 2007  | 13.795  | Same as P5 and ESP-1 and 2 |

Harmony (Node 2)
Relocation of P6 Truss | European Space Agency, Italian Space Agency

* Thales Alenia Space

| Thales Alenia Space factory in Turin, Italy  |

* Stainless steel (outer cladding)
* 6061 Aluminum alloy (for hull)

| May 2003  | 14,288  |

* Roll bending
* Metal inert gas welding

Columbus (European Laboratory)[12] | European Space Agency

* EADS Astrium Space Transportation

| European Space Research and Technology Centre

* EADS factory in Bremen, Germany

* Stainless steel
* Kevlar
* aluminium[13]

| April 2006  | 12,800  |

* Roll bending
* Hot and cold rolling
* Metal inert gas welding

Dextre | Canadian Space Agency

* MacDonald Dettwiler

| MacDonald Dettwiler (now MDA Space Missions) factory in Brampton Ontario  |

* Titanium
* Stainless steel
* Kevlar fabric

| 2004  | 1,734  |

* CNC milling
* Tube beading
* Robotic assembly

Japanese Logistics Module (ELM-PS)  | JAXA | Tsukuba Space Center  |

* Stainless steel
* Titanium
* Aluminum
* Kevlar

| April 2, 2007  | 8,386  |

* Deep drawing
* Roll bending
* Metal inert gas welding
* Friction welding

Japanese Pressurized Module (JEM-PM)
JEM Robotic Arm (JEM-RMS)[14][15] | JAXA (formerly NASDA)

* Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

| Tsukuba Space Center  |

* Stainless steel
* Titanium
* Aluminum
* Kevlar

| November 2005  | 15,900 (JEM-PM)  |

* Deep drawing
* Roll bending
* Metal inert gas welding

S6 Truss & Solar Arrays | NASA

* Lockheed Martin

| Michoud Assembly Facility | same as P4/S4 truss and solar arrays | 2006/07  | 15,900  | same as P4/S4 truss and solar arrays |
Japanese Exposed Facility (JEM-EF)  | JAXA

* Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

| Tsukuba Space Center  |

* Stainless Steel
* Titanium
* Aluminum
* Ceramic fabric
* Kevlar

| May 28, 2003  | 4,100  |

* Laser cutting
* Press brake bending
* TIG welding
* Brazing

Poisk (MRM-2)[16][17] | Roscosmos

* RKK Energia

| Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center |

* Aluminum alloy
* Steel
* Ceramic fabric
* Kevlar

| 2008/09  | 3,670  | same as Pirs |
ExPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 & 2  | NASA

* Brazilian Space Agency
* Goddard Space Flight Center
* Johnson Space Center

| All three contracting facilities |

* Stainless steel
* Carbon steel
* Kevlar
* Aluminum alloy

| 2008/09  | 6,277  |

* Punch cutting
* Roll forming
* Robotic welding

Tranquility (Node 3)  | NASA, European Space Agency

* Italian Space Agency
* Thales Alenia Space
* Tata Steel Europe

| Cannes Mandelieu Space Center | Stainless steel | April 2005  | 12,247  |

* Roll bending
* Metal inert gas welding
* Stamp forming

Cupola | NASA, European Space Agency

* Alenia Spazio
* Tata Steel Europe
* Thales Alenia Space

* Cannes Mandelieu Space Center
* Turin factory in Italy

* Forged Aluminum
* Stainless steel
* Anodized steel
* silica and borosilicate bulletproof glass

| 2003/07  | 1,800  |

* Forging
* Laser cutting
* CNC milling
* Glass fusing

Rassvet (MRM-1)[18] | Roscosmos, NASA

* RKK Energia
* Astrotech Corporation

| Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center

* Space Station Processing Facility
* Astrotech factory at KSC

* Aluminum alloy
* Sheet metal stainless steel
* Ceramic and Kevlar fabric

| July 2009  | 5,075  |

* Brazing
* Roll bending
* Forging
* CNC milling

Leonardo (PMM)  | Italian Space Agency, NASA |

* Thales Alenia Space Turin factory in Italy
* Cannes Mandelieu Space Center

| Stainless steel | 2000/01  | 9,896  |

* Roll bending
* Brazing
* TIG welding

EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3  | NASA | Goddard Space Flight Center

* Michoud Assembly Facility

* Steel
* Titanium

| 2010/11  | 6,637  | Same as ELC 1 & 2 |
EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4  | NASA | Goddard Space Flight Center |

* Steel
* Titanium

| 2010/11  | 6,731  | Same as ELC 1 & 2 |
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer | CERN

* United States Department of Energy

| CERN, Geneva Switzerland  |

* Stainless steel
* Spectrometer materials and instruments

| August 2010  | 6,731  | Spectrometer development and assembly

* Investment casting

Bigelow Expandable Activity Module[19] | NASA

* Bigelow Aerospace
* Sierra Nevada Corporation

| Bigelow Aerospace factory in Las Vegas, Nevada[20] |

* Vinyl polymer foam
* Kevlar
* Metalized mylar

| March 12, 2015  | 3.2  | Composite lamination  |  |
NanoRacks Airlock Module  | NanoRacks

* Boeing

| Thales Alenia Space factory[21]

Space Station Processing Facility

* Stainless steel
* Aluminium alloy
* Composite materials

| 2017-20  | 325 kg  |

* Milling
* Roll bending
* MIG welding

Nauka (MLM)
European Robotic Arm[22] | Roscosmos | Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center | Same as Zarya | 2005/18  | 20,300  | Same as Zarya, with additions  |
Prichal | Roscosmos

* RKK Energia

| Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center | Same as Poisk | 2017/20  | 3,890  | Same as Poisk |
Roll Out Solar Arrays | NASA

* Boeing
* Redwire
* Deployable Space Systems

| Deployable Space Systems, Inc. (DSSI)

* Space Station Processing Facility

* Crystalline silicon
* Shape-memory alloy
* Copper indium gallium diselenide
* Nylon
* Polyethylene terephthalate

| 2014-present  | 1,002  |

* Hot rolling
* Aluminum extrusion
* Investment Casting
* Photovoltaic assembly

Space Station component  | Overseeing agency and contractor(s)  | Manufacturing
facility  | Materials
used  | Manufacturing date  | Mass
(kg)  | Manufacturing Processes  | Factory view

Decommissioned Components are shown in gray.

## Transportation

The European Columbus module being unloaded from the Airbus Beluga at the Shuttle Landing Facility Node 2 inside its transportation container on its way by road to the SSPF, past the Vehicle Assembly Building from the SLF runway

Once manufactured or fabricated sufficiently, most of the space station elements were transported by aircraft (usually the Airbus Beluga or the Antonov An-124) to the Kennedy Space Center Space Station Processing Facility for final manufacturing stages, checks and launch processing. Some elements arrived by ship at Port Canaveral.[23][24]

Each module for aircraft transport was safely housed in a custom-designed shipping container with foam insulation and an outer shell of sheet metal, to protect it from damage and the elements. At their respective European, Russian and Japanese factories, the modules were transported to their nearest airport by road in their containers, loaded into the cargo aircraft and were flown to Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility for unloading and final transfers to the SSPF and or the Operations and Checkout Building in the KSC industrial area. The American and Canadian-built components such as the US lab, Node 1, Quest airlock, truss and solar array segments, and the Canadarm-2 were either flown by the Aero Spacelines Super Guppy to KSC, or transported by road and rail.[25]

After final stages of manufacturing, systems testing and launch checkout, all ISS components are loaded into a payload transfer container in the shape of the Space Shuttle payload bay. This container safely carries the component in its launch configuration until it is hoisted vertically at the launch pad gantry for transfer to the Space Shuttle orbiter for launch and in-orbit assembly of the International Space Station.[26]

* Columbus entering the SSPF loading yard for launch processing

* Airbus Beluga loading

* Unloading the Columbus module in its container at the shuttle landing facility

* Transportation container

* Antonov An-124 arrives at KSC with the Kibo module from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan

* The Rassvet module in its container at KSC being unloaded from the Antonov 124 inbound from Khrunichev

* Node 3 being hoisted by cranes before loading onto truck

* ISS payload transfer container

* The US laboratory module being moved vertically from the payload transfer container to the Space Shuttle orbiter inside its installation structure

## Pre-launch processing and last stages of manufacturing

With the exception of all but one Russian-built module — Rassvet, all ISS components end up here at either one or both of these buildings at Kennedy Space Center.

### Space Station Processing Facility

At the SSPF, ISS modules, trusses and solar arrays are prepped and made ready for launch. In this iconic building are two large 100,000 class clean work environment areas.[27] Workers and engineers wear full non-contaminant clothing while working. Modules receive cleaning and polishing, and some areas are temporarily disassembled for the installation of cables, electrical systems and plumbing. Steel truss parts and module panels are assembled together with screws, bolts and connectors, some with insulation. In another area, shipments of spare materials are available for installation. International Standard Payload Rack frames are assembled and welded together, allowing the installation of instruments, machines and science experiment boxes to be fitted. Once racks are fully assembled, they are hoisted by a special manually operated robotic crane and carefully maneuvered into place inside the space station modules. Each rack weighs from 700 to 1,100 kg, and connect inside the module on special mounts with screws and latches.[28]

Cargo bags for MPLM modules were filled with their cargo such as food packages, science experiments and other miscellaneous items on-site in the SSPF, and were loaded into the module by the same robotic crane and strapped in securely.

* Overview of the SSPF factory floor filled with space station modules

* ExPRESS logistics carrier assembly

* Workers in protective clothing inspect and clean the interior of Node 3

* ISPR rack configuration in a typical module

* Robotic crane arm loading cargo bags in an MPLM

* Workers fitting and inspecting the rack mounts

* Workers loading rack covers

* Leonardo MPLM in its housing jig

* Checking and testing the antenna

* Columbus being hoisted to a manufacturing weigh stand

* A rack being fitted in the Destiny laboratory

* A worker assembles parts for the Japanese Experiment Module and its robotic arm

### Operations and Checkout Building

Adjacent to the Space Station Processing Facility, the Operations and Checkout Building's spacecraft workshop is used for testing of the space station modules in a vacuum chamber to check for leaks which can be repaired on-site. Additionally, systems checking on various electrical elements and machines is conducted. Similar processing operations to the SSPF are conducted in this building if the SSPF area is full, or certain stages of preparation can only be done in the O&C.[29]

* Quest airlock arriving at KSC on its way to the O&C building

* US lab

* US lab unloaded from its container

* US lab loading into vacuum chamber for testing

* Overhead crane hoisting the US lab

* S0 Truss

## See also

* Assembly of the International Space Station
* Origins of the International Space Station
* Space architecture
* Aerospace engineering
* Space manufacturing
* Space Station 3D – 2002 Canadian documentary

## References

1. ↑ "Companies involved with ISS". https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Companies_involved_with_ISS.
2. ↑ "International Space Station | Facts, Missions, & History". https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Space-Station.
3. ↑ Wade, Mark (15 July 2008). "ISS Zarya". Encyclopaedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090227060517/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isszarya.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
4. ↑ "Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit". NASA. January 1999. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090317204752/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/unity.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
5. ↑ "Zvezda Service Module". NASA. 11 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090323030726/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
6. ↑ "US Destiny Laboratory". NASA. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
7. ↑ NASA.gov Techs_working_on_ELC_1019.jpg
8. ↑ "Space Station Extravehicular Activity". NASA. 4 April 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090403213449/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/eva/outside.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
9. ↑ "Space Station Assembly: Integrated Truss Structure". NASA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071207081810/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
10. ↑ "P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities, providing a third and fourth solar array". Boeing. July 2006. http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/docs/P3-P4.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
11. ↑ "STS-118 MISSION OVERVIEW: BUILD THE STATION…BUILD THE FUTURE". NASA PAO. July 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071201130531/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
12. ↑ "Columbus laboratory". ESA. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090330191925/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
13. ↑ "Stainless Steel, orbiting our planet at 17,150 miles per hour". https://www.dsmstainlessproducts.co.uk/iss.html.
14. ↑ "About Kibo". JAXA. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171550/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
15. ↑ "Kibo Japanese Experiment Module". NASA. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081023071601/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
16. ↑ Zak, Anatoly. "Docking Compartment-1 and 2". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090210130224/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
17. ↑ Bergin, Chris (9 November 2009). "Russian module launches via Soyuz for Thursday ISS docking". NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091113190354/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
18. ↑ "NASA Extends Contract With Russia's Federal Space Agency" (Press release). NASA. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
19. ↑ "NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station". NASA. 16 January 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
20. ↑ NASA.gov New Expandable Addition on Space Station to Gather Critical Data for Future Space Habitat Systems 2015
21. ↑ "Thales Alenia Space Joins NanoRacks on Commercial ISS Airlock Module". 5 February 2018. http://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-adds-thales-alenia-space-to-airlock/.
22. ↑ "FGB-based Multipurpose Lab Module (MLM)". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002737/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
23. ↑ NASA.gov
24. ↑ NASA.gov
25. ↑ mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=44772
26. ↑ mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=44912
27. ↑ NASA.gov
28. ↑ mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=51708
29. ↑ NASA.gov

## External links

### ISS space agency websites

* Canadian Space Agency
* European Space Agency
* Centre national d'études spatiales (National Centre for Space Studies)
* German Aerospace Center
* Italian Space Agency
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
* Russian Federal Space Agency
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration

### Manufacturer websites

* S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
* Boeing - International Space Station
* Lockheed Martin Space Systems
* Thales Alenia Group
* Thales Aerospace UK
* BSM group (stainless steel supplier)
* MDA Space Missions
* Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
* Brazilian Space Agency
* Bigelow Aerospace
* Airbus space industries

* v
* t
* e

Components of the International Space Station

Overview|

* Manufacturing
* Assembly
* US Orbital Segment
* Russian Orbital Segment
* Expeditions
* Spacewalks
* Uncrewed visits
* Program
* Scientific research
* Maintenance

Orbiting|

| Major
components|

* Zarya (Functional Cargo Block)
* Zvezda (Service Module)
* Destiny (laboratory)
* Columbus (laboratory)
* Kibō (PM, ELM-PS, EF)
* Unity (Node 1)
* Harmony (Node 2)
* Tranquility (Node 3)
* Quest Joint Airlock
* Pirs (docking module, airlock)
* Rassvet (MRM 1)
* Poisk (MRM 2)
* Leonardo (PMM)
* Cupola
* Integrated Truss Structure (ITS)
* Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)

|

Subsystems|

* Mobile Servicing System (MSS) / Canadarm2
* Dextre (SPDM)
* Boom Assembly
* Strela cranes
* Kibō Remote Manipulator System
* External Stowage Platforms (ESPs)
* ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) 1-4
* Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs)
* International Docking Adapters (IDAs)
* Electrical System
* Life Support System

Experimental
devices|

* AMS-02
* CALET
* CATS
* GEDI
* HDEV
* MAXI
* NICER
* PK-3 Plus
* SAGE III

Future|

| Planned|

* Bishop (airlock module)
* European Robotic Arm (ERA)
* Nauka (Multipurpose Laboratory Module)
* Prichal (Uzlovoy Module)
* Science Power Module (NEM-1)

|

Proposed|

* Node 4
* XBASE
* Independence-1
* Axiom

Spare
hardware|

* Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs)
* Kibō (ELM-ES)
* ExPRESS Logistics Carrier (ELC) 5
* Interim Control Module (ICM)

Cancelled|

* Propulsion Module
* Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM)
* Habitation Module
* Crew Return Vehicle (CRV/ACRV)
* Science Power Platform (SPP)
* Universal Docking Module (UDM)
* Russian Research Module (RM)

Support
vehicles|

| Current|

* Cygnus
* Dragon
* Dragon 2
* H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)
* Progress
* Soyuz

|

Future|

* Boeing CST-100 Starliner
* Dream Chaser Cargo System (DCCS)
* Orel (PPTS)

Former|

* Space Shuttle
* Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)

Cancelled|

* NASDA HOPE-X
* ESA Hermes

Mission
control|

* MCC-H (NASA)
* TsUP (RKA)
* Col-CC (ESA)
* ATV-CC (ESA)
* JEM-CC (JAXA)
* HTV-CC (JAXA)
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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture of the International Space Station. Read more

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