Marshall Islands

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

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## Contents

* 1 Geography
* 2 Second World War
* 3 U.S. nuclear and missile testing
* 3.1 Kwajalein Atoll
* 4 References

Republic of the Marshall Islands

Formerly a U.S. trust territory, the Marshall Islands are now an independent nation, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Under the terms of the 1986 Compact of Free Association, the Republic of the Marshall Islands was no more under American control. The RMI was sovereign in both foreign and domestic affairs, but did grant the U.S. defense rights. [1]

According to the U.S. General Accountability Office, access to Kwajalein is the most important U.S. foreign policy interest in Micronesia.[2] Other strategic interests in the RMI and the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are less compelling; Western Pacific basing needs are generally met by the U.S. territory of Guam. The U.S. never responded to RMI and FSM offers for basing forces there.

## Geography[edit]

They are made up of 29 atolls each made up of many islets, and 5 islands in the central Pacific Ocean between 4 degrees and 14 degrees North, and 160 degrees and 173 degrees East. They are generally in two parallel lines called the the Ratak (Sunrise) group and Ralik (Sunset) group.[3]

Ralik Chain

* Ailinginae Atoll
* Ailinglaplap Atoll
* Bikini Atoll
* Ebon Atoll
* Eniwetok Atoll
* Jabat Island
* Jaluit Atoll
* Kili Island
* Kwajalein Atoll
* Lae Atoll
* Lib Island
* Namorik Atoll
* Namu Atoll
* Rongelap Atoll
* Rongerik Atoll
* Ujae Atoll
* Ujelang Atoll
* Wotho Atoll

Ratak Chain

* Ailuk Atoll
* Arno Atoll
* Aur Atoll
* Bikar Atoll
* Bokak Atoll
* Erikub Atoll
* Jemo Island
* Likiep Atoll
* Majuro Atoll
* Maloelap Atoll
* Mejit Island
* Mili Atoll
* Nadikdik Atoll
* Toke Atoll
* Utirik Atoll
* Wotje Atoll

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There are roughly 1,225 land masses, with a total of about 70 square miles, om a sea area of over 750,000 square miles. The total land area is about 70 square miles (181 square kilometers). [3]

## Second World War[edit]

On 1 February 1942, the first offensive action taken by the United States Navy was a carrier air strike on Japanese facilities in the Marshall Islands, especially the Kwajalein group; Kwajalein was the main Japanese base in the region. [4]

Operation Flintlock was the main campaign against the Marshalls. Bombardment began in December 1943, and the attacks began, principally against Kwajalein and surrounding islands, in January. The priorities, in 1943, Mille, Maloelap, and Wotje in the Ratak chain, and in the Ralik chain, Jaluit, Kwajalein, and Eniwetok. Jaluit was a seaplane base, all of the other Ratak sites were airfields, and the Ralik locations were anchorages for naval ships. [5] Kwajalein was taken faster than had been expected, and it was under control by February.

Operation CATCHPOLE, the invasion of Eniwetok, had been scheduled for May, but the operation was accelerated to mid-February. [6]

## U.S. nuclear and missile testing[edit]

A large number of U.S. nuclear tests were conducted in the Marshall Islands after the Second World War, requiring some short-term and some long-term relocation, and the complete destruction of some land masses. Some of the health effects of radiation were not understood at the start, as with Operation CROSSROADS,[7] although some was later known but kept classified. The power of the first thermonuclear devices, in Operation IVY of 1952, were underestimated. [8]

Various damage claims have been paid, and the issue remains open. [9]

### Kwajalein Atoll[edit]

Kwajalein area

Kwajalein forms the heart of the U.S. Army Reagan Missile Test Site, used in ballistic missile defense testing. The atoll extends from 8 degrees 45 minutes to 9 degrees 25 minutes North latitude, and 166 degrees 45 minutes East to 167 degrees 50 minutes East longitude. It is approximately 2500 miles southeast of Hawaii (U.S. state).

Kwajalein Island is the southernmost and largest island of the atoll.

## References[edit]

1. ↑ Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United States of America, Compact of Free Association
2. ↑ Kwajalein Atoll Is the Key U.S. Defense Interest in Two Micronesian Nations, General Accountability Office, January 2002
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United States of America, Geography
4. ↑ Commanding Officer, USS Enterprise (CV-6) (7 February 1942), Report of action on February 1, 1942 (Zone Minus Twelve) against Marshall Island Group
5. ↑ , PART III: The Marshalls: Quickening the Pace; Chapter 1 Flintlock Plans and Preparations GETTING ON WITH THE WAR, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in the Second World War, U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center Branch, pp. 117-119
6. ↑ , PART III: The Marshalls: Quickening the Pace; Chapter 5: The CATCHPOLE Operation CATCHPOLE AND THE LESSER MARSHALLS, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in the Second World War, U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center Branch, pp. 117-119
7. ↑ Operation Crossroads 1946, Nuclear Weapons Archive
8. ↑ Operation Ivy: 1952 - Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, Nuclear Weapons Archive
9. ↑ Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United States of America, Nuclear Issues