Principle

A principle may relate to a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of beliefs or behavior or a chain of reasoning.[1] They provide a guide for behavior or evaluation.[1] A principle can make values explicit, so they are expressed in the form of rules and standards. Principles unpack values so they can be more easily operationalized in policy statements and actions.[2]

In law, higher order, overarching principles establish rules to be followed, modified by sentencing guidelines relating to context and proportionality. In science and nature, a principle may define the essential characteristics of the system, or reflect the system's designed purpose. The effective operation would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored.[3] A system may be explicitly based on and implemented from a document of principles as was done in IBM's 360/370 Principles of Operation. It is important to differentiate an operational principle, including reference to 'first principles' from higher order 'guiding' or 'exemplary' principles, such as equality, justice and sustainability. Higher-order, 'superordinate' principles (Super-Ps) provide a basis for resolving differences and building agreement/alignment.[4]

Examples of principles include entropy in a number of fields and least action in physics. Examples in descriptive comprehensive and fundamental law include doctrines or assumptions forming normative rules of conduct, separation of church and state in statecraft, the central dogma of molecular biology, fairness in ethics, etc.

In common English, it is a substantive and collective term referring to rule governance, the absence of which, being "unprincipled", is considered a character defect. It may also be used to declare that a reality has diverged from some ideal or norm as when something is said to be true only "in principle" but not in fact.

## Contents

* 1 As law
* 1.1 As moral law
* 1.2 As a juridic law
* 1.3 As scientific law
* 2 As axiom or logical fundament
* 2.1 Principle of sufficient reason
* 2.2 Principle of non-contradiction
* 2.3 Principle of excluded middle
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## As law

### As moral law

Socrates preferred to face execution rather than betray his moral principles.[5]

Main article: Philosophy:Ethics

A principle represents values that orient and rule the conduct of persons in a particular society. To "act on principle" is to act in accordance with one's moral ideals.[6] Principles are absorbed in childhood through a process of socialization. There is a presumption of liberty of individuals that is restrained. Exemplary principles include First, do no harm, the Golden Rule and the Doctrine of the Mean.

### As a juridic law

Main article: Social:Principle of legality in criminal law

It represents a set of values that inspire the written norms that organize the life of a society submitting to the powers of an authority, generally the State. The law establishes a legal obligation, in a coercive way; it therefore acts as principle conditioning of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. See, for examples, the territorial principle, homestead principle, and precautionary principle.

### As scientific law

Archimedes' principle, relating buoyancy to the weight of displaced water, is an early example of a law in science. Another early one developed by Malthus is the population principle, now called the Malthusian principle.[7] Freud also wrote on principles, especially the reality principle necessary to keep the id and pleasure principle in check. Biologists use the principle of priority and principle of Binominal nomenclature for precision in naming species. There are many principles observed in physics, notably in cosmology which observes the mediocrity principle, the anthropic principle, the principle of relativity and the cosmological principle. Other well-known principles include the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics and the pigeonhole principle and superposition principle in mathematics.

## As axiom or logical fundament

### Principle of sufficient reason

Main article: Philosophy:Principle of sufficient reason

The principle states that every event has a rational explanation.[8] The principle has a variety of expressions, all of which are perhaps best summarized by the following:

For every entity x, if x exists, then there is a sufficient explanation for why x exists.
For every event e, if e occurs, then there is a sufficient explanation for why e occurs.
For every proposition p, if p is true, then there is a sufficient explanation for why p is true.

However, one realizes that in every sentence there is a direct relation between the predicate and the subject. To say that "the Earth is round", corresponds to a direct relation between the subject and the predicate.

### Principle of non-contradiction

Portrait bust of Aristotle; an Imperial Roman copy of a lost bronze sculpture made by Lysippos

Main article: Philosophy:Law of noncontradiction

According to Aristotle, "It is impossible for the same thing to belong and not to belong at the same time to the same thing and in the same respect."[9] For example, it is not possible that in exactly the same moment and place, it rains and does not rain.[10]

### Principle of excluded middle

Main article: Law of excluded middle

The principle of the excluding third or "principium tertium exclusum" is a principle of the traditional logic formulated canonically by Leibniz as: either A is B or A isn't B. It is read the following way: either P is true, or its denial ¬P is.[11] It is also known as "tertium non datur" ('A third (thing) is not'). Classically it is considered to be one of the most important fundamental principles or laws of thought (along with the principles of identity, non-contradiction and sufficient reason).

## See also

* Ahimsa
* Axiom
* Corollary
* Deduction
* Logical consequence
* Maxim
* Non-aggression principle
* Self-evidence

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds (2010-01-01). "New Oxford American Dictionary". doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001.
2. ↑ UNESCO (2021). "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence". https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence.
3. ↑ Alpa, Guido (1994) General Principles of Law, Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 1: Is. 1, Article 2. from Golden Gate University School of Law
4. ↑ Sharpley, D. (2024). "Leadership Principles and Purpose". https://www.routledge.com/Leadership-Principles-and-Purpose-Developing-Leadership-Effectiveness-and-Future-Focused-Capability/Sharpley/p/book/9781032575063.
5. ↑ "The Ethics of Socrates." Philosophy. 25 October 2017.
6. ↑ "Full Transcript: Jeff Flake’s Speech on the Senate Floor." New York Times. 24 October 2017. 25 October 2017.
7. ↑ Elwell, Frank W. "T. Robert Mathus's Principle ...." Rogers State University. 2013. 25 October 2017.
8. ↑ "Principle of Sufficient Reason." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7 September 2016. 25 October 2017.
9. ↑ "Aristotle on Non-contradiction." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 12 June 2015. 25 October 2017.
10. ↑ "Great Philosophers." Oregon State University. 2002. 25 October 2017.
11. ↑ Whitehead, Alfred North (2005). Principia mathematica, by Alfred North Whitehead ... and Bertrand Russell.. http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAT3201.0001.001.

## External links

* Actus Essendi and the Habit of the First Principle in Thomas Aquinas (New York: Einsiedler Press, 2019).

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